Integrated Control Program Research Articles

Toxicological and Biochemical Studies on the Effect of Lufenuron, a Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor Alone or Combined with Gamma Radiation Against Spodoptera littoralis Larvae1

This study aimed to investigate the combined effect of lufenuron and gamma radiation against the cotton leaf worm. Full-grown pupae were irradiated with a substerilizing dose 100Gy, and the 4th instar larvae of the F1 were used in the experiments. The results revealed that the percent mortality was time- and concentration-dependent, and the F1 larvae were more susceptible to lufenuron than the normal larvae. The enzymatic analysis of phenoloxidase and acetylcholinesterase activities showed that the F1 larvae treated with LC50 of lufenuron exhibited the highest activity when compared to larvae treated with LC50 of lufenuron or F1 larvae. We conclude that a combination of gamma radiation and lufenuron could be an excellent integrated control program for Spodoptera littoralis.

Seedlings of the Invasive Strawberry Guava Psidium cattleianum Were More Sensitive to Defoliation Than the Closely Related Malagasy Native Eugenia goviala in a Simulated Herbivory Experiment

The success of non-native plants in their recipient environments is often attributed to their relatively lower herbivorous attack (i.e., leaf damage). However, whether non-native plants are inherently more tolerant to leaf damage than native ones remains unclear. We conducted a field experiment to test the effects of clipping (25%, 50%, and 75% leaf area loss) on growth (stem height and production of new leaves) of the natural regenerations of invasive strawberry guava Psidium cattleianum (Myrtaceae) and its closely related native, Eugenia goviala (VU, Myrtaceae,), in a degraded forest in Andasibe, Madagascar. Each clipped individual was paired with a neighboring control (0% defoliation). Survival rates after 105 days were high (>93%) for both species and were not related to clipping levels. Eugenia goviala increased stem growth by 98% at 25% clipping but exhibited no response at higher clipping levels. Clipping tended to reduce stem growth in P. cattleianum but effects were only significant at 75% defoliation (46% reduction in stem growth). Defoliation did not affect the production of new leaves but we detected a tendency for P. cattleianum to produce fewer leaves at higher clipping levels. These results indicate a higher sensitivity to defoliation in the invasive strawberry guava compared to its close native relative E. goviala, which does not support the hypothesis that non-native plant species are more tolerant to leaf damage than native ones. Heavy defoliation can represent a substitute for mechanical control of the strawberry guava. Future studies should focus on identifying suitable native herbivores as part of an integrated control program for this invasive species.

Integrated Cross-Sectional Multiplex Serosurveillance of IgG Antibody Responses to Parasitic Diseases and Vaccines in Coastal Kenya.

.Accurate and cost-effective identification of areas where co-endemic infections occur would enable public health managers to identify opportunities for implementation of integrated control programs. Dried blood spots collected during cross-sectional lymphatic filariasis surveys in coastal Kenya were used for exploratory integrated detection of IgG antibodies against antigens from several parasitic infections (Wuchereria bancrofti, Schistosoma mansoni, Plasmodium spp., Ascaris lumbricoides, and Strongyloides stercoralis) as well as for detection of responses to immunizing agents used against vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) (measles, diphtheria, and tetanus) using a multiplex bead assay (MBA) platform. High heterogeneity was observed in antibody responses by pathogen and antigen across the sentinel sites. Antibody seroprevalence against filarial antigens were generally higher in Ndau Island (P < 0.0001), which also had the highest prevalence of filarial antigenemia compared with other communities. Antibody responses to the Plasmodium species antigens circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1)19 were higher in Kilifi and Kwale counties, with Jaribuni community showing higher overall mean seroprevalence (P < 0.0001). Kimorigo community in Taita–Taveta County was the only area where antibody responses against S. mansoni Sm25 recombinant antigen were detected. Seroprevalence rates to Strongyloides antigen NIE ranged between 3% and 26%, and there was high heterogeneity in immune responses against an Ascaris antigen among the study communities. Differences were observed between communities in terms of seroprevalence to VPDs. Seroprotection to tetanus was generally lower in Kwale County than in other counties. This study has demonstrated that MBA holds promise for rapid integrated monitoring of trends of infections of public health importance in endemic areas.

