The damage caused by agricultural pests is one that is devastating. On a global scale, the losses caused by pests in arable crops account for about 10%–15% of the total yield value. This chapter captures in detail the various types of agricultural pests of economic importance, the various pest control measures including the integrated pest management approach, and a comprehensive detail on pest biological control measures. It also details the biological protection of crops using microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, and filamentous fungi, and the use of macroorganisms such as nematodes, predatory diptera, predatory ladybird, and so on.