Integrated Pest Management Module Research Articles

Evaluation of IPM module against major insect pests of green gram, Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek in lower Gangetic plains of West Bengal

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of integrated management practices over farmers’ practices against insect pest complex of green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) during kharif season in the ‘A-B’ Block Farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya in 2019. The results revealed that the incidence of all of the insect pests viz. whitefly, pulse aphid, jassid, flower thrips, gram pod borer, spotted pod borer, blue butterfly, plant bug and pod bug was recorded comparatively less in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) plot as compared to farmers’ practices. The seed yield of green gram was also recorded a higher (1382.22 kg ha-1) in plots treated with integrated approaches as compared to farmer’s practices (476.94 kg ha-1). IPM module recorded maximum cost benefit ratio along with higher gross return and net profit as against farmers’ practices.

​Demonstration of Ecological Engineering based Pest Management in Rice Oryza sativa L. through Farmers Participatory Approach

Background: Rice is one of the predominant cereal crop grown in Dharmapuri district of Tamil Nadu state, India in approximately 4000 hectares with a average productivity of 4500 kg/ha. Hoppers, stem borer, leaf folder, gall midge and ear head bugs are the major insect pests for which farmers resort management practices. Instead of curative management, farmers mostly use the insecticide as prophylactic management which leads to unwarranted problems. Though integrated pest management has been advocated as an alternate strategy, farmers are reluctant to use all the components of IPM and rely on mostly on insecticides. In this context, the ecological engineering pest management can form a better alternative, which also coincides with the age old practice of growing border crops in this region Methods: The potential of Ecological Engineering Pest Management (EEPM) was assessed in comparison with Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Farmers Practice (FP) in five farmer’s fields. Based on the results, ten and twenty front line demonstrations were conducted during consecutive years to study the performance of EEPM in Dharmapuri district. Result: The number of hopper/hill, per cent dead heart, per cent white ears in the EEPM was 10.65, 7.07 and 9.65 and in the IPM module 10.18, 8.40 and 11.55 and in the farmers practice 6.73, 10.73 and 12.75 respectively. The natural enemies viz., coccinellids/hill and spiders/hill were more in EEPM (2.00 and 3.15) and least in the farmers practice (0.40 and 0.86). The number of hoppers/hill, per cent dead heart, number of coccinellids/hill and number of spiders per hill was 8.40, 6.00, 3.00 and 1.40 in EEPM and 6.20, 5.40, 1.20 and 0.60 in farmers practice respectively in the 2016-17 front line demonstrations. The EEPM module recorded 8.1, 8.65, 3.5 and 1.75 hopper/hill, per cent dead heart, coccinellids/hill and spiders/hill in 2017-18 front line demonstrations. The farmers were able to save Rs. 5000/- from the plant protection cost apart from getting additional revenue in EEPM. The combination of border crops, influence of border crop on rodent damage in rice ecosystem and benefits of providing separate niche area than border crop are the researchable areas. In spite of above constraints the EEPM can be followed in rice ecosystem with the locally available crop combination to reduce the insecticide usage and increase the beneficials.

Effect of integrated pest management module against major sucking pests of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)

A field experiment was conducted to assess the performance of IPM module against major sucking pests of pomegranate on seven farmers’ field in the adopted village of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Khargone (M.P.) during 2018-19 and 2019-20. IPM module comprised Neem oil 1500 ppm @ 3 ml/lit at first flush of leaf+ Need based spray of Imidacloprid 17.8% SL @ 0.25 ml/lit and Thiamethoxam 25% WG @ 0.20 g/liton the rotation of 15 days’. Minimum population of aphids and thrips were recorded in IPM fields and maximum population of the aphids and thrips were recorded in non-IPM fields. Per cent insect control over non-IPM was 50.35% for aphids, and 47.72% for thrips, respectively. Fruit yield for IPM was 156.36 q/ha for both seasons as against 128.43 q/ha in non-IPM. Hence, it may be inferred that IPM module was able to enhance the yield with cost-effective production as against non-IPM.

Field assessment on management of South American pin worm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in tomato

Field trials were conducted for three years during kharif season of 2014, 2015 and 2016 to evaluate the integrated pest management (IPM) module against pinworm (Tuta Absoluta) in tomato in comparison with farmer’s practice. Seasonal incidence studies revealed that population increased gradually from September and touched its peak during December (28.00 adults/trap). The insect was found to be higher at the fruit maturity stage and infestation found decreased with increase in temperature. IPM module reduced the cost of cultivation by Rs. 9615.66 ha-1 and the net returns were increased by Rs. 53282.00 per hectare. The average benefit cost ratio was improved with 2.39 in treatment compared to farmers practice 1.92. The results based on pooled data showed that reduction in the fruit damage by Tuta absoluta and good yields is due to the integrated management strategy taken up by installing pheromone traps 2 weeks after transplanting by which awareness on timely spraying of Azadirachtin 1500ppm @ 5ml/lt or combination of Azadirachtin with Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 0.3 ml or Flubendiamide 480 SC @0.3ml or Indoxacarb 14.5% SC @ 1.75ml carried in practicing farmers field based on ETL level of adult catches and burning of infested plants and remnants of the crop immediately after the fruits have been harvested also found effective in managing the pest.

