Integrated Pest Management Farmers Research Articles

Implementation of Integrated Pest Management and Non-IPM in Rice Plants (Case Study in Kampar Subdistrict, Kampar Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia)

The purpose of this study is to descriptively analyze the extent of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and non-IPM practices in Kampar District, Kampar Regency. This research uses a descriptive method aimed at gathering information through questionnaires, direct observations, and interviews. The subjects of the study consisted of 38 IPM rice farmers and 62 non-IPM rice farmers. The results of the study indicate that both IPM and non-IPM farmers in Kampar District have implemented practices for cultivating healthy crops. The distinguishing factor between IPM and non-IPM farmers lies in pest and disease control. IPM farmers consistently monitor their fields as the basis for making decisions on pest and disease control measures. IPM farmers use superior and locally superior seeds, while non-IPM farmers predominantly use local seeds. IPM farmers prioritize preventive measures in pest and disease control, resorting to the application of chemical pesticides only when the infestation reaches an economic threshold. Non-IPM farmers control pests and diseases using chemical pesticides periodically without considering the level of infestation. The participation of farmers in IPM programs and farmer groups influences their adoption of healthy crop cultivation practices and IPM. Non-IPM farmers perceive pest and disease control using chemical pesticides as more practical and yielding quicker results. However, they are not aware that the indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides increases production costs, poses risks to themselves and the environment. This lack of awareness contributes to the low adoption rate of IPM among farmers.

Analyzing the Factors Influencing the Adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Technology in Cotton in Rajasthan

Background: The model of sustainable agriculture mostly emphasizes on enhancing the efficacy of agrochemical usage by the implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) technology, substitution of various inputs and practices with effective alternative technologies involving low energy utilization and plant/animal integration. Following the sustainable approach towards agriculture, a research has been conducted in the state of Rajasthan to identify the major factors that influence the adoption of IPM technology in Cotton. Cotton being the major crop of Sri Ganganagar and Hanumangarh districts for kharif season had an average area of 2.39 lakh hectares and average production of 7.44 lakh bales that constituted 51 per cent and 52 per cent of total area and production of Rajasthan, respectively during last five years ending 2016-17. Methods: On the basis of pest management strategy, farmers in the area were classified into three categories viz. farmers following conventional practice, farmers following IPM practice and farmers following both the practices, for the research. The purpose of the study was to identify the factors influencing adoption of IPM technology in the study area. A total of nine metric socio-economic variables of three groups of a total sample of 90 farmers from both the districts were taken for the study for the crop year 2017-18. The data were analyzed through suitable statistics: linear discriminant analysis and two-step cluster analysis. Result: It was found that ‘years of experience in current practice followed’, ‘number of workshops attended for current practice’, ‘years of education’, ‘years of experience in agriculture’ and ‘number of trainings attended for current practice’ are the major variables that discriminated among the three group of practices followed by the farmers of the study area. Among the selected significant discriminating factors, ‘higher education’, ‘higher number of workshops attended for current practice’ and ‘higher number of trainings attended for current practice’ were found to be the major influencing factors towards the adoption of IPM technology among the cotton growers in the study area. This study would facilitate the stakeholders involved in the dissemination of IPM technology as a measure for sustainable agriculture.

Impact of integrated pest management farmer field school programs in the subtropics of Jammu and Kashmir, India

To quantify the long-term impacts of integrated pest management farmer field school (IPM-FFS) program on rice and vegetables in the subtropics of Jammu and Kashmir, we conducted a field study using latitudinal comparison (with vs. without FFS) and cross-sectional longitudinal comparisons. Our results show contrasting use of pesticides by both rice and vegetable farmers in the subtropical region of Jammu. Rice cultivation in the study area was found to be free of insecticides and fungicides. In vegetable crops, IPM-FFS farmers reduced the number of pesticide applications by 7% but used 27.8% higher amounts of pesticide active ingredients resulting in 59% higher field use environmental impact quotient of pesticide use, mainly driven by the higher fungicide use. Over time, the impact of IPM-FFS fleet as the farmers trained 4–8 years before the survey reported significantly higher number of pesticide applications in vegetable crops (by 49%) compared to those trained 1–3 years. We suggest that IPM dissemination should be reoriented for rationalizing pesticide use, as long-term outcomes of reduced pesticide use do not present a positive impact.

