Integral Protection Research Articles

Threats from climate change for lizard species of a Neotropical mountain range.

Climate change is one of the greatest threats to biodiversity, especially for species of high altitudes. However, biodiversity conservation policies that consider mitigation strategies for long-term climate impacts are still scarce. To analyze the effects of climate change on lizards in tropical mountainous areas, we selected two species from Serra do Espinhaço (Brazil) with different thermoregulation strategies and distributions (Tropidurus montanus and Rhachisaurus brachylepis). Serra do Espinhaço mountain range is recognized as an important center of endemism and can act as a refuge for species that manage to survive climate change. We produce models of environmental suitability from bioclimatic, edaphic, and topographic variables, and create projections for the present and for the year 2070 under an optimistic (RCP 4.5) and a pessimistic (RCP 8.5) climatic scenario. The results indicate that both future climate scenarios foresee a reduction of areas of environmental suitability for the studied species, but especially for the restricted distribution one (R. brachylepis). Although our results indicate that the studied species are recorded in areas of integral protection that possess climatic stability, the future will see a reduction of areas with environmental suitability, especially under the pessimistic scenario.

Practical guide for debris flow and hillslope debris flow protection nets and its application in case studies

Debris flows and hillslope debris flows endanger people and infrastructures. Technical protection measures are important elements in addition to spatial planning (adapted use of space like hazard maps) and organizational measures (warning systems, emergency plan, evacuation). Additional to other rigid protection measures flexible debris flow nets and hillslope debris flow nets were developed in 2008, and 2010 respectively. Such flexible barriers consist of an interception surface of netting spanned between horizontal support ropes including energy devices and posts for large span width. Since then, they are available on the market worldwide. Many projects were successfully installed and already filled by debris flow events. After more than ten years of experience and demonstrating that these measures work against debris flow and hillslope debris flow, they are fully accepted as possible measures for integral protection against debris flow. To provide planners and engineers the experience and know-how of these flexible protection nets, a practical guide was initiated by the Swiss Federal Roads Office (FEDRO) and Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN). Two case studies with planned and installed flexible nets, in one case for a debris flow and in the other case for a hillslope debris flow, are presented.

Integral Protection Methodology to Mitigate Incident Energy

This paper proposes a new integral methodology to overcome hidden failures and mitigate the electrical hazard due arc-flash events. This methodology overcomes the drawbacks of legacy protection functions due hidden failures. Also, considering the requirement to limit the maximum arc-flash hazard, a restriction has been implemented to coordinate the protection devices in the proposed methodology. The application results of the proposed methodology are shown on a steel manufacturer user showing the improvements by reducing the probably incident energy feasible due to arc-flash events and show how legacy protection functions would fail to operate in such scenario.

Comprehensive analysis of proliferation protection of uranium due to the presence of 232U and its decay products

For a comprehensive assessment of the protection of uranium against proliferation due to the presence of uranium-232 in it, the authors of the article propose and substantiate an integral protection criterion for this material. The criterion is based on the physical barriers against the proliferation of uranium created by uranium-232, namely: (1) the radiolysis of uranium hexafluoride, which hinders attempts to re-enrich uranium and, as a result, a significant critical mass; (2) hard γ-radiation, which leads to incapacity and death of those who try to handle this material without radiation protection; (3) increased heat release, which disables the components of a nuclear explosive device; and (4) a significant source of neutrons that causes predetonation and thereby reduces the energy yield of a nuclear explosive device. These barriers appear at various stages of uranium handling not only in the indicated order but also act simultaneously, mutually reinforcing one another.

Integral Fire Protection Analysis of Complex Spatial Steel Structure Based on Optimized Gaussian Transformation Model.

The rapid development of complex space steel structure buildings has brought new challenges to structural fire protection analysis and design. On the basis of analyzing the deficiencies of structural fire protection design in existing normative and performance-based design methods and based on the knowledge and research results of fire science, structural engineering, computer simulation, and other disciplines, this paper proposes an improved Gaussian transformation model and applied it to the overall fire performance analysis of this complex space steel structure. The proposed model is based on theoretical research and practical application of the simulation and analysis of the overall fire performance of complex spatial buildings. The coupled analysis model and system integration method of spatial overall structure fire and structure are established. The improved Gaussian transformation model is used to propose the integrity of complex spatial structures. It is a system analysis model for fire analysis. The experimental results show that the designed algorithm model can effectively realize the overall fire performance analysis of complex spatial steel structures and can provide a useful reference for China's building fire protection research, building fire protection design, fire rescue, emergency plan formulation, and other engineering practical applications.

