Integration Of Energy Storage Systems Research Articles

Cooperative Hierarchical Control of Isolated Microgrids Considering Energy Storage System Aggregation

The integration of numerous energy storage systems (ESSs) improves the reliable and economic operation of microgrids but also enlarges the burden of control and communication systems. This paper proposes a cooperative hierarchical control for isolated microgrids with ESSs, which fully frees from the centralized paradigm and is therefore superior in flexibility and scalability. Firstly, the ESS cooperative control based on the distributed frequency controller is introduced for the state of charge (SoC) balance and the frequency regulation. Then, the ESS aggregation is considered. The aggregated ESS model is established and the real-time model parameters are derived by proposed distributed state observers. Finally, energy management is employed to allocate the output power between generators and the aggregated ESS. A detailed theoretical analysis of the dynamic and steady-state performance of proposed controllers and observers is provided. Simulations on the IEEE 33-bus and the 69-bus system verify the effectiveness of proposed methods.

Renewable Sources and Energy Storage Optimization to Minimize the Global Costs of Railways

Climate change is one of the biggest global issues for humanity these days, and its effect has become more severe. The transport sector accounts for around 30% of greenhouse gas emissions, which need to be decarbonized urgently. Railway electrification is one of the low-carbon solutions, but it still relies on power grids causing carbon emissions. To further decarbonize electric railways, the renewable energy sources (RESs) and energy storage system (ESS) integration scheme for railway traction power network has been proposed. This paper developed the energy management system to calculate the energy flow and global cost. Moreover, contact wire loss and conversion loss were considered. The optimization problem to find the optimal capacity and location of the PV farm, wind farm and energy storage system to achieve the lowest global daily costs was solved by the Brute Force Algorithm. The traction network of the High Speed 2 Railway in the UK has been taken as a case study. Results revealed that the global cost and carbon emissions are reduced considerably with both ESS and RESs installed. In the scenario of the ESS alone, 1.3% of the global cost is saved by capturing the regenerative energy and reusing it. Furthermore, this figure goes up to 10% and 62% when the PV and wind farms are integrated, respectively. When considering all variables, it is found that installing the wind farm is a more economical option than the PV farm. The study also shows that the optimal locations to install the plants and ESS vary by scenario.

Unveiling the recent advances in micro-electrode materials and configurations for sodium-ion micro-batteries

The recent advances in portable and smart devices require modern microelectronics to be miniaturized, leading to the need for small, lightweight, reliable, and on-chip integrated energy storage systems like rechargeable micro-batteries (μBs).

Challenges and Solutions for Integration of Energy Storage Systems in Hot Desert Regions

The increasing utilization of solar renewable energy sources in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) regions, including countries such as Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Qatar, highlights the pressing need for energy storage systems (ESS) to ensure grid stability. ESS can store excess energy during peak generation and supply it during periods of low generation or high demand. However, the harsh environmental conditions and extreme temperatures that are typical of hot desert regions can impact the performance and lifespan of ESS, creating unique integration challenges.Our work explores these challenges and offers solutions for integrating energy storage systems in hot desert regions. Our research shows that while the integration of ESS in hot desert regions is technically feasible and economically viable, it requires careful planning, design, and maintenance to ensure optimal performance and longevity. The solutions we present in this work can provide valuable guidance for engineers, policymakers, and stakeholders who are working towards a sustainable and resilient energy future in hot desert regions.During the presentation, I will delve into the specific challenges that the harsh environmental conditions and extreme temperatures in hot desert regions pose for the integration of energy storage systems. I will provide examples of how these challenges can impact the performance and lifespan of ESS. Furthermore, I will highlight the solutions that we have identified and presented in our research, which can help overcome the challenges and improve the effectiveness of energy storage systems in hot desert regions.

Optimizing Induction Wind Energy System with EDLC and PMSG for Efficient Power Control

This paper represents a comprehensive study on the optimization of an Induction Wind Energy System (IWEC) integrated with Electric Double Layer Capacitors (EDLCs) and a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) to enhance power control in the quest for sustainable and efficient energy conversion systems. As wind energy plays a pivotal role in the renewable energy landscape, maximizing its conversion efficiency is crucial for a sustainable future. Advanced control strategies and optimization techniques are applied to delve into the intricate details of the IWEC-EDLC-PMSG system, resulting in improved power quality, enhanced transient response, and superior grid integration capabilities. The research demonstrates that this integrated configuration outperforms conventional wind energy systems in terms of efficiency, grid compatibility, and dynamic response. Moreover, the study addresses key aspects like system stability, fault tolerance, and reliability, ensuring the robustness of this innovative solution. In addition to advancing wind energy technology, this research offers valuable insights into integrating energy storage systems and advanced control techniques for efficient power control in renewable energy applications, contributing to a sustainable energy future.

