Integral Entity Research Articles

La recherche sur la Shoah : existe-t-il une « école israélienne » ?

This article shows that a particular school of Holocaust studies did indeed develop in Israel, with clear lineaments and distinct leaders. This “Israeli School” was a new avatar of the “Jerusalem School” of Jewish history, as it evolved during the 1920s and 1930s at the Hebrew University. It emphasizes the Jews as a living collective and views anti-Semitism as an existential datum of European culture that also explains the Holocaust. This school did not emerge or congregate at Yad Vashem, but rather – on account of developments there in the late 1950s – at the Hebrew University, in the Institute of Contemporary Jewry, from which it extended some limbs to other institutions as well. After these foundations had been laid in the 1950s, Bauer and Gutman were its chief molders from the 1960s to the 1980s, surrounded by other scholars at the Institute of Contemporary Jewry, and they raised a new generation of researchers. Leni Yahil’s comprehensive book on the Holocaust can be viewed as the archetypal product of the school, but there are other prominent research models, too – on Jewish communities (most of them in Eastern Europe) as integral entities, on Jewish reactions under Nazi rule and elsewhere (with the accent on Jewish organization of all stripes), and on the successful rehabilitation of the survivors after the Holocaust. Jewish testimonies are central to this school. Many Holocaust scholars with other approaches, some of them with international reputation, have worked and continue to be active in Israel (Saul Friedlander, Uriel Tal, Avraham Barkai, Omer Bartov, Dan Diner, etc.). Nevertheless, the school the article describes did manage to entrench itself as the Israeli School, and is so perceived both within Israel and abroad. There is no doubt that this status derives from the scholarly and personal vitality of Bauer and Gutman, which brought them frequent invitations from institutions abroad and created broad research ties with institutions there, especially after Holocaust studies “took off” in Europe and the United States in the 1970s and 1980s. These traits attracted many students to them, from both Israel and overseas and gave them major influence on Israeli school curricula.

Societal, Environmental and Stakeholder Drivers of Competitive Advantage in International Firms

Societal, Environmental and Stakeholder Drivers of Competitive Advantage in International Firms

PO16-463 CORRELATION OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION WITH ATHEROSCLEROSIS RISK FACTORS IN GREEK PATIENTS HOSPITALIZED IN 1999-2005

Factual presentations of sexual anatomy are required for educational purposes, for clinical and more general communication about sexual matters. To date, unambiguous, accurate and objective images with appropriate labeling to enhance specificity in communication have been lacking.The aim of this presentation is to provide a comprehensive overview of anatomy of the distal vagina. We aim to simplify the anatomy to reduce the confusion of historical descriptions. In doing so, we aim to avoid sacrificing any of the specific detail. This would aid communication between clinicians, researchers, and the nonclinician regarding this anatomy.This article reviews the historical and current anatomical literature. Systematic dissection and photography, histological study, and magnetic resonance imaging have been used as the basis for this presentation. Digital technology has been used to label, color, and highlight photography to provide clarity and permit diagramatization of photography. No distortion has otherwise been used in presenting images from cadavers or anatomical research.The anatomy of the distal vagina and surrounding structures is shown and described in detailed. The distal vagina, clitoris, and urethra form an integrated entity covered superficially by the vulval skin and its epithelial features. These parts have a shared vasculature and nerve supply and during sexual stimulation respond as a unit though the responses are not uniform.Significant progress has been made in the field of female sexual anatomy and its pictorial representation. This may facilitate further progress in the related fields of female sexual health and education. O'Connell HE, Eizenberg N, Rahman M, and Cleeve J. The anatomy of the distal vagina: Towards unity. J Sex Med 2008;5:1883–1891.

