Integral Quadratic Form Research Articles

The circle method and shifted convolution sums involving the divisor function

Let Q(x) be a positive definite integral quadratic form with the determinant D being squarefree, and r(n,Q) denote the number of representations of n by the quadratic form Q. In this paper, we apply the Hardy-Littlewood-Kloosterman circle method to derive the asymptotic formula for the shifted convolution sum of the divisor function d(n) and Fourier coefficients r(n,Q). With more efforts, our method should have a number of applications for other multiplicative functions.

A Strong Gram Classification of Non-negative Unit Forms of Dynkin Type 𝔸r

An integral quadratic form q : ℤn → ℤ is usually identified with a bilinear form 𝕓∨q:ℤn×ℤn→ℤ satisfying q(x)=𝕓∨q(x,x) for any vector x in ℤn, and such that its Gram matrix with respect to the canonical basis of ℤn is upper triangular. Two integral quadratic forms are called strongly (resp. weakly) Gram congruent if their corresponding upper triangular bilinear forms (resp. their symmetrizations) are equivalent. If q is unitary, such upper triangular bilinear form is unimodular, and one considers the associated Coxeter transformation and its characteristic polynomial, the so-called Coxeter polynomial of q with this identification. Two strongly Gram congruent quadratic unit forms are weakly Gram congruent and have the same Coxeter polynomial. Here we show that the converse of this statement holds for the connected non-negative case of Dynkin type 𝔸r (r ≥ 1) and arbitrary corank, and use this characterization to complete a combinatorial classification of such quadratic forms started in [Fundamenta Informaticae 184(1):49–82, 2021] and [Fundamenta Informaticae 185(3):221–246, 2022].

Densities of integer sets represented by quadratic forms

Let f(t1,…,tn) be a nondegenerate integral quadratic form. We analyze the asymptotic behavior of the function Df(X), the number of integers of absolute value up to X represented by f. When f is isotropic or n is at least 3, we show that there is a δ(f)∈Q∩(0,1) such that Df(X)∼δ(f)X and call δ(f) the density of f. We consider the inverse problem of which densities arise. Our main technical tool is a Near Hasse Principle: a quadratic form may fail to represent infinitely many integers that it locally represents, but this set of exceptions has density 0 within the set of locally represented integers.

Can we recover an integral quadratic form by representing all its subforms?

Let o be the ring of integers of a number field. If f is a quadratic form over o and g is another quadratic form over o which represents all proper subforms of f, does g represent f? We show that if g is indefinite, then g indeed represents f. However, when f is positive definite and indecomposable, then there exists a g which represents all proper subforms of f but not f itself. Along the way we give a new characterization of positive definite decomposable quadratic forms over o and a number-field generalization of the finiteness theorem of representations of quadratic forms by quadratic forms over Z[13, Theorem 3.3] which asserts that given any infinite set S of classes of positive definite integral quadratic forms over o of a fixed rank, there exists a finite subset S0 of S with the property that a positive definite quadratic form over o represents all classes in S if and only if it represents all classes in S0.

Quadratic forms representing large integers only

For a positive integer n, let T(n) be the set of all integers greater than or equal to n. An integral quadratic form f is called tight T(n)-universal if the set of nonzero integers that are represented by f is exactly T(n). Let t(n) be the smallest possible rank over all tight T(n)-universal quadratic forms. In this article, we find all tight T(n)-universal diagonal quadratic forms. We also prove that t(n)∈Ω(log2⁡(n))∩O(n). Explicit lower and upper bounds for t(n) will be provided for some small integer n.

Improved Integral Inequality Based on Free Matrices and Its Application to Stability Analysis of Delayed Neural Networks via Matrix-valued Cubic Polynomial Inequality

This paper deals with the stability analysis of delayed neural networks (DNNs). Firstly, an improved integral inequality based on free matrices (I3BFM) is newly proposed. The I3BFM gives the upper bound of the integral quadratic form including the state-related vector stacked by the state, its derivative, and its integration by introducing some free matrices. The upper bound of the I3BFM fully reflects the information not only on each term in the state-related vector but also on the cross-terms between the three terms. Secondly, the double integral Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional (LKF) of the integral quadratic form including the state-related vector is established to utilize the proposed I3BFM in the stability analysis of DNN. From the derivative of the double integral LKF, a matrix-valued cubic polynomial on a time-varying delay is generated in the process of stability analysis. Therefore, a matrix-valued cubic polynomial inequality is applied to make the matrix-valued cubic polynomial numerically tractable. Finally, the relaxed stability criteria utilizing the I3BFM and the double integral inequality are derived, and the superiority of the derived stability criteria is demonstrated by two well-known numerical examples.

