Intangible Cultural Property Research Articles

설화의 국가무형유산 종목 지정을 위한 제언

As Korea joined the “UNESCO Convention” in 2005, Korea implemented the “Intangible Cultural Property Act” in 2016. As a result, a field of “Ra(라). Oral Tradition and Expression”, was newly established, making it possible to designate a national cultural heritage item for folktales. Nevertheless, until August 2024, not a single event has been realized in the designation of national intangible heritage of folktales. This is due to the view that since the 1980s, the traditional Iyagipan(이야 기판) has disappeared, and the transmission of oral stories has also been cut off. However, this recognition is a misunderstanding caused by denying that the current transmission of folktales continues actively through the “Beautiful Story Grandma” project and numerous old story telling channels on YouTube etc. Another position against the designation of folktales as national intangible heritage is the opinion that Gureongdeongdeongsinseonbi(구 렁덩덩신선비), Kongji Patzzi(콩쥐팥쥐) are folktales with global universality and lack uniqueness, and can lead to conflict with other countries. However, the value of folktales can be found in various realization patterns such as national identity and cultural uniqueness. Therefore, the designation of a national intangible heritage item of folktales is an important task to protect our identity and uniqueness. Finally, I would like to suggest some opinions to revitalize the designation of folktales as national intangible heritage items. It is urgent to clarify the value of intangible heritage of the current transmission of folktales and to redefine the definition, category, and classification system of the “Ra(라)” field. In addition, systematic policy establishment and long-term research projects should be promoted, and the discovery of local intangible heritage should be actively supported. Aside from that, the construction of a digital archive of folktales should protect and promote the current transmission of folktales.

Analysis of unique volatile organic compounds in “Mianhua” made from wheat planted in arid alkaline land

Hebei Province's Huanghua “Mianhua” is a province intangible cultural property made from arid alkaline wheat (AAW). This study aims to assess how different soil conditions affect the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of “Mianhua” and identify distinct VOCs for land type discrimination. These findings will guide future research on AAW products, enhancing their processing and utilization. 51 VOCs in “Mianhua” from wheat samples grown in arid alkaline land and general land in Huanghua were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry (GC-IMS). The result of ANOVA, VOC fingerprint, T test, and OPLS-DA revealed VOCs differences based on planting environments. According to multivariate variance contribution rate analysis, most VOCs were more affected by the variety. Land type significantly influenced (E)-2-heptenal (75.3%), Butanol (60.6%), Propyl acetate (60.0%), ethyl pentanoate (45.5%), and ethyl acetate (44.4%). LDA progressively identified Butanol as the characteristic VOC to distinguish “Mianhua” between it made from AAW and general wheat (GW), with a classification accuracy of 75%.

Mahalaxmi Jatra: An Amazing Festival Tourism Product of Lubhu, Nepal

Lubhu is one of the historical and cultural tourist destinations located on Mahalaxmi municipality 8, Lalitpur district of Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. There can observe and have a wonderful experience of tangible and intangible cultural tourism properties within core of Lubhu. The people of Lubhu annually celebrate different colourful festivals and Jatras such as Mahalaxmi Jatra, Nepal Sambat, Buddha Jayanti, Dashain, Tihar, Yomahri Punhi, Gobrateswor Mahadev jatra, Gaijatra, Krishna Janmasthami, Naag Panchami, Gathemangal, Ram Nawami, Chaite Dashain, Holi, Shivaratri, Shree Panchami, Pishach Chaturdashi, Byaja Chaturdashi on the special auspicious occasions. Among them, Mahalaxmi Jatra is an amazing cultural heritage and festival tourism product of Lubhu. It celebrates in the month of Baishakha especially from Baishakha Sukla Tritiya till to Ekadasi which takes more than a week for its completion. It is considered a hallmark of indigenous cultural identity and a popular cultural tourism product of the destination. But, through the tourist and tourism perspectives this Jatra is still not adequately exposed. Hence it is necessary to recognize Mahalaxmi Jatra as a prominent tourism product of Lubhu. How it is celebrated? what its celebrating processes, processions, rites and rituals, customs and customary laws? how far it is considered as an important source for alluring tourists and what are the major problems and challenges that hindering over the promotion to it as a tourism product? are the major questions and research gaps which have been answered and addressed through this paper. Likewise, to explore the different aspects embedded with Mahalaxmi Jatra of Lubhu and to examine Mahalaxmi Jatra of Lubhu as an amazing cultural tourism product are the key objectives of the paper. In this paper both primary and secondary data and qualitative approach have been used and it is based on analytical and descriptive research design.