Integral protection of children against the use of information and communication technologies in Mexico

Currently, the use of information and communication technologies and, especially, the Internet, favor a greater exercise of the rights of children and adolescents, such as freedom of expression and information; however, given this present panorama, it is imperative that not only the benefits that the use of information technologies brings us be observed, but also the dangers that are implicit in the use of these must be considered. For this reason, the present article has the general objective of analyzing the best interests of the child, as a procedural standard in the protection of infants and adolescents against the use of information technologies to identify some of their main risks, and the measures of protection in the Mexican legal system. The main conclusion of this study emphasizes the inclusion of general legislative, administrative, social and educational measures, translated into technological solutions for prevention and protection, where the assistance and support of those who exercise parental authority, guardianship and custody is essential in the use that children and adolescents make of said information technologies.

Confidentiality of Financial Data: Lifting of Confidentiality for the collection of Evidence on Alternative Disputes Resolution

With the extraordinary development of anti-money laundering regulations, the confidentiality of financial information has displaced banking secrecy from many Latin American jurisdictions. Such is the case in Bolivia, where confidentiality is the guiding principle on which the current financial system is based and built. Confidentiality is the tool that allows for the integral protection of a legal asset, object of constitutional protection, such as the individual freedom, and in this case, it translates into the custody of privacy of the financial information. As a general principle, the regime of exceptions to this rule must be regulated by the principle of specificity, which is established by national law and must be interpreted restrictively. This article will analyze the applicability of the exception’s regime to the confidentiality of financial data for evidence gathering in alternative dispute resolution processes.

Application of remote sensing to analyze the loss of natural vegetation in the Jalapão Mosaic (Brazil) before and after the creation of protected area (1970-2018).

This study aims to map the changes in land use and land cover between 1970 and 2018, analyzing the influence of the protected area s (PAs) in the Cerrado biome, specifically in the area of the Jalapão Mosaic. Images from the Landsat 1-MSS, 5-TM, and 8-OLI satellites were used and processed in SPRING and ArcGIS software. The analyses were based on three approaches: (1) the boundary of the Jalapão Mosaic, (2) the PAs, and (3) a comparison between the PAs and their surroundings. The Jalapão Mosaic results demonstrated that 26% (≅ 8410 km2) of the area was burned, and 15.5% (4971 km2) was anthropized in at least one of the analyzed periods. Among the PAs, the Serra Geral do Tocantins Ecological Station (Integral Protection) presented the largest burned area (43.7% ≅ 3095 km2); however, there was no significant increase in the anthropized areas due to fire. Meanwhile, the anthropized areas in the Rio Preto and Serra da Tabatinga Environmental Protection Areas (Sustainable Use) increased by 27.5% and by 75%, respectively, due to agricultural expansion. By analyzing the two groups of PAs and their surroundings, it was observed that the loss of natural vegetation was restrained and fires were less intense in the Integral Protection Units; in the Sustainable Use Units, there was a significant increase in the anthropized areas. Furthermore, over 70% of the anthropized areas occurred in the surrounding areas, thus showing the importance of creating PAs.

Knitting a sweater with UV-induced in situ polymerization of poly(pyrrole-co-citral nitrile) on Ni-rich layer oxide cathode materials for lithium ion batteries

Ni-rich layered oxide (LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2) has become popular commercial cathode material for lithium ion batteries, due to its high working potential and high specific capacity. It is still a challenge, however, to maintain the structure and performance under extreme conditions, such as at high charging cutoff (≥4.5 V), high temperature (≥60 °C) and higher charge-discharge rate (≥3 C). Herein, Poly (pyrrole-co-citral nitrile) (PPC) optimized interfacial layer is designed and constructed on the surface of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 by an in situ photopolymerization self-assembly technology. The sweater-like co-polymer coating provides an integral protection from side reaction, particle rupture and irreversible phase transition during cycling under the extreme conditions. Furthermore, the delocalized π bonds and cross-linked network structure of the co-polymer coating ensure the efficient and stable interface between electrolyte and electrode. This work offers a novel and useful strategy to enhance the electrochemical performance of Ni-rich cathode materials for high-energy lithium ion batteries at extreme conditions.