The use of indexes evaluating the adherence to the Mediterranean diet in epidemiological studies: a review

The purpose of this paper is to review some of the methods that several epidemiological studies use to evaluate the adherence of a population to the Mediterranean diet pattern. Among these methods, diet indexes attempt to make a global evaluation of the quality of the diet based on a traditional Mediterranean reference pattern, described as a priori, general and qualitative. The Mediterranean diet indexes, hence, summarise the diet by means of a single score that results from a function of different components, such as food, food groups or a combination of foods and nutrients. The reviewed evaluation methods can be classified into three categories depending on the way they are calculated: (1) those based on a positive or negative scoring of the components, (2) those that add or substract standardised components, and (3) those that are based on a ratio between components. Dietary scores have been used to explore the multiple associations between the Mediterranean diet, as an integral entity, and health parameters such as life expectancy or the incidence of obesity, cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancers. Moreover, these indexes are also useful tools to measure food consumption trends and to identify the involved factors, as well as to develop comprehensive public health nutrition recommendations. A more precise and quantitative definition of the Mediterranean diet is required if the adherence to such a dietary pattern is intended to be more accurately measured. Other aspects of the Mediterranean diet indexes should also be taken into account, like the inclusion of typical Mediterranean foods such as nuts and fish and the validation of the dietary pattern approach by using biomarkers.

The National Economy and its Efficiency: Specialization, Economic “Oases” and Regional Clusterization

The problems and priorities of increasing the efficiency and competitiveness of national economies are described and analyzed. Regional specialization and development of a network of clusters as the main directions of social and economic development are discussed. The most important problems: development and modernization of national economies under conditions of globalisation and market internationalisation; national economy as a system and as an integral entity of economic activities. The most important priorities: formulation of principles of increasing the efficiency and competitiveness of national economies; formulation of priorities in economic development strategies, especially for transition countries; development of the idea of “oazes” as a system of special conditions for social economic growth; concrete solutions for the innovation activities in Lithuania, other Baltic and other Central and East European countries. The idea of “oases” as a new form of clusterization is described.

World Trade Organization: Establishment, functions, objectives

The establishment of the International Trade Organisation was aimed at completing the process of institutionalisation of the international economic relations. The process began at Bretton Woods in 1944 with the establishment of The International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. This integration entity was planned to become a foundation of the post-war order, and was going to have a broader influence and importance than the economic one. A third pillar of the International Trade Organization has never been established, but that is why the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) came into life. It is one of those agreements, whose nearly fifty-year duration had surpassed even the duration of some states. By carrying out trade negotiations, GATT adopted to new needs. However, the moment its integrity got questioned and such a special idea began to die out, the way was found to preserve the GATT achievements and to have the innovative approach join them. This was done with the establishment of the World Trade Organisation, as an international organisation that manages multilateral agreements in the area of trade (GATT), the trade of services (GATS) and the trade aspects of the intellectual property rights. The institution is of multinational and supranational character. It has its own structure that includes the Ministerial Conferences, the General Council and the Secretariat. The WTO continues a long tradition in GATT of seeking to make decisions not by voting but by consensus, although there are also "circles of decision making" that are gradually narrowing down with the degree of the achieved economic power. The WTO is today a primary concept whose main task is to work on bringing into practice the long-standing idea of free trade. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to abide by the basic principles which the WTO has four of. They are: non-discrimination, reciprocity, market approach and fair competition. If one draws a parallel between a product?s life cycle and GATT?s life, one can understand why GATT itself had reached its peak, but was also gradually surpassed. This is why the establishment of the World Trade Organization was a new opportunity to attain all that that GATT had not managed to attain, and to set new goals for the new century. With the establishment of the WTO, GATT was transformed into an organization, and its scopes were considerably broadened. According to the author, there are several challenges before the WTO. Primarily, the process of solving problems on a multilateral level should be continued. Also facing the still powerful forces fighting for the preservation of protectionism, more pronounced in industrial countries although present in developing ones, should be continued. Even if liberalized non-discriminatory trade and investment policy are achieved, the WTO will maintain its importance as a forum for talks on new areas and issues. Perhaps the biggest challenge in the WTO?s future is to work on further integration of developing countries into the world economic trends. The process of decision making itself is perhaps the best opportunity to show to the developing countries that something has changed, the author concludes.