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO ADOPTION OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES: A CASE OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) IN KHULNA DISTRICT OF BANGLADESH

This study tries to find the contributing factors of the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) adoption behavior of Bangladeshi farmers. For analysis, the necessary information was collected from 345 farmers residing in Phultala Upazila of Khulna division, Bangladesh with structured questionnaires. A simple random sampling technique was applied for data collection. In the bivariate setup, the association between the adoption status of IPM and possible contributing factors was examined by performing a chi-square test. A multivariable logistic regression was applied in a multivariate setup. The estimates of the model provide evidence that farmers’ education level, farm size, training status on IPM, membership status of IPM club and farmer’s field school have significant effects on farmers’ adoption behavior of IPM. The findings call for greater attention on the part of the government for increasing farmers’ education level, facilitating more training programs and arranging several motivational seminars on IPM at the primary level.

Integrated Pest Management Practices Adopted by Mango Growers at Meherpur Region in Bangladesh

A study on integrated pest management (IPM) practices adopted by the mango growers was carried out at Mujibnagar Upazila under Meherpur district of Bangladesh during August-September 2018 using structured questionnaire. Randomly selected 112 mango growers were used for the study. Results indicated that 75.9% of the respondents were highly adopted with IPM practices during mango cultivation. According to IPM Practices Use Index (IPUI), harvesting at right stage was ranked 1st and use of sex pheromone trap was ranked 10th as commonly used IPM tactic by the growers. The use of logistic regression model in this study was identified as the significant factor of IPM adoption, explore several factors, including contact with IPM club, IFMC and Farmers Field School (FFS) and annual income from mango cultivation. SAARC J. Agric., 19(1): 125-138 (2021)

Perspective: enhancing economic evaluations and impacts of integrated pest management Farmer Field Schools (IPM-FFS) in low-income countries.

Over the last few decades, the use of Farmer Field Schools (FFS) have been considered one of the best approaches to disseminate integrated pest management (IPM) practices that aim to reduce reliance on and misuse of chemical pest control methods in agriculture. However, the published empirical literature has been decidedly mixed in terms of the effectiveness of the IPM-FFS approach to improve economic outcomes in the short-term (e.g. reduce chemical use, improve profits), and the potential for scaling-up and IPM dissemination in the medium-term. This article briefly explores the empirical IPM-FFS literature and draws implications for future research directions that can potentially enhance IPM knowledge diffusion methods (including IPM-FFS) and increase the economic impact of IPM techniques in low-income countries. We find that promising research directions to improve understanding of IPM dissemination and IPM impacts will need to involve: (i) interdisciplinary long-run studies using rigorous evaluation methods; (ii) in-depth assessments of spillover effects; (iii) careful examination of IPM and IPM-FFS impact heterogeneity; (iv) evaluation of novel IPM packages with herbicide- and genetics-centered components; (v) piloting and impact assessments of alternative IPM knowledge diffusion structures; and (vi) piloting and impact analysis of IPM dissemination and learning programs with private sector involvement. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Use and Avoidance of Pesticides as Responses by Farmers to change Impacts in Rice Ecosystems of Southern Sri Lanka.

Since the beginning of the millennium, pesticide use has increased dramatically across Asia. However, it is still unclear what drives pesticide use among low-income farmers. We surveyed 275 farmers to investigate their decisions to apply or avoid pesticides on rice farms in southern Sri Lanka. Based on the information from the survey, we applied the Drivers-Pressures-State-Impacts-Responses framework to assess farmers' decisions as 'Responses' to changes in the rice ecosystem. Organic farmers mainly planted traditional varieties (64-77%) that they perceived as resistant to environmental stresses, including insect herbivores. Pesticide users, including integrated pest management farmers, and insecticide-free farmers (without insecticide use for ≥5 years) mainly planted modern rice varieties. There were no significant differences in reported rice yields among farmers using different management practices. However, fewer organic and insecticide-free farmers reported insect pests, particularly planthoppers, as a production constraint. Insecticide use by farmers was mainly an adaptive response to perceived risks of pest damage to high-yielding varieties. But farmers' responses were largely unsupported by any previous experience, suggesting that an increased availability and marketing of agrochemicals, and pressures to modernize production have influenced their decisions to use insecticides. Organic and insecticide-free farming practices were mainly restorative responses to perceived health risks associated with agrochemicals. We suggest that attention could be placed on promoting 'pesticide-free' or 'insecticide-free' farming through certification schemes as a viable option to break the lock-in of pesticide use on rice farms in the region and to provide additional product choices for rice consumers.