Retracted: Impact of Grid Integrated Energy Storage Systems with Phasor Measuring Units for Secured Data Control Using Metaheuristic

Retracted: Impact of Grid Integrated Energy Storage Systems with Phasor Measuring Units for Secured Data Control Using Metaheuristic

Deterministic power management strategy for fast charging station with integrated energy storage system

With the increasing expansion of fast-charging stations (FCS) and the emergence of high-power electric vehicles (EVs), the development of management strategies to address potential grid disturbances becomes necessary. In this context, this paper proposes an optimized power management strategy for an FCS with integrated battery energy storage systems (BESS). The proposed strategy aims to monitor the variation in AC voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) and the state of charge (SOC) of the BESS, with the objective of establishing a deterministic formulation to find the optimal instantaneous BESS power level. Therefore, by using the proposed approach, it is possible to compensate for potential fluctuations in AC voltage while maintaining the BESS SOC at appropriate levels. The results are obtained through a real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) platform to verify the system behavior under distinct parameters or operating conditions. These results demonstrate the control flexibility by prioritizing the AC voltage regulation or the BESS charging. Furthermore, the impact of the proposed power management strategy is investigated by performing a comparison with the system without BESS integration. It is observed that the proposed control strategy effectively regulates the PCC voltage and maintains it within acceptable limits.

Probabilistic Power Flow Optimization of Source Network Load Storage in AC/DC Systems Based on SOC Characteristics

The randomness and fluctuation of wind turbines and photovoltaics affect the optimal operation of the power system. This paper aims to mitigate wind and solar fluctuations by integrating energy storage systems (ESS). One crucial metric for assessing the performance of energy storage systems is state of charge (SOC). Therefore, this paper proposes a power flow optimization method based on SOC characteristics. Firstly, we consider the uncertainties on both the generation and load sides of the power system and establish a source load model. Subsequently, an analysis of the SOC characteristics of the ESS is conducted, and associated constraints are provided. Then, a power flow model for the AC-DC system with voltage source converter (VSC) is developed based on the source load storage configuration. The optimization model is formulated as a multi-objective problem, utilizing penalty functions to minimize the overall economic cost, system losses, and line voltage deviations. Finally, the proposed method is validated through simulation analysis using an enhanced IEEE 30-node system as a case study. The simulation results confirm the correctness and effectiveness of the presented approach.

Thermal Constrained Energy Optimization of Railway Cophase Systems With ESS Integration—An FRA-Pruned DQN Approach

This paper investigates the railway co-phase traction power supply system (TPSS) with a power flow controller (PFC) to address the power quality and neutral section issues. To collect the regenerative energy and achieve a more flexible power flow, the energy storage system (ESS) is integrated into the co-phase system. As the key components, the reliability of power electronics modules in PFC and battery cells in ESS is highly related to their thermal performance. It is therefore vital to consider their operational thermal dynamics, leading to the proposal of a deep Q network (DQN) based thermal constrained energy management strategy in this paper. Firstly, the system power flow model and electrothermal models for power electronics modules and battery cells are all established. Then, a DQN method is adopted to learn an optimized policy for peak power shaving while meetings thermal constraints. Finally, an FRA-based pruning method is proposed to reshape the agent to become more compact without sacrificing its performance. Case studies confirm that the proposed strategy can effectively reduce the peak traction power supply by up to 42.0%, and achieve up to 94.1% thermal reduction. The FRA-based pruning can achieve up to 89.9% agent size reduction and 87.2% computation savings.