Perceptions, attitudes and practices towards scabies in communities on the Bijagós Islands, Guinea-Bissau.

Scabies is highly endemic among impoverished populations and has been recently included in the WHO's list of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Community support and behavioural changes are essential for the success of control interventions. This study aimed to explore beliefs, prevention attitudes and healthcare-seeking behaviours towards scabies in the Bijagós Archipelago of Guinea-Bissau. Data were collected through two methods. Community key informants (community members, community health workers, healthcare workers and traditional healers) were interviewed using snowball sampling. A questionnaire covering perceptions, attitudes and practices was administered to community members using random cluster sampling. Thematic analysis of qualitative data was applied to identify themes. Descriptive statistics were used for quantitative data analysis. There was a satisfactory awareness about scabies, but perceptions about disease causation and transmission were imprecise. Misconceptions about personal hygiene as the primary measure for scabies prevention were recurrent. Some participants recognised the importance of early treatment to interrupt transmission. Treatment of close contacts was not considered important. Costs were the main determining factor for treatment choice between traditional healer and the local health centre. Late presentation and delayed treatment were common and associated with poverty and stigmatisation. Scabies impaired quality of life by affecting social interactions, health, fitness to work and school attendance. There is a need to improve education, recognition, management and affordable access to treatment. Community education, healthcare workers' training and skin NTD integrated control programmes should address the challenges highlighted in this study.

Carrot biotic stresses: challenges and research priorities

Among the main biotic stresses of carrot crops, the pests such as nematodes and carrot fly and diseases including cavity spot, crown or cottony rot, black rot or leaf blight are targets for scientific researches over the world. Components of integrated control programs for all these organisms are under development. Success of such programs requires systemic approaches including knowledge about genetic diversity of the targets, their epidemiology, host physiology and host resistance mechanisms and compatibility among the different control tools or between programs targeting different goals.

When a bacterium fights arboviruses

When a bacterium fights arboviruses

Rodent Control Strategies in Hospitals

An infestation of rodents in a healthcare facility is especially dangerous because these pests can carry disease and spoil food with the bacteria and viruses they harbor in their saliva and droppings. Exposure to dangerous pathogens could be disastrous for already health-compromised patients. The aim of the study is to implement an integrated control program for rodents inside hospitals and to clarify the most important preventive methods that can be used in the control process and to make some important observations in the application of methods of integrated control of rodents to obtain the best program for rodent control in hospitals.

High-resolution melt (HRM) analysis for detection of SNPs associated with pyrethroid resistance in the southern cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)

The southern cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, is the most economically important ectoparasite of cattle worldwide. A limitation for sustainable control and eradication is the emergence of acaricide resistance among tick populations. Molecular diagnostic tools offer the opportunity to detect resistance rapidly, which can be complemented with confirmatory bioassays with larvae and adult ticks that are more resource and time consuming to generate. Synthetic pyrethroid resistance is one of the most prevalent and well-studied forms of resistance in arthropods, being linked with target site alterations in the sodium ion channel gene. Here, we report research on a novel molecular method to detect mutations in the para-sodium channel gene of R. microplus associated with acaricide resistance that is based on quantitative PCR high-resolution melt (HRM) analysis. Genomic DNA fragments of domains II and III of the para-sodium channel gene were amplified by real-time PCR in the presence of EVA®Green dye to test resistant and susceptible reference ticks from the U.S., Brazil, and Mexico. Larval packet tests with discriminating doses and a modified lethal time analysis were performed to confirm resistance to permethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and flumethrin in laboratory strains. Tick specimens collected from cattle that were inspected at the United States Port-of-Entry at the Texas-Mexico border were also genotyped. Previously described mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance (T170C, C190A, G184C, and T2134A) were successfully detected by qPCR-HRM in different genotypes and confirmed by sequencing. A novel non-synonymous SNP located at domain III (C2136A) and the G215T mutation in domain II, previously described only in Asian R. microplus and R. australis, were also detected with the HRM and confirmed by sequencing. This technique could be adapted for high-throughput screening, detection, and discovery of allele-specific mutations in cattle tick outbreak populations to inform eradication strategies in the USA. This knowledge could also be applied to integrated control programs in other parts of the world where R. microplus is endemic and where similar SNPs have been identified associated with pyrethroid resistance. This study highlights the existence of several mutations in the para-sodium channel gene in different combinations in field populations of R. microplus from Mexico.