Testing the Relative Efficacies of Three Different Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Modules for Controlling Mango Mealy Bug (Drosicha mangiferae G.) at Malda, West Bengal

Background: Mango mealy bug (Drosicha mangiferae G.) is a notorious pest of mango and when infestation reaches severity quantum fruit loss takes place. Control of this pest had been found to be impossible with conventional chemical pesticide spray. So, the urgent need is to find some non conventional management practices. Therefore, the current study was undertaken to test three different combinations of available pest management practices.Methods: To test the efficacy of the three Integrated Pest Management Modules (IPM modules) control vs. treated trees were tagged and then mango mealy bug number found in inflorescence was counted. The difference in the number of mealy bug at the peak time infestation (12 SMW) in control vs. treated trees and fruit loss reduction in control vs. treated plants gave the idea about relative efficacy of the different modules.Result: 99.46% of mango mealy bug number and 47.52% fruit drop reduction were achieved by adopting module I. Whereas up to 64.33% mealy bug and 22.84% fruit drop reduction was achieved by module II. The module III was found to be the most effective module and adoption of this module attained 54.72% fruit loss control and 97.10% mealy bug control.

Evaluation of different integrated pest management modules against lentil aphid (Aphis craccivora) in lower gangetic plains of Eastern India

Evaluation of different integrated pest management modules against lentil aphid (Aphis craccivora) in lower gangetic plains of Eastern India

Evaluation and adoption of IPM modules in rice in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh

India is the second largest producer and consumer of rice grown in the world after China. Pest and disease intensity is increasing slowly due to many factors. The control of leaf folder and stem borer, many methods has been adopted but insecticides are still playing a key role for its control. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is one of the ecofriendly approach which can be utilized to control the non-judicial uses of insecticides to control rice insect pest. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ghantasala conducted frontline demonstrations to demonstrate the efficacy of rice IPM technology on farmers’ field under real farming situation during Kharif 2014 to 2016. Altogether totally 45 demonstrations were laid out over an area of 12 hectares. Increased yield ranged from 28.50 to 35.25 q/ha with average yield of 31.90 q/ha was observed in IPM module and also recorded highest grain yield of rice 35.25 q/ha in IPM module compared to non- IPM module. It has been observed that among IPM trained farmers, various cultural practices have wide spread adoption as against very low adoption of biological practices. Because of poor knowledge about pest-specific lures, its use and non - availability lead to poor adoption of the mechanical practices. The major problems reported in biological practices and its adoption were its slow action against the target pest, lack of easy availability, short shelf-life and low survival of these bio-agents on farmers’ field. Therefore, more awareness programmes and more demonstrations should be demonstrated on IPM module which is eco-friendly and safer to non-targeted organism in comparison to conventional insecticides.

Field assessment on management of South American pin worm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in tomato

Field trials were conducted for three years during kharif season of 2014, 2015 and 2016 to evaluate the integrated pest management (IPM) module against pinworm (Tuta Absoluta) in tomato in comparison with farmer’s practice. Seasonal incidence studies revealed that population increased gradually from September and touched its peak during December (28.00 adults/trap). The insect was found to be higher at the fruit maturity stage and infestation found decreased with increase in temperature. IPM module reduced the cost of cultivation by Rs. 9615.66 ha-1 and the net returns were increased by Rs. 53282.00 per hectare. The average benefit cost ratio was improved with 2.39 in treatment compared to farmers practice 1.92. The results based on pooled data showed that reduction in the fruit damage by Tuta absoluta and good yields is due to the integrated management strategy taken up by installing pheromone traps 2 weeks after transplanting by which awareness on timely spraying of Azadirachtin 1500ppm @ 5ml/lt or combination of Azadirachtin with Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 0.3 ml or Flubendiamide 480 SC @0.3ml or Indoxacarb 14.5% SC @ 1.75ml carried in practicing farmers field based on ETL level of adult catches and burning of infested plants and remnants of the crop immediately after the fruits have been harvested also found effective in managing the pest.