선상기 최순이의 진주검무 계승과 국가무형유산 지정

The purpose of this study is to examine the background and changes in the designation of the national intangible heritage of the sword dance passed down through Choi Soon-i in the selecting period. The sword dance is the oldest traditional dance in Korea, and the only sword dance designated as a national intangible heritage is ‘Jinju sword dance’. Choi Soon-yi’s existence in the study of the Jinju sword dance is hardly highlighted. Although the sword dance was handed down in the Jinju area, Choi Soon-yi played a decisive role in the designation of the national intangible heritage of ‘Jinju sword dance’.
 Choi Soon-yi was selected as a shipbuilder for the royal retreat in the early 1900s, danced, and returned to Jinju to teach sword dance until 1969.
 According to the Intangible Cultural Property Investigation Report, the sword dance demonstrated by Choi Soon-yi retained the original form of the court sword dance. Through Choi Soon-yi, the sword dance of the court and the sword dance of the Jinju Gyobang were influenced by each other.
 Starting with Choi Soon-yi, the sword dance of the late Joseon Dynasty and the sword dance designated as an intangible heritage differ in form and content. The sword dance, which was performed by four people until the late Joseon Dynasty and the 1930s, was also fixed with the number of eight in the process of designating intangible cultural properties. The shape of the Jinju sword dance knife was a form in which the neck and blade were rotated without being fixed when it was designated as an intangible cultural property. Around 1901, it was improved to a form in which the sword was turned nationwide. In other words, all the swords of sword dance used by Choi Soon-yi in the Jinju Gyobang and court were straight blades, and a temporarily improved knife was used for Japanese colonial era.
 In the late Joseon Dynasty, Jinju’s sword dance did not wear Hansam. However, after 1930, Hansamsawi was added and designated as an intangible cultural property. At that time, the popular event among Kwon Bun’s dances was Geommu. Choi Soon-yi combined and developed the elements of court dance and the part passed down from Gyobang to form a perfect dance.

독일의 연방 문화유산법제에 대한 고찰을 통한 우리나라 문화유산법제 개선에의 시사점

With the enactment of ʻthe Basic Law on National Heritageʼ in Korea, The ʻCultural Property Protection Actʼ will be renamed ʻthe Act on the Preservation and Utilization of Cultural Heritageʼ(acronym: the Cultural Heritage Act) from May 17, 2024. The Cultural Heritage Act shall serve as the basic law related to the cultural heritage legislation. The Cultural Heritage Act includes such as contents; the establishment and promotion of the protection of cultural heritage as defined in the Basic Law on National Heritage, the creation of a foundation for cultural heritage protection, and the nationally designated cultural heritage, general movable cultural heritage, and municipal-designated cultural heritage. In the Basic Law on National Heritage, cultural heritage refers only to tangible cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage is separately classified as intangible cultural heritage. But both tangible and intangible cultural heritage should be considered as the subject of the cultural heritage legislation. Korea had a representative comprehensive cultural property protection legal system in the past, but government recently divided the Intangible Cultural Property Act, the Buried Cultural Property Act, and the Cultural Property Repair Act from the previous Cultural Property Protection Act. Furthermore, Matters related to the preservation and management of natural monuments and scenic spots will be stipulated in newly enacted the “Act on the Preservation and Utilization of Natural Heritage” (acronym: Natural Heritage Act). Although the laws was divided from previous Cultural Property Protection Act, the jurisdiction of the Cultural Heritage Administration remains the same. In order for an effective cultural heritage policy to be activated under the changed legal environment, it is necessary to analyze and examine international agreements related to the globalization of cultural heritage and related legal systems of major countries. And these analysis and examination will be contributed to make legislative and policy improvements to the issues that have been problematic domestically. In this regard, this paper aims to draw implications by examining the German cultural heritage legal system which the federal and state cooperate while maintaining a dual system. In Germany, the protection and management of domestic cultural heritage is protected by the State(Land) in the form of monument protection laws, and the federal government operates the cultural property protection law, which aims to prevent cultural property from being lost by controlling the export, import, and distribution of cultural property. I think it will be a great reference for improving legislation for the globalization of cultural heritage in Korea. In particular, the regulations related to the return of cultural properties illegally leaked abroad and the international exchange of cultural properties are worth referring to. Germany's Cultural Property Protection Act as a federal law has detailed regulations that control the export, import, and distribution of cultural properties, so I think it will be a great reference for improving legislation to globalize Korea's cultural heritage. In particular, regulations related to the return of illegally leaked cultural properties overseas, the guarantee of return of international loans, and the international exchange of cultural properties are worth referencing in Korea's legislative improvement.