Prevalence of Salmonella Spp. Bacteria Antibiotic Resistency Indigestion Tract in the Broiler Farms of Subang District

This study is aimed to estimate the prevalence of resistant Salmonella spp., determine the spread of bacterial resistance and investigate the serotypes of bacteria in the chicken’s digestion tract in the broiler farms in Subang District. As many as 74 farms were chosen, five poled caeca samples were taken from each farm and tested for isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. Salmonella isolates obtained were tested antimicrobial susceptibility against 8 antibiotics using the agar dilution method. The antibiotics were gentamycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole. The result showed that 8 out of 74 samples were positive for Salmonella. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in the digestion tract was 10.8%; 95% confidence interval 3.7%-17.9%. Based on the serological test eight serotypes obtained were Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella oslo, Salmonella narashino, Salmonella nakuru, and Salmonella nordufer. The result of antibiotic resistance test showed that from 8 Salmonella isolates obtained, 12.5% were found to be sensitive, 75% isolates were resistant to one or two antibiotics, and the remaining 12.5% isolates were resistant to more than two antibiotics; 95% confidence interval (0%-35.4%). The prevalence of resistant Salmonella spp. bacteria in chicken digestion tract in broiler farms in Subang District was high, so integrated control program to reduce antimicrobial resistance problem in broiler farm are greatly needed.

Insecticide resistance in the tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta: patterns, spread, mechanisms, management and outlook

The South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an invasive pest difficult to control. Insecticide application is quite common and remains the prevalent control method particularly in open-field cultivation systems. As a result, insecticide resistance to many chemical classes of insecticides has been described both in South America and in Europe. The development of insecticide resistance is relatively fast in this species, and the main mechanisms involved are altered target-site sensitivity and/or enhanced detoxification, depending on the chemical class. However, insecticide resistance mechanisms do not differ between South America and Europe and are mainly due to simple genotype variations leading to high levels of resistance. The presence of resistance alleles at low frequency, especially against newer chemistry, is of major concern, as they tend to spread with the invasions making tomato pinworm particularly difficult to control. The monitoring methods and management programmes developed for the species benefited from the pro-activity of the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee and its country groups, particularly in Brazil and Spain. Bioassay methods were developed, resistance monitoring activities initiated and resistance management guidance was provided. The implementation of integrated control programmes and appropriate resistance management strategies as part of such programs is of utmost importance to keep tomato pinworm infestations under economic damage thresholds, thus guaranteeing sustainable yields.

Prevalence of Soil Transmitted Helminthes Infections and its Determinants among Primary School Children in Gena Bossa Tiworeda, Ethiopia: Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) infection is a major public health problem among school-aged children in developing countries. In Ethiopia, school-aged children have been identified as a high-risk group of population to be infected with Soil Transmitted Helminthes. Effective prevention and control of STH infection require the identification of risk factors among high-risk groups. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of Soil Transmitted Helminthes infections and its determinants among primary school children in Gena Bossa Woreda, Ethiopia. Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted in Gena Bossa Woreda, Ethiopia. The data were collected using pre-tested and structured questionnaires. Simple random sampling technique was used. Data analysis was done by SPSS for Windows Version 20.0. Bivariate and Multivariate logistic regressions analyses were conducted. p-value <0.05 was used to declare statistically significant variables. Result: About 303 (97.7%) of the study subjects participated in the study. Above one-third (38.3%) of the study, participants were tested positive for at least one of the STH species. lumbricoides (42.1%) was the predominant parasite followed by Hookworms (37.4%) and T. trichiura (11.2%). Lack of private latrines (AOR=4.12, 95% CI: 1.64 and 3.37), not wearing shoes always (AOR=1.80, 95% CI: 1.01, 3.23), age of children (5 to 10 years) (AOR=2.43, 95%, CI: 1.42 and 4.16) and not knowing causative agents of STH infection (AOR=2.60, 95% CI: 1.37 and 4.93) were found to be determinants of Soil Transmitted Helminthes Infections. Conclusion: Lack of private latrines, not wearing shoes always, age of children (5 to 10 years) and not knowing causative agents of STH infections were found to be major determinants of STH Infections. Therefore; public health policymakers and stakeholders working in the area should focus their intervention against STH infections on integrated control programs including regular health education on children ’ s shoes wearing habits, raising awareness of school children and their families on STH infections and promoting private latrines in every household.