Criminalização da pobreza e política de atendimento às crianças e adolescentes no Brasil: uma reflexão necessária

This research aims at presenting an analysis on the main impacts of the process of criminalizing poverty on the lives of Brazilian children and adolescents, grounding this process in the penal state constitution and in the neoliberal ideology, intending to clarify the limits and challenges faced by the implementation of a child and youth protection policy in Brazil. Thereby, a historical and contemporary bibliographical analysis was carried out to serve as a basis for this paper and to become acquainted with the study object. Besides, a document analysis was employed to identify statistics and data that exemplify the issue examined through a set of official documents. This study recognized a controversial background for the implementation of theaccomplishments from Brazil’s Constitution of 1988 and from the Child and Adolescent Statute (ECA), that is, for the child and youth integral protection. &nbsp

ANALYZING TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL TRENDS IN MANAGEMENT PLANS OF FEDERAL PROTECTED AREAS IN BRAZIL

Protected areas are the most frequently used tool for the mitigation of threats to biodiversity. However, without effective management, the creation of new protected areas may be ineffective. In Brazil, protected areas must have both a governing body (consultative or deliberative council) and an official management plan. Here, we analyzed general trends and patterns in the approval of the management plans for Brazilian federal protected areas. We considered all federal protected areas, and compiled data on (i) the year the area was created, (ii) the type of protected area (integral protection vs. sustainable use), (iii) year its management plan was approved, (iv) year in which the management plan was revised after its approval, (v) total area (in hectares), and (vi) the biome in which the area is located. We stablished three groups of protected area: 1) Group A: protected areas created prior to 1979, 2) Group B: protected areas created between 1979 and 1999, and 3) Group C: protected areas created between 2000 to the present time. Finally, we tested whether time for the approval of the management plan suffered a simultaneous effect of the type of biome and type of categories of protected area (strictly protected vs. sustainable use areas). We found 211 (63.17% of the 334) protected areas with management plan. On average, the time taken for the creation and approval of a management plan far exceeds the deadlines (5 yrs.) defined under current Brazilian law. All Brazilian biomes are poorly covered by protected areas with effective management plans, with the highest and lowest value observed in the Pantanal (100%) and Caatinga (46.42%), respectively. Our results suggest that the effectiveness of many federal protected areas in Brazil can be reduced considerably by the lack of a management plan, with deleterious consequences for the country’s principal conservation strategies.

Marine soundscape and fish biophony of a Mediterranean marine protected area.

BackgroundMarine soundscape is the aggregation of sound sources known as geophony, biophony, and anthrophony. The soundscape analysis, in terms of collection and analysis of acoustic signals, has been proposed as a tool to evaluate the specific features of ecological assemblages and to estimate their acoustic variability over space and time. This study aimed to characterise the Capo Caccia-Isola Piana Marine Protected Area (Italy, Western Mediterranean Sea) soundscape over short temporal (few days) and spatial scales (few km) and to quantify the main anthropogenic and biological components, with a focus on fish biophonies.MethodsWithin the MPA, three sites were chosen each in a different protection zone (A for the integral protection, B as the partial protection, and C as the general protection). In each site, two underwater autonomous acoustic recorders were deployed in July 2020 at a depth of about 10 m on rocky bottoms. To characterise the contribution of both biophonies and anthrophonies, sea ambient noise (SAN) levels were measured as sound pressure level (SPL dB re: 1 μ Pa-rms) at eight 1/3 octave bands, centred from 125 Hz to 16 kHz, and biological and anthropogenic sounds were noted. Fish sounds were classified and counted following a catalogue of known fish sounds from the Mediterranean Sea based on the acoustic characteristic of sound types. A contemporary fish visual census had been carried out at the test sites.ResultsSPL were different by site, time (day vs. night), and hour. SPLs bands centred at 125, 250, and 500 Hz were significantly higher in the daytime, due to the high number of boats per minute whose noise dominated the soundscapes. The loudest man-made noise was found in the A zone, followed by the B and the C zone, confirming that MPA current regulations do not provide protection from acoustic pollution. The dominant biological components of the MPA soundscape were the impulsive sounds generated by some invertebrates, snapping shrimps and fish. The vast majority of fish sounds were recorded at the MPA site characterized by the highest sound richness, abundance, and Shannon-Wiener index, coherently with the results of a fish visual census. Moreover, the acoustic monitoring detected a sound associated with a cryptic species (Ophidion spp.) never reported in the study area before, further demonstrating the usefulness of passive acoustic monitoring as a complementary technique to species census. This study provides baseline data to detect future changes of the marine soundscapes and some suggestions to reduce the impact of noise on marine biodiversity.