Jutila's circle method and [formula omitted] shifted convolution sums

Let λf(n) be the normalized Fourier coefficients of a Hecke-Maass or Hecke holomorphic cusp form f for congruence group Γ0(N) with level N and nebentypus χN. Let Q(x) be a positive definite integral quadratic form, and r(n,Q) denote the number of representations of n by the quadratic form Q. In this paper, we apply Jutila's circle method to derive a sharp bound for the shifted convolution sum of Fourier coefficients λf(n) and r(n,Q). We generalize and improve previous results without the Ramanujan conjecture.

Arithmetic purity of the Hardy-Littlewood property and geometric sieve for affine quadrics

We establish the Hardy-Littlewood property (à la Borovoi-Rudnick) for Zariski open subsets in affine quadrics of the form q(x1,⋯,xn)=m, where q is a non-degenerate integral quadratic form in n⩾3 variables and m is a non-zero integer. This gives asymptotic formulas for the density of integral points taking coprime polynomial values, which is a quantitative version of the arithmetic purity of strong approximation property off infinity for affine quadrics.

Chern-Simons invariants from ensemble averages

We discuss ensemble averages of two-dimensional conformal field theories associated with an arbitrary indefinite lattice with integral quadratic form Q. We provide evidence that the holographic dual after the ensemble average is the three-dimensional Abelian Chern-Simons theory with kinetic term determined by Q. The resulting partition function can be written as a modular form, expressed as a sum over the partition functions of Chern-Simons theories on lens spaces. For odd lattices, the dual bulk theory is a spin Chern-Simons theory, and we identify several novel phenomena in this case. We also discuss the holographic duality prior to averaging in terms of Maxwell-Chern-Simons theories.

On the Exceptional Sets of Integral Quadratic Forms

Abstract A collection $\mathcal S$ of equivalence classes of positive definite integral quadratic forms in $n$ variables is called an $n$-exceptional set if there exists a positive definite integral quadratic form, which represents all equivalence classes of positive definite integral quadratic forms in $n$ variables except those in $\mathcal S$. We show that, among other results, for any given positive integers $m$ and $n$, there is always an $n$-exceptional set of size $m$ and there are only finitely many of them.

The number of representations of integers by generalized Bell ternary quadratic forms

For a positive definite ternary integral quadratic form [Formula: see text], let [Formula: see text] be the number of representations of an integer [Formula: see text] by [Formula: see text]. A ternary quadratic form [Formula: see text] is said to be a generalized Bell ternary quadratic form if [Formula: see text] is isometric to [Formula: see text] for some nonnegative integers [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we give a closed formula for [Formula: see text] for a generalized Bell ternary quadratic form [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] and class number greater than [Formula: see text] by using the Minkowski–Siegel formula and bases for spaces of cusp forms of weight [Formula: see text] and level [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] consisting of eta-quotients.

On locally primitively universal quadratic forms

A positive definite integral quadratic form is said to be almost (primitively) universal if it (primitively) represents all but at most finitely many positive integers. In general, almost primitive universality is a stronger property than almost universality. The two main results of this paper are (1) every primitively universal form nontrivially represents zero over every ring $$\mathbb {Z}_p$$ of p-adic integers, and (2) every almost universal form in five or more variables is almost primitively universal.

Integral quadratic forms avoiding arithmetic progressions

For every positive integer [Formula: see text], it is shown that there exists a positive definite diagonal quaternary integral quadratic form that represents all positive integers except for precisely those which lie in [Formula: see text] arithmetic progressions. For [Formula: see text], all forms with this property are determined.

Integral quadratic forms and graphs

The structure of an undirected graph is completely determined by a symmetric matrix: its adjacency matrix with respect to an ordering of its vertices; and that matrix can be used to define an integral quadratic form. The main purpose of this paper is to raise this question: “What can quadratic forms tell us about graphs?” As an initial answer, the theory of quadratic forms will be applied to the graph isomorphism problem. The essential definitions and facts from the theory of quadratic forms will be sketched without proof.