Influence of Some Demographic Factors on Infection of Schistosomiasis: The Case of Njombe-Penja Population, in the Littoral Region of Cameroon

Schistosomiasis remains a major public health problem within Njombe-Penja population since the very first discoveries made in the sixties. Inadequate knowledge on both urinal and intestinal prevalences as well as socio-demographic influences of this infection in the whole area are some of the crucial factors for making faded epidemiological control of the disease. Between September 2014 and May 2015, according to a cross sectional study, 369 participants (172 males and 197 females) were randomly sampled where feces and urine samples were collected. Therefore they were respectively analyzed using the Kato-Katz and centrifugation techniques. Two species of schistosomes <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> (19.8%) and <i>Schistosoma haematobium</i> (0.3%) with an overall prevalence of 20.1% were recorded. On the other hand, persons aged from 23 years (5.7%; P ≥ 0.05) and females (10.3%; P ≥ 0.05) were more infected. Furthermore, students (14.7%; P ≥ 0.05) and persons with primary school level of education were more infected as quarters crossed by streams such as Mbouale (5.4%; P ≥0.05) and Mouantaba (4.3%; P ≥ 0.05). However, mean parasitic load of intestinal schistosomiasis was 39.8 eggs/g of feces and 01egg/ 10ml of urine for urinary schistosomiasis. This study reveals that, infection prevalence of schistosomiasis as well as parasitic load within Njombe-communities remain relatively high. While in socio-demographic influences, subjects with 23 and above, females, primary level of education, Mbouale and Mouantaba quarters had highest prevalence. Therefore, there is a huge need for integrated control program by treating the whole population.

Claw infections in sheep - treatment options in veterinary practice, with special emphasis on ovine footrot treatment. - An update

Infectious causes of lameness in sheep remain of considerable clinical importance. Because of the availability of newly licensed drugs, important changes in therapy options, particularly for ovine footrot, have occurred. This paper provides an overview of common and rarer infectious causes of lameness in sheep, and presents a detailed review of recent advances in research regarding the aetiology, diagnosis, prevention, treatment and control of ovine foot rot. Despite the recent release of several antibiotics licensed for the treatment of footrot in sheep, the use of footbaths following the cascade of regulations remains a crucial part of many integrated treatment and control programmes. The sustainable control of foot rot requires recent advances in science to be put into practice, with tailor-made control programmes for each individual farm. The article presents various treatment options and potential routes of control and eradication.

Effect of Integrated Control Program of Powdery Mildew Disease on Growth and Productivity of Apple

Disease incidence % and disease severity % of the powdery mildew fungus(Podosphaera leucotricha) were assessed on Anna apple trees (Malus domestica, Borkh) budded on MM106 rootstock during 2016-2017 seasons in three different locations in Egypt. The disease occurrence was more prevailing in Qalyoubia governorate than the two orchard sites in Behaira (Kafr El Dawar and Noubaria). The efficacy of eleven foliar spray programs for management apple powdery mildew and on vegetative growth, fruiting parameters and fruit quality of Anna apple trees was evaluated in experimental farm at El-Qanater El-Khairia Horticultural Research Station in Qalyoubia, Agricultural Research Centre. All treatments reduced the disease severity % of powdery mildew with significant increase to all investigated vegetative growth measurements, fruiting parameters and fruit quality of Anna apple trees in relation to the control. The alternative fungicides in program 4 (Microvit, Punch and Topas) provided protection at an important level against powdery mildew infection and improved parameters and characters as compared with fungicide Microvit (P1), Punch (P2) or Topas (P3) each alone in the two seasons. In addition, alternation sprays among biofungicides in program 8 (Bio Zied , Bio Arc and AQ10) gave more efficiency, both growth and fruiting parameters and fruit characters as compared with those used in a single treatment in P5 (Bio Zied), P6 (Bio Arc) and P7 (AQ10). The effectiveness of Potassium Silicate in (P9) in inhibiting powdery mildew disease led to used it in alternation with Microvit and AQ10 in program10 as an integrated pest management (IPM) program. In general, the effectiveness of the alternative treatments with non-systemic fungicide Microvit, Potassium Silicate and AQ10 in (P10) was similar to that recorded of the systemic fungicides P2 (Punch) and P3 (Topas)) in both seasons. Results show that P10 can be used as alternative method for farmers to have eco-friendly management of powdery mildew with significant increase to the produced growth, productivity and fruit quality.