Potential Role of green hydrogen as an energy carrier in smart energy system communities

Smart energy systems refer to the use of advanced technologies and systems to optimize the generation, distribution, and consumption of energy. The main goal of such a concept is to create an intelligent energy infrastructure based mostly on sustainable solutions namely renewable generations. Notwithstanding, renewable energy resources by their nature are unprogrammable. The main challenge is to balance properly the demand and supply curve To do so, various interventions should be employed to improve the reliability of the system (namely: real-time energy consumption monitoring to optimize energy efficiency and integration of energy storage systems). The final outcome is significant energy saving as well as cost reduction and cutting carbon footprint.Hydrogen is mostly refers to as ‘future fuel’ due to its marvellous properties. It is an energy carrier that is characterized by water and heat as byproducts of combustion. Furthermore, it can be used in a variety of applications, including transportation, power generation, and industrial processes. It can be used in fuel cells to power electric vehicles or blended directly with natural gas to reduce GHG emissions.The current work investigates the potential role of Hydrogen inside a smart energy system on a community scale. Various contributions are defined for Hydrogen inside a community featuring power to gas, power to vehicles or blending into NG. The layout is composed of hybrid electric, thermal and cooling power generation which is integrated with storage systems. At the end of the simulation, various scenarios are compared to each other in terms of energy performance, economic indicators and environmental impacts to carry out the best suitable option.

Comprehensive techno-economic assessment and tri-objective optimization of an innovative integration of compressed air energy storage system and solid oxide fuel cell

Comprehensive techno-economic assessment and tri-objective optimization of an innovative integration of compressed air energy storage system and solid oxide fuel cell

Optimal sizing of battery energy storage systems and reliability analysis under diverse regulatory frameworks in microgrids

The integration of battery energy storage systems (BESS) with microgrids (MG) is crucial to improve the reliability and flexibility of renewable energy sources (RES) integration. However, the reliability and regulatory policies are critical factors that affect the optimal operation of MGs in the market. This study aims to enhance the reliability of MGs integrated with RES and BESS by evaluating their performance under different regulatory frameworks, namely feed-in tariff (FiT), net metering (NM), and energy storage incentive (ESI). Also, a dynamic FiT (D-FiT) framework is utilized to improve the reliability of the MG. An artificial bee colony optimization algorithm is utilized to optimize the size of BESS for each regulatory policy to minimize the total cost of the MG. Each policy is formulated based on its specific constraints in the problem. Subsequently, the reliability indices of Loss of Load Expectation (LOLE) and Expected Energy not Supplied (EENS) are calculated for each optimized solution. Moreover, we have integrated the dynamic thermal rating (DTR) system into our proposed model, focusing on the safe augmentation of system component ratings. The study finds that the D-FiT and standard FiT frameworks provide the best reliability level, whereas the reliability improvement under the ESI policy is not significant, as most of the MG's demand is supplied by the main grid. Furthermore, the study shows that the improvements in EENS are higher than LOLE, indicating that installing BESS reduces the loss of energy rather than the number of interruption hours. D-FiT framework has a significant positive impact on both reliability indices, unlike the other frameworks that have a greater effect on EENS. Furthermore, we have noticed a substantial improvement in reliability indices when the DTR system is taken into account, as compared to the static thermal rating (STR) system.

Optimal Placement of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in an Active Distribution Grid with Photovoltaic and Battery Energy Storage System Integration

This article presents the optimal placement of electric vehicle (EV) charging stations in an active integrated distribution grid with photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems (BESS), respectively. The increase in the population has enabled people to switch to EVs because the market price for gas-powered cars is shrinking. The fast spread of EVs depends solely on the rapid and coordinated growth of electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs). Since EVCSs can cause power losses and voltage variations outside the permissible limits, their integration into the current distribution grid can be characterized by the growing penetration of randomly dispersed photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage (BESS) systems, which is complicated. This study used genetic algorithm (GA) optimization and load flow (accommodation of anticipated rise in the number of electric cars on the road) analysis with a forward and backward sweep methodology (FBSM) to locate, scale and optimize EVCSs from a distribution grid where distributed PV/BESSs are prevalent. Power optimization was demonstrated to be the objective issue, which included minimizing active and reactive power losses. To verify the proposed optimal objective solutions from the active distribution grid, an IEEE 33 bus distribution grid was considered for EVCSs’ optimization under the penetration of photovoltaic and BESS systems. MATLAB simulations for the integrated EVCS-PV-BESS system on the distribution grid for five different zones were performed using detection from zone 1 (ranging from 301.9726 kW to 203.3872 kW), reducing the power losses (accounting for 33%) in the system to a minimum level.

Nuevos negocios en el mercado energético colombiano: arbitraje de energía con sistemas de almacenamiento

The energy transition is currently reshaping the Colombian energy market, bringing about the emergence of new actors essential for decarbonization and the establishment of a sustainable energy market. This transition necessitates a regulatory framework that facilitates the entry of new players and fosters the development of appealing business models for investors. Consequently, the energy transition fuels the widespread adoption of distributed energy resources, igniting the creation of fresh markets and captivating business opportunities. This study thoroughly examines the Colombian regulatory landscape, with a specific focus on exploring the new business prospects that arise from the integration of energy storage systems as distributed energy resources. Additionally, the paper analyzes energy arbitration through this technology, assessing five scenarios through economic evaluation using Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The findings indicate that the current model, which entails purchasing and selling energy in the energy exchange, is unsustainable without supplementary measures like self-consumption or regulatory incentives.