Validation of integrated pest management module against major insect pests of pigeonpea, (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.)

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) module was validated against major insect pests of pigeonpea in farmers’ fields during Kharif, 2011 in Warangal district, Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana), India. IPM module included installation of pheromone traps @ 10/ha, erection of bird perches @ 50/ha, spraying of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrosis virus (Ha NPV) @ 500 LE/ha, need based spraying of insecticides like acephate (@ 500 g/ha) + DDVP (@ 500 ml/ha); indoxacarb (@ 500 ml/ha), spinosad (@ 200 ml/ha). Farmers’ practice included only 2 sprays of quinalphos @ 1 lt/ha at flowering and at 20-25 days after 1st spraying. Per cent pod damage by different insect pests viz., gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera), pod fly (Melanagromyza obtusa), spotted pod borer (Maruca vitrata) decreased by 61.08, 37.65 and 48.66 per cent, respectively, in IPM over farmers’ practice fields. IPM fields recorded 61 per cent yield increase over farmers’ practice with mean Benefit Cost Ratio of 1.73.

Development of a prophylactic integrated pest management module for groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a major oilseed and cash crop of Asia and Africa. Fungal diseases, grey weevils and termites are consistent major pests in arid region inflicting damage to the groundnut production. It is not feasible to identify all the pests precisely and adopt several management practices simultaneously to protect the crop in curative mode. Therefore, an integrated biointensive prophylaxis collegial module encompassing varietal tolerance, soil amendment, biocontrol agents and the minimal prophylactic use of pesticides is developed to promote sustainable agriculture and economic benefit for the farmers of arid region. This Integrated Pest Management module in prophylaxis mode proved to be the most effective in reducing the disease and insect pests in two groundnut cultivars HNG-10 and Girnar-2 with enhanced pod yields by 29.35% and 26.35%, respectively.

Bio-intensive Prophylactic Integrated Pest Management in Castor for Arid Environment

Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is commercially valued for ricinoleic acid and non-edible oil as a lubricant, printing inks, laxative, solvent, biodiesel, etc. Alternaria blight, powdery mildew, charcoal root rot and vascular wilt are major diseases that cause substantial yield losses under high temperatures and drought conditions. Whitefly and jassids are serious insect pests of castor consecutively for the preceding 3 years in an arid environment. To keep these major pests below the economic threshhold, prophylactic bio-intensive integrated pest management module is developed. Therein, additive/synergistic effect encompassing host plant resistance with soil application of vermicompost @ 2 tonnes/ha and neem cake @ 250 kg/ha followed by seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @ 5 g/kg seed, two sprays of neem oil @ 5 ml/l and one spray each of Malathion 50% EC @ 2.5 l/ha and Dinocap @ 1 l/ha resulted in the maximum seed yield with the maximum net benefits in both the varieties Jwala 48-1 and GCH-7 of Rs 13,527 and Rs 9807, respectively.

Radiation biology of a serious tropical pigeon pea pest, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and potential of radiation mediated ‘inherited (F1) sterility technique’ for the pest suppression

Purpose: The impact of gamma radiation on the reproductive biology of the spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabr.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) was ascertained to explore the potential of the radio-genetic ‘Inherited (F1) Sterility’ technique (modified Sterile Insect technique) to control this serious pigeonpea pest in India.Materials and methods: Radio-biological investigations involved dose–response studies, at a range of 100–250 Gy, with respect to radiation induced adverse effects on reproductive behavior in substerilized parent (P1) moths, inheritance of sterility and associated metamorphic disruption in F1 progeny. The reproductive competence of P1 male moths and their F1 progeny was evaluated by ascertaining the survival, mating success, sperm transfer and amphimixis of gametes from irradiated male parents and their F1 progeny. Daily ovipositional and egg fertility profile were evaluated as crucial parameters for simulation modeling for this radio-genetic technique.Results: Radiation-induced check in insemination rate and sterility in P1 and F1 generation had a positive correlation with gamma dose. The metamorphic adverse effects in F1 progeny of substerilized P1 males were influenced by P1 irradiation. A higher dose of 200 Gy that resulted in 21.1% fertility in parent cross (P1♂x N♀) could form only 14.4% F1 adults that were all malformed. A gamma dose of 150 Gy (administered to P1 males) could be considered as a suitable dose for F1 sterility, that induced 57.4% control of reproduction in parent generation, followed by 72–85% control of reproduction in F1 progeny involved in three crosses -F1♂xN♀, N♂xF1♀, F1♂xF1♀. Daily fertility profile of the eggs laid indicated a marked reduction on 4th day onwards during the ovipositional span in P1 and F1 generation. High degree of mating competitiveness value (CV) was noticed for 150 Gy irradiated male P1 moths (0.78–0.93), and their F1 male progeny (0.70–0.89), released in different sex ratios in the field cages having untreated moths. Reduced relative damage to the pigeon pea plants by the released F1 progeny in the field cages was observed in comparison to control.Conclusion: The present study indicated the potential use of a dose of 150 Gy to apply the ‘F1 sterility’ technique for parabiological suppression of the pigeon pea pod borer. The present findings and reproductive performance of the irradiated moths in F2 generation along with other compatible biorational pest control tactics (that are in progress), might help in formulating an effective integrated pest management module, including the F1 sterility technique as an integral component.