First record and range extension of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) (Bivalvia, Cyrenidae) in the Chapada dos Veadeiros region, Goiás, Brazil

Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) is an Asian freshwater clam that is widely distributed throughout the world through multiple introductions. Its invasion can cause environmental and economic damage. In Brazil, C. fluminea is recorded in all major hydrographic basins. Here, we report the first record of C. fluminea in the Chapada dos Veadeiros region of Goiás, Brazil. This new record extends the known distribution of this species to a conserved area in the Cerrado biome, towards areas of interest for conservation and integral protection units of the biodiversity.

O SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ATENDIMENTO SOCIOEDUCATIVO: ANÁLISE DAS PRÁTICAS DE TRANSIÇÃO DA DOUTRINA DA SITUAÇÃO IRREGULAR PARA A DOUTRINA DA PROTEÇÃO INTEGRAL NAS AÇÕES SOCIOEDUCATIVAS

This exploratory, descriptive and empirical study brings a discussion of the transition from the Doctrine of the Irregular Situation to the Doctrine of Integral Protection in the actions of the National Social-Educational Service - SINASE. For this, we analyzed data referring to overcrowding, separation of inmates and healthiness of internment units, context of application of the measure of deprivation of liberty, criteria that, if fulfilled, remove only punitive assumptions, characteristic of the “minorist” model. Actions in the application of the socio-educational measure must observe the guidelines recommended by the letter of the law, in order to extinguish the merely repressive dynamics. It was found that there has not yet been an effective change in mentality from the context of “minor offender” to the perspective of the adolescent in conflict with the law, subject of rights.

Detection of Security Attacks in Industrial IoT Networks: A Blockchain and Machine Learning Approach

Internet of Things (IoT) networks have been integrated into industrial infrastructure schemes, positioning themselves as devices that communicate highly classified information for the most critical companies of world nations. Currently, and in order to look for alternatives to mitigate this risk, solutions based on Blockchain algorithms and Machine Learning techniques have been implemented separately with the aim of mitigating potential threats in IIoT networks. In this paper, we sought to integrate the previous solutions to create an integral protection mechanism for IoT device networks, which would allow the identification of threats, activate secure information transfer mechanisms, and it would be adapted to the computational capabilities of industrial IoT. The proposed solution achieved the proposed objectives and is presented as a viable mechanism for detecting and containing intruders in an IoT network. In some cases, it overcomes traditional detection mechanisms such as an IDS.

Distribution, ecology, and conservation of Philochortus zolii in Mauritania: implications for the long-term persistence of an endangered lizard

ABSTRACT Philochortus zolii is a globally endangered lizard known only from five localities scattered across North Africa. The population is thought to be decreasing, but there are almost no data about this Sahara-Sahel endemic lizard. Recently, a sixth population was found in Mauritania, at the coastal peripheral zone of the Diawling National Park, which constitutes a remarkable opportunity to gather ecological information for the first time and to plan conservation actions. Here we assess the P. zolii regional distribution in Mauritania, estimate population abundance, analyse the species activity patterns, characterise the occupied habitats, assess local threats, evaluate the national conservation status, and define an action plan for the local conservation of the species. P. zolii is locally rare and exhibits a much-localised distribution, but additional sampling is needed in other humid areas to fill out the knowledge gap on global distribution. The activity period is very restricted, limited to the central hours of the day, with low detectability and high specialisation in habitat use. The species is evaluated as Critically Endangered at the national level and is threatened by industrial and agriculture developments. These activities have degraded the suitable available habitats and hamper any dispersal possibility. Extreme climatic events related with sea-level rise could decimate the entire Mauritanian population. Any pet trade that may be stimulated by the current discovery should be carefully supervised and monitored. The discovery of this isolated population justifies that coastal habitats should be designated as integral protection zone and included inside the Diawling National Park.