Comparative Profitability Analysis and Policy Options for Sustaining Integrated Pest Management Practices on Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Production

This study examined the comparative profitability of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) production between Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and non-Integrated Pest Management (non-IPM) farmers and tried to find out the policy recommendations for sustaining this practice in vegetable production. A total of 80 farmers (40 from each group) were purposively selected from Tangail district of Bangladesh through the interview schedule. To fulfill the objectives of this study, farmers’ attitude index, profitability and partial budget analysis were used. Hence, to know the complete picture of cucumber production using both IPM and non-IPM technology, the socioeconomic profile of farmers was examined and compared and found that IPM farmers were in better-off condition than that of non-IPM farmers. The result of the farmers’ attitude measured by Likert Scale showed that the majority of the farmers had a moderately favorable attitude towards IPM technology. According to the profitability analysis, the benefit-cost ratio of cucumber production was 1.9 for IPM farmers, while for non-IPM farmers, it was estimated at 1.6. It is evident from the partial budget analysis that per hectare net benefit was USD 1069.23 for cucumber production using IPM technology. Cucumber production was profitable for both IPM and non-IPM farmers, but IPM farmers were more beneficial than that of non-IPM. The researcher identified a weak socioeconomic profile of the farmers, inadequate training facilities, few NGOs participation and poor IPM disseminating staff and farmers’ ratio as the challenges of sustaining IPM technology in the study areas. Therefore, government attention needs to be increased on collaboration between different groups, including national and international organizations, social scientists and farmers for sustaining IPM practices.

The Knowledge and Attitude of Integrated Pest Management Farmers Field Schools Alumni toward the Use of Pesticides in Klaten, Central Java, Indonesia

The field schools in Indonesia employ an extension alternative model that is considered appropriate to change the habits and behavior of farmers to make them IPM experts in their field. This study was conducted to understand the behavior (knowledge and attitude) of farmers who have joined field schools, i.e. Integrated Pest Management Farmers Field School (IPM-FFS) and Landscape Integrated Pest Management (Landscape IPM), toward the use of pesticides in Klaten, Central Java, Indonesia. The research used a survey method with purposively selected respondents comprising 55 farmers of the IPM alumni and 25 farmers of the Landscape IPM alumni. A descriptive analysis was conducted to analyze the farmers’ knowledge and attitude toward the use of pesticides. Mann-Whitney U-test analysis was performed using Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) version 23, to compare the knowledge and attitude of farmers regarding the use of pesticides. The results showed that the knowledge of farmers of the Landscape IPM alumni regarding the use of pesticides was higher than that of farmers of the IPM-FFS alumni. There was no difference in the behavior of farmers between the IPM-FFS alumni and the Landscape IPM alumni regarding their attitude toward the use of pesticides.

Socioeconomics of adopting IPM strategies by oilseed rape farmers

A questionnaire for oilseed rape growers in the 2002–2003 growing season was disseminated in six European countries (Estonia, Finland, Germany, Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom). The main aims of the questionnaire were to study growers` cropping practices, their knowledge of and attitudes towards integrated pest management (IPM) and the constraints to changing their growing practices. In total, 1005 replies were obtained for analysis. Europe‐wide, only the pollen beetle (Brassicogethes aeneus) required control measures by most growers (64.5%), in the growing season 2002–2003. The number of insecticide spray treatments were typically 0–4 per season, ranging from an average of 1.0 in Sweden and Finland to 2.6 in Poland. Spraying frequency was the same for conventional and IPM farmers (1.65 sprays/season), but in Finland and Poland farmers using IPM sprayed more often than farmers using conventional practices. Factors affecting farmers’ spray patterns were analysed, and these were affected by farm size, farmer age, number of decision making criteria applied, and the source of information concerning pest management. In addition, constraints and motivations to change farming practices were analysed. Several factors were identified, but surprisingly, in all countries, there was a group of 10–20% of farmers who would not want to start using IPM, even when it would improve their profits and would not cause any more work than their current conventional practice.

ICT based decision support systems for Integrated Pest Management (IPM)in India: A review

Pests cause significant losses to crop production in India. Excessive and irrational use of chemicals for pest control not only degrades the environment but also affects the human health due to presence of pesticide residue. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is such a technology, which combines multiple ecologically safer and economically sound pest control methods. IPM being knowledge intensive approach to crop protection emphasizes appropriate decision-making based on knowledge of interaction of the crop, pests, beneficial organisms that prey on pests and whole lot of other information. IPM practitioners or farmers require timely access to the relevant pest management information/knowledge and expertise. So the improved methods of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) such as Decision Support Systems (DSSs) greatly help the farmers in accessing the pest management information and expertise. DSSs are software tools that support decision-making activities. They collect, organize, integrate and analyze all types of information required for decision making and finally use the analysis to recommend the most appropriate action. Many DSSs have been developed for in the field of plant protection by various public and private organizations in the country which have been elaborated in this review.