무형 문화자원의 관광 정책적 활용을 위한 경제적 가치평가

Purpose - This study aims to develop a valid and appropriate method for measuring the economic value of intangible cultural resources.
 Design/methodology/approach - Building upon the concepts explored in many studies on the total value regulation of public goods or environmental goods, which are non-market value commodities, with a focus on the intangible cultural property Arirang, this study aims to formulate a new economic value concept for cultural resources that contributes to the overall economic total value, including non-use value. Based on this foundation, the study aim to identify and apply the most efficient model(CVM) among economic value measurement methods, as suggested by Tietenberg (2003).
 Findings - This involves estimating economic value through consumer behavior, encompassing the use or experience of cultural resources, as well as utilizing statements to estimate economic methods through consumer surveys. Only by presenting individual resource economic values of cultural resources in objective figures can a foundation be established for creating budgets and organizational structures to promote projects and policies.
 Research implications or Originality - Appropriate decisions can then be made by comparing these values with the expected costs in the management and planning process.

A Study on the Transmission Status and Activation of Intangible Cultural Property Training Center in Dongnae, Pusan

A Study on the Transmission Status and Activation of Intangible Cultural Property Training Center in Dongnae, Pusan

Product Creation and Protective Developments of National Intangible Cultural Heritage Tourism Under the Background of "The Belt and Road"

Objective: "The Belt and Road" has wide variety product creation and protective development programmed preserving has own intangible cultural treasures.
 
 Theoretical Framework: The Belt and Road’s traditional handicrafts are one of the several national intangible cultural heritage initiatives have been successfully created with preservation and protection development in mind.
 
 Methods: They have succeeded in preserving and reviving traditional handicrafts and in creating a system of industrial development that is essentially tuned under the background of “The Belt and Road”.
 
 Results and Conclusion: However, the production and sale of tourism-related crafts is still in its early stages, as is the general development progress of "The Belt and Road"'s traditional handicrafts as intangible cultural property. The paradigm for developing tourism as a commodity must give way for new tourism as well as intangible cultural heritage tourism for the combined intangible cultural heritage product creation and protective developments.
 
 Originality/Value: It is recommended that future research compare the various language databases used in the industry.

국가무형문화재 ‘제다(製茶)’의 문화콘텐츠 강화 방안 연구

Jeda(製茶) is a rational process for prolonged preservation by maximizing active ingredients of tea. The government designated Jeda(製茶) as the national intangible cultural heritage as of July 14th in 2016. This study suggests the enforcement measures of Jeda transmission. First, it is support measures through legislation on tea. Active support is necessary for Jeda masters designated by Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs as well as providing tea manufacturing transmission system based on 「Cultural Heritage Protection Act」, 「Act on the Preservation and Promotion of Intangible Cultural Properties」, 「Act on Tea Industry Development and Tea Culture Promotion」. Second, recreational·eduational·academic·regional·economic activities are necessary to reinforce the value of Jeda. Third, it is necessary to construct a transmission institution, reinforce the support of government and local government and provide outreach educational programs for Jeda activation as national intangible cultural heritage. Fourth, Jeda should be established based on a local culture. It is necessary to work on archiving, reinforce community self-sustaining power of intangible culture and establish recreational foundation for local residents. Furthermore, it takes comprehensive effort to enhance the efficiency of Jeda cultural contents, have a multiple complex function and develop creative cultural contents.

