The chapter starts with a study of the case of Brandon Mayfield. Mayfield illustrates how a fingerprint identification can go absolutely wrong and cause injustice, even when the best and most highly trusted practitioners in the field conduct the analysis. Next, a review of the case against Lana Canen exemplifies what happens when an unqualified fingerprint “expert” gives evidence, the injustice that follows, and how this injustice could have been prevented. The discussion of the Canen case is followed by an examination of fingerprint protocols and guidelines, including a primer on ACE-V (Analysis, Comparison, Evaluation, and Verification) methodology, absolute conclusions and error rates, the one unexplainable dissimilarity rule, the benefits and concerns related to Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) matches, training trends, the use of fingerprint analysis in the past, and the possible future advances in fingerprint analysis technology.