Levantamento e representatividade das Unidades de Conservação instituídas no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul

<p>O sistema de Unidades de Conservação (UCs) constitui-se em uma das mais importantes políticas públicas de proteção da biodiversidade, mesmo considerando a falta de gestão e manejo que atinge algumas UCs do Brasil. A despeito dessa situação, torna-se importante registrar e conhecer as UCs (municipais, estaduais e federais) criadas no âmbito do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Para isso, por meio de bibliografias disponíveis, foram realizadas consultas à legislação e levantamento. As análises dos dados obtidos até março de 2020 indicaram um total de 136 UCs, distribuídas entre as de Uso Sustentável (72,06%) e de Proteção Integral (27,94%), que representam 16,5% do território do estado. Em todas as esferas, a maior proporção de UCs criadas é referente às UCs de uso sustentável. A situação das UCs, em Mato Grosso do Sul, aponta para a urgente necessidade de uma política pública concreta, que possibilite atender os objetivos das diferentes categorias, de modo a contribuir com a conservação da natureza no tocante à manutenção da diversidade biológica e de ecossistema existentes no estado. Sendo necessário, para tanto, a elaboração dos planos de manejo, a consolidação de conselhos, a viabilização da visitação pública, do ecoturismo, pesquisa e da educação ambiental.</p>

Spatial differentiation of traditional villages using ArcGIS and GeoDa: A case study of Southwest China

In order to explore the role of environmental factors of traditional villages in the large-scale space category and promote the integral protection of traditional village culture, 1767 traditional villages in Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan Province in Southwest China were selected as the objects. With the support of spatial analysis tools such as ArcGIS and GeoDa, the spatial differentiation characteristics of traditional villages and their related factors were analyzed. It was found that the distribution of traditional villages in Southwest China is uneven, and in the overall distribution pattern, there are six spatial agglomeration areas in the east of Guizhou and the central and western regions of Yunnan, as well as large discrete distribution areas in other traditional villages. Traditional villages are influenced by natural factors such as topography, elevation, etc. in terms of spatial differentiation, as well as human, economic and social development environment factors such as population, ethnic composition, regional economic development level, central town, road traffic, etc., and show certain regular characteristics. From the perspective of integrity protection of large-scale traditional village culture, we should make the protection plan for traditional village cultural ecological areas, implement flexible and differentiated traditional village protection strategies, enhance the connectivity level of various development elements of traditional villages in regional scope, and promote the development of global tourism based on traditional villages.

O desafio à Proteção Multinível no Caso Margarida Alves: análise sobre as perspectivas de gênero e do devido processo legal nos estândares interamericanos de proteção integral de defensoras e defensores de direitos humanos

This article analyzes the Margarida Alves case to the challenge of multilevel protection based on two conceptual and obligatory standards of what would be necessary for the integral protection of human rights defenders: effectiveness of due process of law and differentiated protection to women defenders. It is a bibliographical-documentary and jurisprudential research that begins with the conceptualization of the defenders and includes its action as defender, follows with presentation of the assassination of the leader and submission of the case to the Inter-American System. Finally, such standards are critically related to the protection visualized in this case and the urgency of being immediately implemented for the protection of brazilian defenders.

Research on Design and Construction Technology of Large Span T-Truss Suspension Beam

Urban subway construction is often in the lower part of the city center road, and there are many municipal pipelines and pipelines in the lower part of the road. Because it involves the life of the surrounding residents, it is difficult to move and change. In the open excavation of foundation pit, the whole suspension construction measures are often used to solve this problem. Within the excavation area of the Yingmentan Station passageway of Lanzhou Rail Transit Line 1, there is a steel pipe municipal water supply pipeline. This municipal water supply pipeline needs integral suspension protection, with a suspension span of 22.5m. The design adopts T-shaped truss beams for overall suspension. This paper uses T-shaped beam design and force analysis research. Provide reference for similar projects.