Evaluation of the compatibility of entomopathogenic fungi and two botanical insecticides tondexir and palizin for controlling Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Interactions between insect pathogenic fungi and insecticides can be both positive and negative for pest control. In the first part of this study, the insecticidal efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi including Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., Lecanicillium (=Verticillium) lecanii (Zimm.) Zare & Gams, and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sor. was tested against different larval instars of Galleria mellonella using a dipping bioassay method. In addition, the toxicity of two botanical insecticides, tondexir (TON) and palizin (PAL) was evaluated against 7th instar G. mellonella. In the second part of this study, the effect of TON and PAL on spore germination of B. bassiana and L. lecanii was determined. Subsequently, the effect of the application of a sub-lethal concentration of TON (414.24 ppm) or PAL (116.44 ppm) at 24 h prior to the application of an LC50 of B. bassiana or L. lecanii was evaluated in 7th instar G. mellonella. The lowest LC50 values were found against 7th instar G. mellonella which were 4.64 × 105 and 1.83 × 106 conidia ml−1 for B. bassiana and L. lecanii, respectively. The LC50 values for TON and PAL against 7th instar G. mellonella were 1868 and 735.68 ppm, respectively. TON and PAL showed significantly lower effects on the germination of B. bassiana than on the germination of L. lecanii. The highest inhibition of germination was caused by TON at concentrations of 2500 and 4000 ppm (20.8 and 24.3% inhibition, respectively). Both insecticides significantly reduced the susceptibility of larval G. mellonella to B. bassiana infection. PAL reduced the effectiveness of L. lecanii against larval G. mellonella. However, the infectivity of L. lecanii was not affected by the application of a sublethal concentration of TON. The use of these botanical insecticides with fungi in integrated control programs for G. mellonella is discussed.

Improved methods to capture the total societal benefits of zoonotic disease control: Demonstrating the cost-effectiveness of an integrated control programme for Taenia solium, soil transmitted helminths and classical swine fever in northern Lao PDR.

BackgroundControl and elimination of zoonotic diseases requires robust information about their effect on both human and livestock health in order to enable policy formulation and the allocation of resources. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of controlling Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in both humans and pigs, and soil-transmitted helminths (STH) in humans by integrating their control to on-going human and animal health control programmes in northern Lao People’s Democratic Republic.MethodA cross-sectional study was carried out in 49 households, focusing on the prevalence of T. solium taenias/cysticercosis and soil transmitted helminths before and after a twelve month intervention. The village data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire through a door-to-door survey. The village data was then projected to the wider northern Lao PDR population using stochastic modelling and cost-effectiveness ratio (after aggregating the net cost to capture both human and animal health parameters) and GDP per capita as a threshold, to determine the cost-effectiveness of the integrated control of T. solium taeniasis/ cysticercosis and STH, assuming linear scaling out of the intervention. The zoonotic DALY (zDALY) approach was also used as an alternative method of estimating the cost-effectiveness ratio of controlling T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in humans and pigs.FindingsUsing cost-effectiveness analysis after aggregating the net cost and control of T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis alone as the base case, the study found that simultaneous control of T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in humans and pigs, STH in humans and Classical Swine Fever (CSF) in pigs was USD 14 per DALY averted and USD 234 per zDALY averted using zDALY method hence considered highly cost-effective whereas controlling T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis without incorporating STH and CSF was the least cost-effective (USD 3,672 per DALY averted). Additionally, the cost-effectiveness of controlling T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in people and pigs using zDALY as an alternative method was USD 3,662 per zDALY averted which was quite close to our findings using the aggregate net cost method.ConclusionThe study showed that control of T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis alone in humans and pigs is not cost-effective in northern Lao PDR whereas control of STH is. Consequently, integrating T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis control with other cost-effective programmes such as STH and CSF markedly improved the cost-effectiveness of the intervention. This is especially important in low resource countries where control of zoonotic neglected tropical diseases could be integrated with the human and animal health sectors to optimize use of the limited resources.Trial registrationAustralia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) ACTRN12614001067662.