Genetic improvement of natural enemies: A review

Pests cause significant losses to crop production in India. Excessive and irrational use of chemicals for pest control not only degrades the environment but also affects the human health due to presence of pesticide residue. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is such a technology, which combines multiple ecologically safer and economically sound pest control methods. IPM being knowledge intensive approach to crop protection emphasizes appropriate decision-making based on knowledge of interaction of the crop, pests, beneficial organisms that prey on pests and whole lot of other information. IPM practitioners or farmers require timely access to the relevant pest management information/knowledge and expertise. So the improved methods of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) such as Decision Support Systems (DSSs) greatly help the farmers in accessing the pest management information and expertise. DSSs are software tools that support decision-making activities. They collect, organize, integrate and analyze all types of information required for decision making and finally use the analysis to recommend the most appropriate action. Many DSSs have been developed for in the field of plant protection by various public and private organizations in the country which have been elaborated in this review.

Organisational participation and health among smallholder farmers: a longitudinal study in a Latin American context

ObjectiveTo understand the impact of social organisation affiliation and farmers’ agricultural production practices on farmer health. Organisations facilitate the acquisition and exchange of forms of social capital which can influence...

‘Hama dan Musuh Alami’, ‘Obat dan Racun’: Dinamika Pengetahuan Petani Padi dalam Pengendalian Hama

This article presents the author's examination of the dynamic aspects of farmers' knowledge on pest management strategies among rice farmers on the north coast of West Java. In detail, the author takes into account the differences in farmers' reception and learning process in the context of different modes of transmission: 1) the transferral of technology in the Green Revolution programme; and 2) the transmission of knowledge through the Integrated Pest Management Farmers Field Schools. In both settings, metaphor and analogy played a significant role in knowledge acquisition and transmission. Farmers' existing schemes or models of interpretation, or what is called as 'simplified world' of areas of particular experiences dominately underlying farmers' interpretation of the new transmitted ideas and concepts. In the transferral of technology, without the transmission of the related schemes, farmers' interpretations led to undesirable consequences resulting from the misleading and misused metaphors, e.g. 'medicine' for pesticide. On the other hand, knowledge transmission of the integrated pest management not only shifted the existing paradigm of pesticide use, but also enriched farmers' own knowledge through the improved ways of learning in the context of a continuous pest outbreak and economic constraints.

Factors determining adoption of integrated pest management by vegetable growers in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand

Widespread use of highly toxic pesticides primarily for agricultural purpose has generated increasing concerns about the negative impact of pesticides on human health and the environment. Integrated pest management (IPM) usually seeks to minimize the use of pesticides and can be utilized to solve pest problems while minimizing risks to people and the environment. A total of 220 vegetable farmers in Nakhon Ratchasima Province of Thailand was interviewed with the objective of investigating the factors determining their adoption or non-adoption of IPM practices. The findings demonstrated that farmers had different uncompromising reasons for determining the use of IPM for their insect pest management. Higher costs of insecticides (91%), adverse effects of insecticides on human health and the environment (80%), and a greater risk of insect pests developing resistance to insecticides (28%) were the primary reasons for the adoption of IPM by vegetable growers in the study area. The reasons for the rejection of IPM practice were unsuitability of IPM for a large farm (52%), implementation difficulties (80%) and a greater belief in synthetic insecticides and their efficacy for target pest control (39%). A comparison between the IPM and the non-IPM farmers showed a significant difference (P < 0.01) in farmers' knowledge of pest management, which influenced IPM adoption or non-adoption. The IPM farmers had greater knowledge about identifying natural enemies and their beneficial role in controlling insect pests, about plant extracts and their efficacy in controlling insect pests and about sticky traps and their efficacy in monitoring natural enemies and controlling insect pests. For example, 24% of IPM farmers had knowledge of natural enemies whereas it was only 4% for the non-IPM farmers. A logistic regression model was fitted which showed that lower cost of pest management, better knowledge on IPM after training and availability of extension services were the factors which influenced farmers' adoption of IPM practice. The non-IPM farmers rejected adoption of IPM due to the common belief that natural enemies would not be effective in controlling insect pests and yields of vegetables would not be increased by practicing IPM.

Analysis of pesticide residues in strawberries and soils by GC-MS/MS, LC-MS/MS and two-dimensional GC-time-of-flight MS comparing organic and integrated pest management farming

This study analysed 22 strawberry and soil samples after their collection over the course of 2 years to compare the residue profiles from organic farming with integrated pest management practices in Portugal. For sample preparation, we used the citrate-buffered version of the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method. We applied three different methods for analysis: (1) 27 pesticides were targeted using LC-MS/MS; (2) 143 were targeted using low pressure GC-tandem mass spectrometry (LP-GC-MS/MS); and (3) more than 600 pesticides were screened in a targeted and untargeted approach using comprehensive, two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOF-MS). Comparison was made of the analyses using the different methods for the shared samples. The results were similar, thereby providing satisfactory confirmation of both similarly positive and negative findings. No pesticides were found in the organic-farmed samples. In samples from integrated pest management practices, nine pesticides were determined and confirmed to be present, ranging from 2 µg kg−1 for fluazifop-p-butyl to 50 µg kg−1 for fenpropathrin. Concentrations of residues in strawberries were less than European maximum residue limits.

