Integral Yields For Thick Target Research Articles

Measurement of excitation functions of helion-induced reactions on enriched Ru targets for production of medically important 103Pd and 101mRh and some other radionuclides

Excitation functions were determined by the stacked-foil and induced radioactivity measurement technique for the reactions 100Ru( α,n) 103Pd, 101Ru( α,2n) 103Pd, 101Ru( 3He,n) 103Pd, and 102Ru( 3He,2n) 103Pd, producing the therapeutic radionuclide 103Pd, and for the reactions 101Ru( 3He,x) 101mRh(Cum) and 102Ru( 3He,x) 101mRh(Cum), producing the medically interesting radionuclide 101mRh. Data were also measured for the reactions 101Ru( 3He,pn+d) 102m,gRh, 102Ru( 3He,p2n+dn+t) 102m,gRh, 101Ru( 3He,x) 101gRh(Cum), 102Ru( 3He,x) 101gRh(Cum), 101Ru( 3He,3n) 101Pd, 102Ru( 3He,4n) 101Pd, 101Ru( 3He,4n) 100Pd, and 101Ru( 3He,p3n+d2n+tn) 100Rh, producing other palladium and rhodium isotopes/isomers. The energy ranges covered were up to 25 MeV for α-particles and up to 34 MeV for 3He ions. The radioactivity of the radionuclide 103Pd induced in thin metallic foils of the enriched ruthenium isotopes was measured by high-resolution X-ray spectrometry and the radioactivities of other radionuclides by γ-ray spectrometry. The integral thick target yields of the radionuclide 103Pd calculated from the excitation functions of the first four of the above-named reactions amount to 960, 1050, 50, and 725 kBq/μAh, respectively, at the maximum investigated energies of the incident particles. The integral thick target yields of the radionuclide 101mRh amount to 16.1 and 2.9 MBq/μAh for 101Ru and 102Ru targets, respectively, at 34 MeV energy of incident 3He ions. The integral yields of the other observed radionuclides were also deduced from the excitation functions of the above-mentioned respective nuclear reactions. The excitation functions and integral yields of some rare reaction products were also determined. The experimental excitation functions of some reactions are compared with the predictions of nuclear model calculations. In general, good agreement was obtained.

Measurement of cross-sections for the (p, xn) reactions in natural molybdenum

Cross-sections for the residual radionuclide productions by proton-induced activation on natural molybdenum were measured up to 40MeV by using a stacked-foil technique at the MC50 cyclotron of the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS). This work has given a new data set for the formation of the investigated radionuclides. The present results for most of the radionuclides showed in general good agreement with the earlier reported data as well as the theoretical data taken from the calculations based on the ALICE-IPPE code. The integral yields for thick targets were also deduced from the measured cross-sections of the produced radionuclides. The optimum production of the 99mTc radionuclide with minimum impurities can be obtained at the energy ranges from 10 to 23MeV, where the production yields were obtained as 597.15MBqμA−1h−1 at saturation. The measured cross-sections are used for production of medically important radionuclides such as 99mTc, 94mTc and 93m,gTc by using the medium-energy cyclotrons.

Validation and upgrading of the recommended cross-section data of charged particle reactions: Gamma emitter radioisotopes

An upgrade and validation test of the recommended cross-section database for production of gamma emitter radioisotopes by charged particle induced reactions, published by the IAEA in 2001, was performed. Experimental microscopic cross-section data published earlier or measured recently and not yet included in the evaluation work were collected and added to the primary database in order to improve the quality of the recommended data. The newly compiled experimental data in general supported the previous recommended data, but in a few cases they influenced the decision and resulted in different selected cross-section data sets. A Spline fitting method was used to calculate the recommended data from the selected data sets. Integral thick target yields were deduced from the newly calculated recommended cross-sections and were critically compared with the available experimental yield data.

Production possibility of <Superscript>61</Superscript>Cu using proton induced nuclear reactions on zinc for PET studies

Excitation functions were measured by stacked-foil technique for the natZn(p,x)61Cu, 66Zn(p,x)61Cu, 68Zn(p,x)61Cu and natZn(p,x)60Cu nuclear processes up to 100 MeV. The experimental cross sections were compared with published data. On the base of these excitation functions, the cross sections of 64Zn(p,x)61Cu process were also deduced. Integral thick target yields were calculated for the 64Zn(p,x)61Cu and nat,64Zn(p,x)60Cu processes and irradiation parameters were elaborated for the 61Cu production via the 64Zn+p reactions for low and middle energy accelerators. According to our calculations the yield of 61Cu amounts to 1.02 . 1011 Bq . A-1 . s-1 (9.9 mCi .µ A-1 . h-1) from 19®10 MeV while it reaches 3.91 . 1011 Bq . A-1 . s-1 (38 mCi . µ A-1 . h-1) in the energy range of 67®60 MeV.

Excitation functions for the formation of some radioisotopes of rubidium in proton induced nuclear reactions on natKr, 82Kr and 83Kr with special reference to the production of 81Rb( 81mKr) generator radionuclide

Excitation functions were measured using the “stacked gas cell” technique for the formation of 81Rb, 82mRb, 83Rb and 84Rb in proton induced nuclear reactions on natural krypton and isotopically enriched 82Kr and 83Kr over the proton energy range of 5–30 MeV. From the experimental data for various enrichments of 82Kr, 83Kr, 84Kr and 86Kr in target gases, absolute cross-sections were deduced for the reactions 82Kr(p,2n) 81Rb, 83Kr(p,3n) 81Rb, 82Kr(p,n) 82mRb, 83Kr(p,2n) 82mRb, 84Kr(p,3n) 82mRb, 83Kr(p,n) 83Rb, 84Kr(p,2n) 83Rb, 84Kr(p,n) 84Rb and 86Kr(p,3n) 84Rb. From those data the differential and integral thick target yields of 81Rb were calculated. The method of choice for the production of 81Rb( 81mKr) generator radionuclide is the 82Kr(p,2n)-process on highly enriched 82Kr. Our results show that the optimum energy range for production is E p = 27 → 19 MeV: the thick target yield of 81Rb amounts to 48 mCi (1776 MBq)/μAh and the level of 6.47 h 82mRb impurity to ∼7%. Due to the high yield of the process sufficient quantities of 81Rb can be produced even at cyclotrons with E p ≈ 20 MeV.