EFFECTIVENESS OF LEMON AND SPEARMINT OIL EXTRACTS ON THE SPINY BOLLWORM, EARIAS INSULANA (BOISD.)

laboratory experiments were conducted at Plant Protection Research Institute (Sharkia branch), Bollworms Research Department to evaluate the toxicity of two medicinal plant extracts i.e. lemon, Citrus limon (L.) and spearmint, Mentha spicata (Briq.) oils against the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana (Boisd.). The LC50, LC90 for both extracts after 24 hours were determined. Moreover, the effects of lemon and spearmint oils on some biological and physiological aspects of the SBW were studied. The obtained results showed that C. Limon and M. spicata oils had toxic effect against newly hatched larvae of E. insulana. The LC50, LC90 values were 0.033, 0.2418 for C. limon, and 0.0007, 0.1597 ppm for the M. spicata, respectively. For lemon, the mortality percentage recorded 78.67, 71.33, 65.33 and 24.00 % for 1st instar larvae at concentration 0.150, 0.0750, 0.0375 and 0.0156 ppm. While mortality percentage for spearmint extract was 80.00, 77.42, 75.94 and 62.59 % at concentration of 0.0325, 0.0162, 0.0081 and 0.0040 ppm, respectively. Also, the spearmint oil was more toxic than Lemon oil. Otherwise, treatment with both oils caused pronounced short larval duration, pupal period, adult longevity, oviposition periods; larval and pupal weight, pupation and sex ratio percentages. Both oils significantly reduced adults fecundity and eggs hatchability percentage compared to control. On the other hand, adult moths fed on C. Limon and Mentha spicata oils decreased oviposition periods compared to untreated adults. Additionally, it exhibited a reduction in the numbers of laid eggs, while, in the case of M. spicata the higher concentrations caused infertility for female moths compared to control. The results of the physiologic analysis showed a significant decrease in some biological characteristics of the spiny bollworm, especially the weight of the larvae and pupae, the number of eggs and the hatching rate. The results showed the changes in the activity of carbohydrate enzymes in the spiny bollworm larvae treated with C. limon and M. spicata was a significant increase in amylase and trehalase, aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and total soluble protein contents in the spiny bollworm larvae treated with C. limon and M. spicata compared to control. While, the invertase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and acetylcholinestriase (AChE) enzyme fluctuated from negative to positive activity up to the oil concentration compared to control. In conclusion, the lemon and spearmint oils could be tested in semi-field and field experiments to clarify its role in reduction infestation of SBW in cotton fields especially at the low infestation in the begging of the cotton season and then incorporated into integrated control programs as one of the vital factors for control the spiny bollworm. L