Farmer Field Schools for Improving Farming Practices and Farmer Outcomes: A Systematic Review

Farmer Field Schools for Improving Farming Practices and Farmer Outcomes: A Systematic Review

Farmers’ perception of performance performed by extension field workers/facilitators during integrated pest management farmer field school training programme in Sindh province of Pakistan

In connection to environment friendly farming, potential stakeholders took efforts and launched FAO-EU-ADB funded National Integrated Pest Management (Nat-IPM) Programme for Cotton in Pakistan during the years 2001 to 2004 and introduced new extension training methodology called Farmer Field School (FFS). The basic principle of FFS training was to enable farmers to be self sufficient, using IPM practices that are agro-ecosystem friendly. This study examined the performance performed by agriculture extension field workers/facilitators (EFW/F)in the implementation of IPM-FFS trainings with special reference to cotton crop in selected districts of Sindh province of Pakistan. A survey study was carried out in four districts of Sindh province (Hyderabad, Tando Allahyar, Matiari and Mirpurkhas). The total sample size comprised of 144 farmers who were involved in the series of IPM-FFS training sessions. Farmers’ perceived that EFW/F played an effective role and performed positively in IPM-FFS activities during training programme. Further, results of present study a confirmation of the adoption and a validation of IPM-FFS as a successful extension approach in Sindh province of Pakistan. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/suslj.v11i1.5867Sabaragamuwa University Journal 2012; V. 11 No. 1 pp 1-12

Use of pesticides and attitude to pest management strategies among rice and rice-fish farmers intheMekong Delta, Vietnam

This study assesses the use of pesticides and attitude to pest management strategies among rice and rice-fish farmers in Cn Th and Tin Giang provinces of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, in 2007. A comparison is made to a similar study in 1999, in order to identify changes in patterns of pesticide use and possible influences of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes and brown planthopper (a major pest) outbreaks. One hundred and twenty farmers used 66 different pesticides, similar to the 64 pesticides recorded as being used in the 1999 survey. Nine of the 10 most popular pesticides in 2007 were the same as those found to be popular in 1999. Insecticides are used by 73–95% of the farmers, which is the most commonly employed type of pesticide. The number of applications of both herbicides and fungicides has more than halved since 1999 for all farmers, while insecticide applications has doubled for IPM farmers (those with prior training in IPM methodology). Similarly, the average dose of active ingredient (a.i.) of insecticides per crop has decreased slightly for non-IPM rice farmers, while it has more than doubled among IPM farmers, resulting in almost the same amount of a.i. per crop for all groups of farmers (insecticides 0.6, fungicides 0.5, and herbicides 0.3 kg a.i. ha−1 crop−1). Overall, the results indicate a temporal trend for more selective use of pesticides and an increased awareness among non-IPM farmers of the negative side effects of pesticide use.

Effect of integrated pest management farmer field school (IPMFFS) on farmers knowledge, farmers groups ability, process of adoption and diffusion of IPM in Jember district

This research aims to explore the effect of the integrated pest management farmer field School (IPMFFS) on farmers’ knowledge, farmers groups’ ability, and process of adoption and diffusion of IPM in Jember District. The population of the research was 556 groups of farmers, with 22.240 farmers who are engaged in the IPMFFS in Jember District. The sample of this research consisted of 400 farmers selected with stratified area random sampling technique. Area or region will be used as basis for sub-district: from 31 sub-districts will be taken 8 sub districts by random, and each sub-district will be represented by 2 farmer groups. It means 16 farmers group can act as sample and 400 farmers as sample taken proportionally. The conclusion is rationalized with the following points: (1) the IPMFFS has significant effect on farmers’ knowledge, (2) the IPMFFS improves three aspects of farmer groups’ ability, that is the ability to plan activity for improving agribusiness productivity, to implement and obey agreement with other institution and to apply technology, information and team work, (3) The IPMFFS has the ability to improve the adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) by the farmers, and (4) the IPMFFS has the ability to improve diffusion of IPM by the farmers to other farmers. Key words: Integrated pest management, farmers’ knowledge, farmer group ability, adoption, diffusion.