Walk Towards the Gallows: The Tragedy of Hilda Blake, Hanged 1899 by Reinhold Kramer, Tom Mitchell

insists on “a direct correspondence ... between internal and external reali­ ties,” a stance creating a more intimate relationship between “the human incapacity to love” and the “darkened vision of the natural environment’ (159). Albion’s division generates divisive “acts of anthropomorphic pro­ jection” that colonize “the natural realm” (162). When this approach is applied to the complex character of Vala (usually seen simply to symbolize Nature), she more accurately is described as “Western humanity’s dis­ cursive conceptions of the natural world” (175). Imagining Nature carries much corrective force, a strength on display in the exemplary discus­ sion of the much misunderstood Apolypus, which “symbolizes a kind of death-in-life” (180) associated by Blake with the lowest human state of nonentity. Hutchings’ detailed reading of the concept connects Blakean cultural analysis to contemporary ecological thought and ethics: “ethics can be thought and practised only in the context of a relational interaction between integral entities” (197). The “Coda” that concludes this fine work returns to the more personal voice with which it began, providing a relevant and necessary vector of connection to any motivated ecocritical endeavor. The observed tendency of Blake’s works to question “their own human-centred textual biases” pro­ vides a pragmatic model for enhanced awareness of “how self-interested modes of discursive practice lead inevitably to the philosophical devalu­ ation, physical domination, and ultimate desolation of the Earth, its eco­ systems, and its living creatures, both human and nonhuman” (206). In his multivectored reassessment of the multitudinous functions of nature in Blake’s work, Hutchings has, with intelligence and intensity, corrected the misprisions of past criticism, better integrated present ecocritical concerns with Blake Studies, and identified numerous paths of future inquiry. MarkLussier Arizona State University Reinhold Kramer and Tom Mitchell. Walk Towards the Gallows: The Tragedy o f Hilda Blake, Hanged 1899. The Canadian Social History Series. Don Mills, O N : Oxford University Press, 2002. 318 + viii pp. $19.9y paper. On 27 December 1899 twenty-one-year-old Emily Hilda Blake was hanged in the Brandon prison yard. The only woman to be executed in Manitoba, she was one of two female murderers who went to the gallows during the 178 |Lussier half century from 1873 to 1922. Blake was largely forgotten, although she did occasionally receive token mention in stories about Canadian crime. Then, in 1993-1994, historian and archivist Tom Mitchell published an article in the Journal ofCanadian Studies, and in 2002 produced this book with co-author Reinhold Kramer, an English professor. The work is a richly textured study, indeed, a happy marriage of two sets of multi-faceted skills and perspectives. They describe their effort as fraught with “epistemologi­ cal challenges” (5), but meet them successfully— or as successfully as one can in today’s prickly world of scholarship. In the hands of Mitchell and Kramer the story of Hilda Blake (she never used Emily) becomes a riveting narrative that casts a wide net. The young woman, state the authors, “was— sometimes unintentionally— an outrageously indiscreet witness to her own life and times” (4). Mitchell and Kramer unearthed a plethora of original sources, and have judiciously used them in conjunction with recent scholarship. Detail piles upon detail, the result a meticulous study of female murder and late nineteenth-century Canada. The authors tell, intentionally, two stories: “a biographical study as well as an exploration of late Victorian culture, gender, and class in Canada” (5). In fact, they explore far more. Although the detailed accounts of context— cultural, political, economic, social— sometimes overshadow the tragic narrative of a murderer, the “read” is nonetheless worth it, for the authors have so much to tell us about the world of the late nineteenth century. As for Blake’s story, it is fully told— or as fully as possible given the lacunae, the authors providing a fascinating account in which they inter­ weave fact and conjecture, carefully distinguishing between the two. The basic facts about Blake suggest a difficult life too soon ending in tragedy. She was English-born, and orphaned at age nine. Soon becoming a disposable burden to her eldest sister and the local gentry, she was shipped off in 1888 to distant...

The transition from industrial (traditional) to new (information) economy

At the end of 20th century a new economy and a new information society emerged, as a result of achieving the third and the transition to the fourth scientific and technological revolution. The basis of this new economy lies in the transition from the industrial production to the production based on information and technology. The new economy contributes to changing the character of the factors of production, the structure of the value produced the motives of production, the workers? position (robots replacing slaves) etc. Besides labor, capital, land and entrepreneurship, information appears to be the fifth and the most important factor of production. The Internet is becoming the foundation of the new economy and contributes to changing the way people learn and do research, as well as to reducing the burden of administration, changing the way of competition, reducing operating costs crossing national borders and leading to the process of globalization of the world economy into an integral entity. Some basic characteristics of this new economy are the following: the information basis of production, rapid changes of products, flexible production systems, network organization of production, integration, services backed by products, skills and knowledge generalization, education, knowledge and talent becoming the most important factor of the socio-economic growth and development, etc. The new economy leads to a number of advantages when compared to the traditional one. However, it also has a number of negative consequences: pollution indebtedness of underdeveloped countries, widening the gap between the development level of regions, countries and individuals, growing inflation unemployment etc. But the new economy is objectively conditioned and the task of each national economy is to determine the most favorable way of its incorporation into this new economy (globalization).