Region-based flexibility quantification in distribution systems: An analytical approach considering spatio-temporal coupling

Operational flexibility is to depict the ability of a power system in guaranteeing a secure and high-performance system operation, which is essential for distribution systems (DSs) with high renewable energy generation (REG) penetration. However, due to the dispersed integration of energy storage systems and uncertain REGs, the available regulation capability exhibits spatio-temporal coupling. It poses a challenge to quantify flexibility considering multiple locations and time periods. This paper proposes a novel analytical region-based method to characterize the flexibility considering spatio-temporal coupling, where the total dispatch budget and carbon emission constraints are considered to guarantee economic and environmental benefits. Leveraging the basic feasible solution theory, we derive an analytical formulation of the flexibility region, expressed as a set of linear inequalities. Note that no inner or outer approximation techniques are employed in the deduction procedure. The effectiveness and scalability of the proposed method are validated on test systems. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed method enables precise quantification and visualization of operational flexibility for DSs. The derived flexibility region is a closed polyhedron in a high-dimensional space, signifying the maximum ranges of uncertainties that can be accommodated.

Navigating the Cost-Efficiency Frontier: Exploring the viability of Grid-Connected energy storage systems in meeting district load demand

In this investigation, we explored the cost-effectiveness and operational efficiency of grid-connected Energy Storage System (ESS) technologies—specifically, Proton Exchange Membrane-Reversible Fuel Cell (PEM-RFC) and Li-ion Battery (LIB)—with the goal of meeting load demand. Our conclusion reveals that integrating ESS isn't the optimal solution due to impractical implementation costs, making reliance solely on grid electricity a more pragmatic choice. Despite this, a secondary optimum value emerged, suggesting economic viability for ESS integration and introducing a dynamic trade-off between cost considerations and energy storage utilization. Furthermore, our study conducted a sensitivity analysis, anchored in the target costs set by the US Department of Energy, to identify conditions under which ESS systems could transition from impractical to feasible. The results outlined the potential to reduce the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) but also emphasized the prospect of increasing the storage factor by optimizing various system characteristics. Crucial factors like capital cost, efficiency, and lifetime were identified as pivotal in shaping the economic landscape of ESS integration. The study showcased tangible outcomes upon sensitivity analysis, including a 12% reduction in PEM-RFC LCOE and 58.5% reduction in LCOE for LIB, indicating improved cost efficiency and feasibility of ESS integration to the grid. To address a critical research gap, this study provides a novel comparison between PEM-RFC and LIB technologies as ESS, considering dynamic grid electricity prices. It sheds light on intricate dynamics that must be considered in ESS deployment decisions, emphasizing the delicate balance between cost-effectiveness and operational efficiency. Focused on the electricity load demand of commercial buildings in the Santa Barbara district, our techno-economic assessment contributes valuable insights for informed decision-making in ESS integration.

Reliant Monotonic Charging Controllers for Parallel-Connected Battery Storage Units to Reduce PV Power Ramp Rate and Battery Aging

The inherited intermittency of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems impacts the power grid by creating power fluctuations, which are mitigated by the integration of battery energy storage systems (BESS) augmented with a smoothing controller. However, the conventional charging and discharging schemes result in a repetitive and chaotic state of charge (SOC) which might degrade the BESS performance. This paper proposes a reliant monotonic charging/discharging controller (RMCC) to reduce battery degradation while maintaining smoothing efficiency. In this configuration, two battery units operate concurrently, one charging, and the other discharging, which helps to reduce battery cycles and extend BESS lifetime. In addition, the paper presents a smart RMCC (S-RMCC) controller to control the operation of a BESS made up of an even number of battery units greater than two. The controller forecasts the short-term irradiance and identifies the existence of power ramps using a ramp event detector. Hence, the forecasted irradiance is then utilized to obtain the PV output power and to compute the forecasted needed charging and discharging energy to compensate for PV power intermittency. These estimates are then compared to the remaining energy of battery units to determine whether to work with the entire BESS system or a subset of units. The proposed controllers were tested for battery degradation, ramp rate reduction, and power smoothing efficiency. The battery degradation is significantly minimal when using RMCC-operated units, accounting for 0.1877 % and 0.1918 %, as compared to 9.1514 % when using a single BESS for smoothing.