Integrated pest management module against pod borer complex in pigeon pea (Cajanus Cajan L.)

Integrated pest management module against pod borer complex in pigeon pea (Cajanus Cajan L.)

Comparative evaluation of some integrated pest management modules against Leucinodes orbonalis Guen.

Among the three modules, Module I (Recommended practices of SKUAST-J), Module II (Farmer's practices) and module III (Bio-intensive Integrated Pest Management), were evaluated against shoot and fruit borer of brinjal. The overall, the impact of Module III (Bio-intensive Integrated Pest Management) was found superior treatment than Module I and II in suppressing the larval population of brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB) on the shoots and fruits, based on weight and numbers basis, percentage of larval parasitoid Trathala flavo-orbitalis parasitisation as well as cost-benefit ratio.

Rice pest management with reduced risk pesticides in India.

Sitapur district in the Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) state of northern India has been observed to consume large amounts of WHO classified "extremely" and "highly hazardous" pesticides, in rice crop, posing significant health and environmental threats. Keeping in view this problem, integrated pest management (IPM) modules were synthesized for rice crop and then compared with non-IPM/farmer's practice (NIPM). This study assisted in identifying pesticides with reduced risk to the environment. To measure and compare risks, environmental impact quotient (EIQ) has been used as a pesticide risk indicator model, between IPM and NIPM programs. Using this model, the field EIQ values (EIQ field use rating or EIQ-FUR), for 32 commonly used pesticides in the region, were evaluated based on dosage, frequency, and percent active ingredients present in the pesticide formulations. The results conclude that copper oxychloride (CuOCl2) (50WP at 1.25kg/ha) and mancozeb (75WP at 1.25kg/ha) were the most detrimental to arthropod parasitoids and were the highest contributors to environmental risk (13-16%), in rice crop. This is based on the comparison of total dosage and active ingredients of pesticides applied under IPM and NIPM, with the total field EIQ values. The IPM modules were observed to have least impact on natural enemies with 30-40% increase in population, while keeping the weed population below 10%. NIPM, on the other hand, had resulted in 20% reduction in crop yields, 50% reduction in biodiversity, and about 150% increase in weed population, relative to the control (untreated) rice fields. Moreover, NIPM practices had been observed to pose 56% greater risk as per the total field EIQ values (62 for IPM and 141 for NIPM). The observations concluded that the EIQ model is a useful tool and can be easily used by the pesticide managers for assessing the risk against NIPM.

Evaluation of various IPM modules against foliage feeding insect-pests of Rice

Five Integrated Pest Management (IPM) modules were tested along with untreated control against the foliage feeding insects in rice. Over two years, the IPM module having nursery treatment with fipronil 0.3G @ 20 kg/ha + chlorantraniliprole 0.4G @ 10 kg/ha at 40 days after transplanting + buprofezin 25% SC @ 825 ml/ha foliar spray at 65 days after transplanting proved to be most effective in controlling leaf folder and case worm having highest benefit cost ratio (1.89). The treatment module constituting nursery treatment with fipronil 0.3G @ 20 kg/ha + Trichogramma japonicum + Beauveria bassiana @ 2 lt/ha foliar spray at 30 and 50 days after transplanting + neem seed kernel extract (5%) spray at 65 days after transplanting’ performed second best with respect to leaf folder and caseworm management; however showed superiority in suppressing hispa and whorl maggot, achieved benefit cost ratio (1.71). In the present context of increasing trend of insecticide resistance by the pests and environmental hazards, this experiment had the interesting finding that biopesticides, botanicals and green level pesticides can be a safe alternative which can compensate the efficacy of conventional pesticides in the management of rice insect pests.