East African Pastoralist Culture and the Problems of Development

ABSTRACT East African migratory pastoralists can be viewed as a detached segment of humankind; an autonomous society derived from remote historical origins, representing the classic structure of an integral cultural entity. Their migratory culture permits adjustment through their frequent moving so that bovine disease can be minimized and water husbanded. However, many have argued that migratory utilization of pasturage is politically problematic and has caused major disputes with respect to ownership of lands and grazing grasses. These disputes hamper social production, distribution, and consumption to the extent of triggering cyclical underdevelopment. Hence, the problem pastoralists face is not so much whether to completely adopt new customs, or to attempt to recapture the old. Rather, in light of inevitable change, they are faced with the question of how to reconcile ever-changing circumstances with the maintenance of the old traditions.

Material issues in electronic interconnects and packaging

Electronic packages consist of metallic, polymeric, and sometimes ceramic materials as integral entities. Individual physical and mechanical properties of these constituents, and their influence on each other's behavior, affect the overall reliability of the electronic packages. The most common failures in electronic interconnects arise from thermomechanical fatigue of the solder joints. Mismatches in coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) that exist between these constituent materials are the main cause of such failures. Several approaches such as alloying and composite methodology are being explored to improve the reliability of the solder, which is metallic in nature, by improving its mechanical attributes. Other avenues such as matching the CTE of the constitutent materials are also being considered. In addition, the metallization of the electrical components and electrically non-conducting polymeric/ceramic layer to make it solderable has also been a source of concern regarding the joint reliability. Another concern relates to the high CTE of polymeric boards. This can cause significant CTE mismatch problems if silicon chips are directly mounted on them. Some of our significant findings in these respects are presented.

Watt's Rise of the Novel within the Tradition of the Rise of the Novel

Watt's Rise ofthe Novel within the Tradition of the Rise Of the NovelMichael McKeon When Ian Watt's The Rise ofthe Novel was first published in 1957, it was recognizably a distinctive contribution to an already existent tradition of scholarship. By this I mean the scholarly effort to understand the novel not simply through the lens of an empirical literary history, or through the lens of an abstract literary theory, but through a method in which history and theory join together to inform each other. For this tradition of scholarship, to understand the novel required establishing an idea of the coherence of the novel genre as an historical phenomenon. To be "coherent" in these terms requires that the novel fulfil the demands that pertain to all historical things: namely, that it display both the continuity of an integral entity and, within thatcontinuity, the discontinuity that confirms its existence over time and space, its capacity to change without changing into something else. The study of genre is both a theoretical and an historical enterprise that conceives literary categories in their contingency. Understood as integral structures, genres have a temporal and spatial existence that defines the scope of their identity; understood as parts of greater wholes, genres have a structural existence in relation to other integral formations. That is, genres are formal structures that have an historical existence in the sense that they come into being, flourish, and decay, waxing and waning in complex relationship to other historical phenomena. Genres are contingent in the sense that they are not necessary: neither their nature nor their transformation , neithertheircontinuity northeirdiscontinuity, canbe predicated in advance. This distinguishes genres from "modes" or "universals." Aristotle is the source for our division of literary discourse into the three basic EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FICTION, Volume 12, Number 2-3, January-April 2000 254 EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FICTION categories "lyric," "drama," and "narrative."1 These three modes are basic in that they purport to cover the logical range of possibility: for the poet may either speak in a single voice, or represent two or more voices in dialogue, oralternate between these two modes. Whereas genres are contingent and conventional, modes are "necessary" or "natural," an inescapable consequence of discourse itself. For the scholarly tradition in which Watt participates, establishing the generic coherence ofthe novel in particularhas its own special interest. This is becausethe novel is, with the essay, the only genre to have emergedunder the conditions of epistemological and historiographie self-consciousness that characterize the modern period. All genres, presumably, have had their "rise." But to account for "the rise of the novel" is a peculiarly compelling project because unlike the origins of the classical genres, which are lost in the mists of time, the rise of the novel is at least putatively accessible to full scholarly view. Indeed, for this tradition of scholarship the novel is the quintessentially modern genre, deeply intertwined with the historicity of the modern period, of modernity itself. In the following pages I will provide a brief account of what I take to be common in and central to the thought of three of Watt's predecessors as they define a tradition of novel scholarship: Georg Lukács, José Ortega y Gasset, and Mikhail M. Bakhtin. I will then turn to the ways in which The Rise of the Novel does and does not participate in this tradition, and conclude with some reflections on the relevance of this account to the fortunes of novel studies since Watt's book first appeared. A halfcentury after its publication, Georg Lukács looked back on The Theory ofthe Novel (1920) as a youthful effusion whose pre-Marxist excesses were deeply coloured by the imminent outbreak of the Great War. Written in draft in 1914, it was first published in Max Dessoir's journal Zeitschrift für Aesthetik und Allgemeine Kunstwissenschaft in 1916. Its subtitle—A Historico-Philosophical Essay on the Forms of Great Epic Literature— suggests the author's theoretical and historical ambitions. Lukács understood his task to require the discrimination of the novel, as a modern form, from the founding Western narrative genre, the epic. "The novel is the epic of an age in which the extensive...