Reducing the impact of degradation causes on electrical power sources in the photovoltaic water pumping system

The availability and accessibility of water are the main issues for irrigation in most desert areas, especially in Jerid Tunisia. One of the best alternative methods for irrigation is the use of Photovoltaic Water Pumping Systems (PVWPS). Despite the considerable improvements in the design and performance of PVWPS, the presence of the peak load current, unsuitable battery charging control as well as inefficient energy management remain the major impediments to its evolution. In this context, the main focus of this paper is to improve the PVWPS reliability by reducing the occurrence and impact of degradation causes on electrical power sources. Firstly, a description of PVWPS configuration and its operation for irrigation is provided. Then, the critical causes generating the degradation of the various electrical power sources such as the Photovoltaic (PV) generator and the battery pack are identified. In order to minimize the impact of the peak load current on the electrical power sources, the authors propose the integration of a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS). In addition, the minimization of gassing phenomenon, no-cohesion of the active mass and sulfating of the electrode of the battery pack is ensured by using optimized multi-steps charging current profile. This study is completed by the integration of an Energy Management System (EMS) able to monitor, control and optimize the use of the various electrical power sources. The simulation results highlight the effectiveness of the proposed HESS and the optimized multi-steps battery charging current profile to ensure maximum availability and reliability of the PVWPS.

Review of a Comprehensive Analysis of Planning, Functionality, Control, and Protection for Direct Current Microgrids

Microgrids have emerged as a feasible solution for consumers, comprising Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and local loads within a smaller geographical area. They are capable of operating either autonomously or in coordination with the main power grid. As compared to Alternating Current (AC) microgrid, Direct Current (DC) microgrid helps with grid modernisation, which enhances the integration of Distributed and Renewable energy sources, which promotes energy efficiency and reduces losses. The integration of energy storage systems (ESS) into microgrids has garnered significant attention due to the capability of ESS to store energy during periods of low demand and then provide it during periods of high demand. This research includes planning, operation, control, and protection of the DC microgrid. At the beginning of the chapter, a quick explanation of DC microgrids and their advantages over AC microgrids is provided, along with a thorough evaluation of the various concerns, control techniques, challenges, solutions, applications, and overall management prospects associated with this integration. Additionally, this study provides an analysis of future trends and real-time applications, which significantly contributes to the development of a cost-effective and durable energy storage system architecture with an extended lifespan for renewable microgrids. Therefore, providing a summary of the anticipated findings of this scholarly paper contributes to the advancement of a techno-economic and efficient integration of ESS with a prolonged lifespan for the use of green microgrids.

An experimental investigation on thermal energy storage characteristics of nanocomposite particles dispersed phase change material for solar photovoltaic module cooling

Electrical conversion efficiency of a solar photovoltaic (SPV) module suffers due to increase in its temperature. An integration of thermal energy storage system with phase change material (PCM) in a SPV module will improve its overall efficiency by maintaining its temperature. Though, Paraffin is the most common PCM for SPV cooling application, its low thermal conductivity limits its performance. Thermal performance of the Paraffin can be enhanced by utilizing high conductive nanocomposite particles. In the present research work, the enhancement in thermal characteristics of Paraffin by dispersing titanium dioxide - silver nanocomposite particles are examined. Titanium dioxide - silver nanocomposite particles (NP) are synthesized using sol-gel process and characterized using standard techniques. The effect of dispersing titanium dioxide - silver nanocomposite particles (NP) in 0.5, 1, and 1.5 % mass concentrations with thermal cycling on thermal conductivity and hence the storage performance of Paraffin are investigated. Further, the chemical, physical and thermal stabilities of nanocomposite particles dispersed Paraffin (NCDPWX) are examined. When compared to the base Paraffin, the cycled NCDPWX with 1 wt% NP exhibits a better thermal conductivity (0.384 W/mK), melting heat capacity (128 kJ/kg), freezing heat capacity (119.46 kJ/kg), melting time (6.07 min), freezing time (10.11 min), thermal stability up to 352 °C, substantial reduction in degree of super cooling (3.96 °C), impregnation ratio (102.64 %), impregnation efficiency (100.92 %), thermal storage capability (98.31 %) and better chemical stability. Overall, the synthesized NCDPWX is a suitable thermal energy storage material for cooling of SPV modules.