Impact of Different Integrated Pest Management Modules on Pest Infestation, Pesticide Residue and Yield in Mango Fruits

Impact of Different Integrated Pest Management Modules on Pest Infestation, Pesticide Residue and Yield in Mango Fruits

DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT APPROACHES FOR MUNGBEAN YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS OF GREEN GRAM [VIGNA RADIATA (L.) WILCZEK ] IN BUNDELKHAND ZONE

Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease is one of the most vicious diseases of green gram and has been renowned in India for more than five decades. The economic losses due to this virus account up to 85% in green gram which is spreading faster towards newer areas. A field experiment was carried out by Krishi Vigyan Kendra during kharif seasons at the farmers’ fields in villages Sitapur, Datia district of BundelKhand zone to evaluate the five integrated pest management module including conventional farmers’ practices against green gram sucking pest (white fly) and YMV. Among the test modules, Module 3 (Resistant variety TJM 3+ Seed treatment with Imidacloprid 17.8 % SL @ 5 ml/kg seeds +2 sprays of Imidacloprid 17.8 % SL @ 0.5 ml/l water) found as the most effective treatments with more than 91.58 percent mean reduction in nymphal population of whiteflies and below 2 percent incidence of YMV followed by Module 2 (Module 1 +2 sprays of Neem oil (5% Azadirachtin) @ 3.0 ml/l), Module 4 (Module 1 + 2 sprays of Triazophos 40 % EC @ 1.5 ml/l), Module 1(Resistant variety TJM 3+ Seed treatment with Imidacloprid 17.8 % SL @ 5 ml/kg seeds). All the IPM modules were found significantly superior over the conventional farmers’ practices in reducing the incidence of YMV in black gram. Higher mean yield of 9.35 q/ha in Module 3 followed by Module 2, Module 4, and Module 1 were recorded in the IPM fields against 6.75 q/ha in farmers’ practise fields. Module 3 obtained maximum return with higher benefit cost ratio followed by Module 2, Module 4, and Module 1.

Validation of IPM module for pigeon pea pod borer

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. (Millsp.)) is attacked by more than 300 species of insects of which gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera, spotted pod borer. Maruca vitrata and pod fly, Melanagromyza obtusa are the most important. The misuse of pesticides has resulted in hazards like pesticide residues, resistance and pest resurgence. Integrated pest management (IPM), an ecological approach of which a module was evaluated for its adoption in pigeonpea over two years. The results revealed that IPM module can reduce number of sprays with high economic returns as against farmer's practice. IPM package consisting of seed treatment with Trichoderma viride and vitavax @ 10 g and 2 g/kg seed, respectively, intercropping with green gram (1: 7 row ratio), monitoring through pheromone traps @ 10/ha, erecting bird perches @ 50/ha and spraying of NSKE (neem seed kernel extract) 5% or neem formulation (1500 ppm) @ 5ml/l at flower bud initiation stage, followed by need based spraying of chlorantraniliprole @ 0.3 ml/1 (at 50% flowering), indoxacarb @ 0.75 ml/1 or flubendiamide @ 0.2 ml/1 or emamectin benzoate @ 0.4 g/1 and dimethoate @ 2 ml/1 at 10 days interval was the most effective with higher cost benefit ratio i.e., 1: 3.23 in IPM module compared to farmer's practice (1: 2.12).

Validation of integrated pest management module against insect pests of pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan in Tarai region of Uttarakhand

Experiments on validation of integrated pest management (IPM) module against insect pest of pigeonpea in comparison with the Non-IPM (farmer’s practices) were conducted at N.E.B. Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar during Kharif 2014 and 2015. Adopted IPM module contained Seed treatment with Trichoderma spp. @10g/kg of seed, Sole crop, Bird perches @ 50/ha, need based insecticides spray (Chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC @ 30 g a. i./ha; Neem soap@10g/lit; Acetamiprid 20SP @ 20 g a. i./ha). The results indicated that minimum population of pod borers (Helicoverpa armigera,Maruca vitrata and podfly) and sucking insects (aphids, jassids, pod bug) was reported in IPM plots and maximum population of insects was observed in Non-IPM plots. Percent insect control over non-IPM was 50.98 % for H. armigera, 44.69 % for M. vitrata and 19.17 % for Maruca webbing were recorded. While, for sucking pest complex, insect control over non-IPM was 51.59 %, 40.36 % and 36.17 % against jassids, aphids and tur pod bug, respectively. Similarly, minimum pod borer damage (6.48 and 7.71 %) was recorded in IPM plots as compared to maximum pod borer damage (8.37 and 8.22 %) in non-IPM plots, respectively during 2014 and 2015. Whereas, pooled grain yield for IPM plots was 1286.5 kg/ha for both seasons as against 888 kg/ha in non-IPM plots with 1:2.89 benefit cost ratio. Hence, It is apparent that studied IPM module was able to increase the yield of pigeonepea with lower cost of production as against non-IPM thus it would be benefiting the farmers.