Foreign Language Teaching to Adults: Implicit and explicit political education

Political education may occur within skills-based subjects such as foreign languages. However, this may be problematic in that learners wish to develop linguistic rather than political skills, and teachers are unprepared political educators. A language course is also about the cultures of the peoples who speak the language, including political institutions. Politics has a logical place within a language course but the word culture does not inevitably evoke political institutions. Within Europe, language education is part of the political project of creating a more integrated market and transnational political entity. Political education is an implicit part of the study of a foreign language. This article examines some of the materials provided to adult, part-time students of the British Open University's language courses. It highlights some elements of the courses that are quite explicitly political education. It also draws on interviews with some of those involved in making the courses to explore the debates and decisions concerning the cultural content and particularly the representations of the target culture. It attempts to make explicit some of the implicit assumptions behind the making of a language course.

Meiotic cells monitor the status of the interhomolog recombination complex.

During meiosis, mutations that cause defects at intermediate stages in the recombination process confer arrest at the end of prophase (e.g., pachytene). In yeast, mutations of this type include rad50S, dmc1, rad51, and zip1. Rad50 is likely part of a recombination initiation complex. DMC1, RAD51, and ZIP1 encode two RecA homologs and a synaptonemal complex protein, respectively. We report here the effects of mutations in two other (meiosis-specific) genes, RED1 and MEK1/MRE4, that encode a chromosome structure component and a protein kinase, respectively. A red1 or mek1/mre4 mutation alleviates completely rad50S, dmc1, rad51, and zip1 arrest. Furthermore, the red1 and mek1/mre4 mutations define a unique, previously unrecognized aspect of recombination imposed very early in the process, during DSB formation. Finally, the red1 and mek1/mre4 mutations appear to alleviate prophase arrest directly rather than by eliminating, or permitting bypass of, the rad50S, dmc1, rad51, or zip1 defects. These and other observations suggest that a meiosis-specific regulatory surveillance process monitors the status of the protein/DNA interhomolog recombination machinery as an integral entity, in its proper chromosomal context, and dependent upon its appropriate Red1 and Mek1/Mre4-promoted development. We speculate that a properly developed recombination complex emits an inhibitory signal to delay progression of meiotic cells out of prophase until or unless the recombination process has progressed, at least past certain critical steps, and perhaps to completion.

Cognition as a Category of Literary Analysis

Cognition is a word that seems suddenly to have found its way into our vocabulary from several directions at once. Especially in the past year, the word has gained a kind of involuntary notoriety because it is used with great frequency and relish by conservative theorists Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray in their much-debated book, The Bell Curve (Free Press, 1994). Herrnstein and Murray argue that America is fast becoming a lopsided nation, with a small elite on one side and a disproportionately expanding cognitive underclass, mostly black, on the other. This is not the place to examine the specifics of that argument, but it is worth pointing out that in order to argue as they do Herrnstein and Murray must assume that the mind is an integral entity, that cognition is a singular process, and that human intelligence can therefore be measured by a standardized IQ test. Not surprisingly, critics of Herrnstein and Murray, especially neural scientists, have seized upon just these assumptions and in critiquing them have presented a very different image of the mind, arguing that there is no such thing as general intelligence or a fixed mental apparatus. Cognition, they suggest, is very much a conditional process, conditioned, that is, by the circumstances which summon it into being. And the mind, rather than being a fully functioning, fully occupied unit, turns out to be a field of incipient capabilities, mobilized in different ways by

Cyclosporin synthetase. The most complex peptide synthesizing multienzyme polypeptide so far described.