A Study on the Transmission of Hallyangmu, Intangible Cultural Property of the Seoul Metropolitan Government

A Study on the Transmission of Hallyangmu, Intangible Cultural Property of the Seoul Metropolitan Government

THE SONG CELEBRATION AS POWER OF CULTURAL MEMORY AND A MISSION OF MODERNITY

Following the publication of the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention in 2003, and its entry into force in 2006, the Song Celebration tradition and symbolism in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania was added to the intangible cultural property. The tradition of the Song festivals, inspired by the protestant culture, has become an integral part of the Baltic States’ identity. The Song festivals were created to demonstrate the diversity of heritage and national history; now they also make efforts to modernise cultural practice, which is passed on from generation to generation, and they still retain the positive, immediate, uniting and mobilising function that is essential for the survival of the nation. Declaring national identity and creativity, the Song and Dance Celebration of the Baltic States reflects their patriotic and historical barriers, ideological conformism, and cultural maturity. What is the common reality of the Song and Dance Celebration as a national cultural priority in all the three Baltic States? It is the programme, the participants, a developed tradition, the creative, ideological and artistic value, the relationship with the media, the role of innovation in the television broadcasts and online communication – all this forms just a small part of topicalities related to the Celebration that requires attention, evaluation and reflection. The article studies the tradition of the Lithuanian Song and Dance Celebration as a multifaceted phenomenon, viewing it through the prism of contemporary cultural discourse. Following the French philosopher Michel de Certeau, the article examines the Lithuanian Song Celebration as a modern cultural phenomenon, which shapes our collective representations of the past and imports our traditional cultural heritage into the cities. The Song Celebration is also defined as a site of memory (lieux de mémoire) the significance of which is outlined by the French historian Pierre Nora, and which is used to strengthen the national authority and promote patriotism. It is also analysed as a practice of cultural memory (kulturelles Gedächtnis), which helps to reconstruct cultural identity and foster self-reflexive processes, as the German researchers Jan and Aleida Assmann claim. However, it can be observed that in recent decades many global memory projects integrate similar memory practices in transnational networks around the world. Besides, in the context of globalism, a very intense visual culture has emerged including a multitude of festivals and spectacles requiring revision and updating of the Song Celebration concept, which would allow us speak openly and boldly about the interpretation of the traditional culture and create new models of communication, without turning the Celebration into a commodity product, and finding original ways to discover a deeper meaning of ethnic culture.

일본 무형문화재 및 무형민속문화재 등록제도 신설에 대한 고찰

On April 16, 2021, the Amendment of the Cultural Properties Protection Law of Japan was made. There are several important amendments to cultural properties. Among them, this study focused on the newly established registration system for intangible cultural properties and intangible folklore cultural properties. In Japan, only tangible cultural properties, monuments and tangible folklore cultural properties have operated a registration system. In 2021, the registration system has been extended to include intangible cultural properties and intangible folklore cultural properties. The reason for this is as follows. Due to changes in lifestyle and low birth and aging, the number of people responsible for the next generation of intangible cultural properties is decreasing. The situation surrounding the preservation and utilization of intangible cultural properties is worsening and their survival is becoming more difficult. Lastly, the spread of COVID-19 is causing a serious crisis in the succession of intangible cultural properties. Since the current designed system about cultural properties cannot adequately cope with such a crisis situation, it was created for more faithful protection measures for intangible cultural properties. The registration system refers to flexible protection measures based on the owner's voluntary application and the guidance and advice of the state.

Reconciling the Conservation of Cultural Heritage with Rural Development

Reconciling the Conservation of Cultural Heritage with Rural Development

경남 무형문화재의 현황과 바람직한 방향

The study examines the current policy of intangible cultural properties in Gyeongsangnam-do and suggest a positive intangible cultural policy in Gyeongnam with the background. The intangible cultural property policy faced a major change with the implementation of the Intangible Cultural Property Act in 2016. However, Gyeongnam cannot keep up with the changing trend of the times, but is settled for the Cultural Heritage Protection Act in the past. In this situation, the researcher mentions the Gyeongnam Intangible Cultural Property Policy based on the work of the National Heritage Center, which implements the national intangible cultural property policy. Researchers have investigated the site of intangible cultural properties in Gyeongnam since 2000, and they have been constantly colliding due to differences in perspective between the site of intangible cultural properties and the administrative agency that carries out policies. This is because there is distrust in each other.
 Currently, the state operates intangible cultural properties, which are largely divided into transmission support, research, research records, exhibitions, performances, and education. The transmission support focuses on transferring skills such as screening for graduates, opening events once a year, bank operation of transmission crafts, and support for revitalizing traditional crafts. On the other hand, in the research records, intangible cultural properties are investigated, recorded, and academic research are conducted. Also, the exhibitions, performances, and education focus on transferring and distributing intangible cultural properties. While maintaining the basic principles of intangible cultural properties by transferring, distributing, and recording intangible cultural properties, the state is focusing on converting them into cultural contents that can be enjoyed by all people.
 However, intangible cultural properties in Gyeongsangnam-do are complacent in the framework of original preservation, but sharing with local residents are overlooked. It is also questionable whether the original form of intangible cultural properties is properly descended.
 Currently, Gyeongnam is trying to lay the foundation for the administrative system of intangible cultural properties under the Intangible Cultural Properties Act through a legislative notice of the Gyeongsangnamdo Ordinance on the Preservation and Promotion of Intangible Cultural Properties on September 9, 2012. In fact, the policy of intangible cultural properties in Gyeongnam has been implemented in accordance with the Cultural Properties Protection Act. Therefore, Gyeongnam's intangible cultural property policy was not implemented in line with the operation, management, support, and transfer system such as the Cultural Heritage Administration or the National Intangible Heritage Center. The paper discusses the positive direction of Gyeongnam intangible cultural property policy, focusing on the work of the National Intangible Heritage Institute, an institution that systematically implements the intangible cultural property policy.