ECONOMIC ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE RISKS OF PESTICIDES RESIDUES IN TOMATO AND ORANGE CROPS

The research aims to study pesticide residues on tomatoes and oranges to improve and develop the management of integrated control programs, reduce economic losses and do not harm human health, To achieve this, the research relied on the results of the sample data collected from some local markets of some governorates of the Republic, Pesticide residues were evaluated and potential risks assessed for food containing pesticide residues exceeding the maximum allowable limit for each crop. The most important results of the study: - The results of the analysis of the sample of the study, which included 83 samples, tomatoes yield 44 samples, oranges 39 samples, showed that the number of samples free of pesticide residues 18 samples represent 21.7% of the total samples, The number of samples contaminated with pesticide residues was 65 samples representing 78.3% of the total samples. The number of samples exceeding the maximum allowable residues (MRLs) of 13 pesticides represented 20% of the total samples contaminated with pesticide residues. - The results showed that tomato and orange crops had high pollution levels of pesticides residues. The total number of samples contaminated with pesticide residues for tomato harvest was 34 samples from 44 samples, 77.3%, while 31 samples from 39 samples were estimated at 79.5 Which indicates the excessive use of pesticides on these crops. Recommendations: 1- To tighten control of pesticides that are not allowed to be used and to track smuggled pesticides to prevent their circulation in local markets. 2- Continued pesticide residue monitoring programs in all food products to provide and update a database through which future strategies for pest control and consumer protection can be implemented through random exposure to pesticides. 3- Directing the producers of the Oranges to rationalize the use of pesticides because they use large amounts and different types of pesticides, which leads to pollution of the crop and thus causing significant economic losses.

MEASURING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT AND HEALTH RISKS OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN POTATOES AND GRAPES CROPS

The research aims to study pesticide residues on potatoes and grapes to improve and develop the management of integrated control programs, reduce economic losses and do not harm human health, To achieve this, the research relied on the results of the sample data collected from some local markets of some governorates of the Republic, Pesticide residues were evaluated and potential risks assessed for food containing pesticide residues exceeding the maximum allowable limit for each crop. The most important results of the study: - The results of the analysis of the sample of the study, which included 79 samples, potato yield 44 samples, grapes 35 samples, showed that the number of samples free of pesticide residues 31 samples represents 39.24% of the total samples, The number of samples contaminated with pesticide residues was 48 samples representing 60.76% of the total samples. The number of samples exceeding the maximum allowable residues (MRLs) of 16 pesticides represented 33.3% of the total samples contaminated with pesticide residues. - The study also showed the emergence of some organic chlorine pesticides banned since 1972 in some potato crop samples in Assiut governorate. - The results of the study show the presence of some pesticides that exceeded the limit allowed daily intake (EDI), according to what the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the World Health Organization (WHO): Carbofuran with a risk index of about 1128%, or more than the daily intake of about 1028%, followed by the pesticide dezynone with a risk index of about 168% more than the daily intake of 68%. Recommendations:To tighten control on pesticides that are not allowed to be used and to track smuggled pesticides to prevent their circulation in local markets. 2- Raising awareness and training for farmers in the Upper Egypt governorates to rationalize the use of pesticides and methods of applying them with optimum economic efficiency to reduce pollution and the absence of pesticide residues beyond the permissible limits. 3- Continued pesticide residue monitoring programs in all food products to provide and update a database through which future strategies for pest control and consumer protection can be implemented through random exposure to pesticides. 4- Directing the producers of the grapes to rationalize the use of pesticides because they use large amounts and different types of pesticides, which leads to pollution of the crop and thus causing significant economic losses.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF THE CROTON TETRADENIUS (EUPHORBIACEAE) AERIAL PART AND BIOACTIVITY ON AEDES AEGYPTI (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN RELATION TO DIFFERENT COLLECTION PERIODS

Research has demonstrated the presence of a variety of chemical substances in the essential oils of species belonging to the Croton genus and its potential insecticide. The objective of this research was to evaluate the larvicidal activity of the essential oil obtained from the aerial part of Croton tetradenius on Aedes aegypti, as well as its yield and chemical composition, in relation to different periods of collection of the botanical material. Eight essential oil concentrations were evaluated, using 4 replicates per treatment, using 30 larvae per replicate, totaling 120 larvae per treatment. The chemical composition analysis was carried out using Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry. The yield of the essential oil in the extraction carried out in February was lower. The most toxic essential oil for A. aegypti larvae was extracted in August. The analysis of the chemical composition revealed the presence of 60, 48 and 62 compounds in the essential oils for the months of February, May and August, respectively. The essential oil obtained from the aerial part of C. tetradenius has shown to be promising for use in A. aegypti integrated control programs, however, in order to maximize this toxic effect, the collection period should be taken into account.