Cyclosporin A and its homologues are synthesized by a single multifunctional enzyme from their precursor amino acids. Cyclosporin synthetase is a polypeptide chain with a molecular mass of approximately 800 kDa. In 3% polyacrylamide-sodium dodecyl sulfate gels it shows a single band of approximately 650 kDa, which appears to not be glycosylated. The enzyme could be purified to near-homogeneity in five steps. A 72-fold purification was obtained. All constitutive amino acids of cyclosporins are activated as thioesters via aminoadenylation by the same enzyme. Then N-methylation of the thioester-bound amino acids which are present in methylated form in the cyclosporin molecule takes place, whereby S-adenosyl-L-methionine serves as the methyl group donor. Methyltransferase activity is an integral entity of the enzyme; this could be shown by a photoaffinity labeling method. 4'-Phosphopantetheine is a prosthetic group of cyclosporin synthetase similar to other peptide and depsipeptide synthetases. Cyclosporin synthetase shows cross-reactions with monoclonal antibodies directed against enniatin synthetase.

On the Line of Thought in Price Reform Guided Chiefly by the Notion of "Letting Go"

The old system was an integral entity. We cannot accurately explain any part of it without taking stock of all other parts. Nonetheless, from the perspective of the operation of the economic system, it is still possible to grasp its "nerve center," and that would be the price system.

Prediction of terminal protein and ribonuclease H domains in the gene P product of hepadnaviruses

By means of comparative analysis of primary and secondary structures, and hydropathy plots of hepadnavirus P proteins new functional domains were revealed additionally to the polymerase domain which had been found earlier in these proteins. The C-terminal part of P proteins was revealed to be significantly similar to ribonuclease H of E. coli. The ribonuclease H functional domain is known to be an integral entity of retrovirus reverse transcriptase as a rule. Availability of this domain indicates once more the putative reverse transcriptase properties of the P products. The proteins of hepadnaviruses were compared to terminal proteins of picornaviruses, adenoviruses and bacteriophages. The data obtained suggested that a conservative N-terminal region of P proteins functions as protein primer for DNA synthesis in hepadnaviruses.

Toward the Problem of Russian Classicism: Competitions and Translations

Whenever one embarks on a comprehensive study of some particular historical period, one is inevitably obliged to recapitulate the natural process of development of all of contemporary scholarship on the subject and move from already answered questions to the new problems that arise in the course of the research. Analyses of the structure of separate facts and literary works such as have become customary in the last several decades require first of all that these works be classified according to two principles—in theoretical terms, according to the common elements which they comprise (distinguishing the "devices" and studying them independently), and in terms of their temporal sequence. Of primary importance here has been grouping the facts amassed under concepts such as schools, movements, or traditions. The entire field of the literature of any era can be conveniently divided into segments, and any system will be found at the point where various lines, paths, or traditions cross and continue onward. However, analyzing any system as a given of objective fact inevitably raises the question of studying the historical existence of these facts, that is, of studying their relationship and meaning within a given historical milieu. These same problems, moreover, raise the question of studying the literary historical milieu itself, the artistic background, the "spirit of the age," its "aesthetic aspect"; and this background is viewed not as the sum or result of all traditions, trajectories, or facts (which are put together more or less mechanically in the course of research by comparing separate structures), nor as a combination or generalization of features found in individual works. Rather it forms the basis of the aesthetic reality of these works, and itself in turn is created on the basis of the common assumptions of the aesthetic thinking of the era as a higher unity. What is important here is setting up the study of these higher unities again or for the first time in such a way that scholarship will focus on particular objects of study which are less substantive but no less real than those which have customarily been studied in recent years. These common concepts of the history of literature may be viewed as categories, as variables in the succession of eras which are not part of individual structures but which coexist historically within them. In the particular case at hand, establishing the characteristics which distinguish the various systems in the poetry of the mid-eighteenth century and dividing it into segments such as schools and movements ultimately forces us to ask what created the clearly apparent unity of the entire era. What was it later on that made a whole century combine such varied phenomena as, for example, the systems of Lomonosov, Sumarokov, and Kheraskov1 into the single overall concept of "false classicism" and rightfully oppose this concept to literature of the nineteenth century as a whole? Evidently, what we are talking about here above all is this overall concept, of the very contours of the entire era seen as an integral entity, and an entity which was not threatened by the battles among the various tendencies within it. In establishing a conception of the overall artistic character of this era (with regard to literature, that is), there is no need to try for any novel definitions; on the contrary, the usual view of the era on the part of contemporaries or, even more to the point, those who came immediately after or those hostile toward the era in question, has much to tell us with regard to this particular issue. In my efforts to characterize certain unique features of the overall conception or, perhaps, the background of Russian poetry of the mid-eighteenth century, the era of so-called "classicism," I do not pretend to any special originality.2 It seems useful to me to begin with details.