Optimal strong approximation for quadratic forms

For a non-degenerate integral quadratic form $F(x_1, \dots , x_d)$ in $d\geq5$ variables, we prove an optimal strong approximation theorem. Let $\Omega$ be a fixed compact subset of the affine quadric $F(x_1,\dots,x_d)=1$ over the real numbers. Take a small ball $B$ of radius $0<r<1$ inside $\Omega$, and an integer $m$. Further assume that $N$ is a given integer which satisfies $N\gg_{\delta,\Omega}(r^{-1}m)^{4+\delta}$ for any $\delta>0$. Finally assume that an integral vector $(\lambda_1, \dots, \lambda_d) $ mod $m$ is given. Then we show that there exists an integral solution $X=(x_1,\dots,x_d)$ of $F(X)=N$ such that $x_i\equiv \lambda_i \text{ mod } m$ and $\frac{X}{\sqrt{N}}\in B$, provided that all the local conditions are satisfied. We also show that 4 is the best possible exponent. Moreover, for a non-degenerate integral quadratic form in 4 variables we prove the same result if $N$ is odd and $N\gg_{\delta,\Omega} (r^{-1}m)^{6+\epsilon}$. Based on our numerical experiments on the diameter of LPS Ramanujan graphs and the expected square root cancellation in a particular sum that appears in Remark~\ref{evidence}, we conjecture that the theorem holds for any quadratic form in 4 variables with the optimal exponent $4$.

A uniform estimate for the density of rational points on quadrics

This paper is concerned with the density of rational points of bounded height lying on a variety defined by an integral quadratic form Q. In the case of four variables, we give an estimate that does not depend on the coefficients of Q. For more variables, a similar estimate still holds with the restriction that we only count points which do not lie on rational lines.

COMPLETENESS OF THE LIST OF SPINOR REGULAR TERNARY QUADRATIC FORMS

Extending the notion of regularity introduced by Dickson in 1939, a positive definite ternary integral quadratic form is said to be spinor regular if it represents all the positive integers represented by its spinor genus (that is, all positive integers represented by any form in its spinor genus). Jagy conducted an extensive computer search for primitive ternary quadratic forms that are spinor regular, but not regular, resulting in a list of 29 such forms. In this paper, we will prove that there are no additional forms with this property.

On a Waring’s problem for integral quadratic and Hermitian forms

For each positive integer n n , let g Z ( n ) g_\mathbb {Z}(n) be the smallest integer such that if an integral quadratic form in n n variables can be written as a sum of squares of integral linear forms, then it can be written as a sum of g Z ( n ) g_\mathbb {Z}(n) squares of integral linear forms. We show that every positive definite integral quadratic form is equivalent to what we call a balanced Hermite–Korkin–Zolotarev-reduced form and use it to show that the growth of g Z ( n ) g_\mathbb {Z}(n) is at most an exponential of n \sqrt {n} . Our result improves the best known upper bound on g Z ( n ) g_\mathbb {Z}(n) which is on the order of an exponential of n n . We also define an analogous number g O ∗ ( n ) g_{\mathcal O}^*(n) for writing Hermitian forms over the ring of integers O \mathcal O of an imaginary quadratic field as sums of norms of integral linear forms, and when the class number of the imaginary quadratic field is 1 1 , we show that the growth of g O ∗ ( n ) g_{\mathcal O}^*(n) is at most an exponential of n \sqrt {n} . We also improve on results of both Conway and Sloane and Kim and Oh on s s -integrable lattices.

On the singular points of the orbifolds arising from integral, ternary quadratic forms

Mennicke (Proc R Soc Edinb Sect A 67:309–352, 1963; Proc R Soc Edinb Sect A 88:151–157, 1981) investigated the number of conic points with isotropies of orders 3, 4 and 6 that can appear in the orientable twofold orbifold covering of the orbifold $$Q_{f}$$ associated with an integral ternary quadratic form. Mennicke made essential use of a theorem of Jones (The Arithmetic Theory of Quadratic Forms. The Carus Mathematical Monographs, vol. 10. MAA, Baltimore, 1950, Theorem 86). In this paper we revisit Mennicke’s results and we extend them to $$Q_{f},$$ that is, even when $$Q_{f}$$ is non-orientable. Our method is new and independent of Jones’ Theorem. We also study the possible cusp points.

A finiteness theorem for positive definite strictly n-regular quadratic forms

An integral quadratic form is called strictly n-regular if it primitively represents all quadratic forms in n variables that are primitively represented by its genus. For any $$n \ge 2$$ , it will be shown that there are only finitely many similarity classes of positive definite strictly n-regular integral quadratic forms in $$n + 4$$ variables. This extends the recent finiteness results for strictly regular quaternary quadratic forms by Earnest et al. (J Number Theory 144: 256–266, 2014).