The Disarticulation of the Self in Nietzsche

The function of Nietzsche in our present intellectual life is a salient ex ample of the continued vitality of the nineteenth-century in the thought of to day. In Germany, in France, in Italy, and in the United States new work of editing and commentary has made Nietzsche a current force. The monumen tal Colli-Montinari edition, which includes many of Nietzsche's hitherto un published notebooks and drafts, is the most conspicuous evidence of this on the textual side. This edition will make available in German, French, Italian, and Japanese versions a far more complete and accurate Nietzsche than we have had. Mention should also be made of the new English translations by Walter Kaufmann. These have made good versions of most of Nietzsche's books available to those with no German, though the Kaufmann translations are far less complete than the Colli-Montinari edition. On the side of com mentary, the bibliography of new work on Nietzscheis enormous. Two col lective volumes may be mentioned. They indicate at least a sketch map of this rugged terrain: The New Nietzsche: Contemporary Styles of Interpretation, edited and introduced by David D. Allison, and Nietzsche Aujourd'hui]1 The new work appropriates Nietzsche for present purposes. Ideas which may seem especially characteristic of the literature and philosophy of our own day are found to have been already worked out by Nietzsche in his own way. These would include linguistic, artistic, historical, social, and psychological concepts. Among these is Nietzsche's systematic putting in question of the idea that the self is a substantial and integral entity. D?mystification of the idea of fixed, substantial selfhood has been one of the subjects of nineteenth and twentieth-century thought generally. This is true in spite of the dependence of such movements as phenomenology and ex istentialism on the idea of the ego, transcendental or otherwise. After Nietzsche and Freud, however, it would seem difficult to take the existence of the self as an a priori firmly established. Even earlier, Cervantes, Sterne, and Diderot among novelists, for example, had already in one way or another put the existence of the self in question. Moreover, neither Husserl nor Heideg ger, as a matter of fact, hold to an idea of the self in the sense of an original and originating ego. Husserlian intentionality is by no means the same as in tention in the sense of I intend to do so and so. Nor is it a matter here of social or historical forces which endanger or alienate the self assumed to be there already, according to an outmoded reading of modernism. In ques

Soluble Cytochrome b-c1 Complex and the Reconstitution of Succinate-Cytochrome c Reductase

Abstract The cytochrome b-c1 complex has been solubilized and purified to a stage containing 6.5 nmoles of cytochrome b per mg of protein. Seven bands are resolved on a polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic column in sodium dodecyl sulfateβ-mercaptoethanol medium. Five of these seven bands have been identified as cytochromes b and c1 and a non-heme iron protein. The remaining two bands might be associated with these components or, less likely, might be impurities but do not belong to the so-called structural proteins. The cytochrome b-c1 complex is enzymatically active and can reconstitute with soluble succinate dehydrogenase to form an integral entity of antimycin A-sensitive succinate-cytochrome c reductase. The reconstituted reductase shows the same structural and functional characteristics as the intact reductase. The total number of the p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (p-MB) titratable groups in the cytochrome b-c1 complex has been found to be 11 ± 1 moles per mole of cytochrome b. The p-MB-reacted complex is inactive in reconstitution but shows the same catalytic activity in the oxidation of reduced ubiquinone by cytochrome c.