Comparative Analysis of Exercise Intensity in Taekkyeon Training Movements

Background: Taekkyeon is designated as Korea’s Important Intangible Cultural Property No. 76 and listed as a UNESCO intangible cultural heritage. This study aimed to analyze the exercise intensity of Taekkyeon, with a focus on Honjayikhigi (“the movements for practice on their own while moving or in place; the basic movements of Taekkyeon”), Bondaeboegi (“the method of practicing movements that harmoniously connect Taekkyeon’s offense and defense movements”), and Majumegigi (“the method of practicing hand and kick movements for offense”) training movements, which are components of Taekkyeon. Methods: Eleven Taekkyeon instructors were included in this study. The performance of Taekkyeon movements was assessed at Dongguk University in March 2022. During Honjayikhigi, Bondaeboegi, and Majumegigi training movements, heart rates were measured using a polar monitor. For all variables, the means and standard deviations were calculated using descriptive statistics, and a paired sample t-test was used to compare the heart rates among Honjayikhigi, Bondaeboegi, and Majumegigi training movements. Statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. Results: The average heart rates during Honjayikhigi, Bondaeboegi, and Majumegigi training movements were 131.42 ± 8.85, 128.53 ± 8.43, and 126.34 ± 9.26 beats/min, respectively. The exercise intensity of Honjayikhigi was significantly higher than that of Majumegigi (p = 0.200). In Honjayikhigi, the exercise intensities of Naagamyoegigi (p = 0.007) and Mannajungikhigi (p = 0.017) were significantly higher than that of Seoseoikhigi. In Bondaeboegi, the exercise intensities of Apaugery Yeodulmadang and Diaugery Nemadang were not significantly different. In Majumegigi, the exercise intensities of Ikhimsu (p < 0.001) and Majuchagi (p < 0.001) were higher than that of Majugeori, whereas those of Ikhimsu (p = 0.003) and Majuchagi (p < 0.001) were higher than that of Maguemgil. The exercise intensities of Ikhimsu (p = 0.001) and Majuchagi (p < 0.001) were higher than that of Allermegigi. Conclusions: Adjusting the training sequence and duration according to Taekkyeon level must be considered when establishing a training program because of the apparent differences in exercise intensity among the training movements. Our findings suggest that a greater training efficacy can be achieved if training levels in each Taekkyeon movement are properly classified and customized for beginners.

자유학기제를 위한 진주검무의 교육콘텐츠 연구

The free semester system was operated by the Ministry of Education-designated test operation school in 2013, and as of 2016, this system got to be implemented at the middle schools around the country. The free semester system aims to build up one’s dream and talent through career exploration activity and diverse experience activity away from the burdens of taking an examination for one semester among the middle school curriculum.
 With the addition of ‘Creative Experience Activity’ to the 2009 curriculum, the code ‘Creativity’ was highlighted, but practical creative education wasn’t realized. To overcome such a limit, what was suggested at a national level was the very “Free Semester System.”
 In case of a school which put the free semester system into practice in 2015, unlike the fundamental purpose of this system, there were many cases where the programs, which were conducted in a club activity and after-school activity, were extended as the free semester system.
 The education which can serve to develop a potential talent through the free semester system is no other than arts education, and among others, the educational field stands in need of experience and education of the national intangible cultural heritages.
 It’s because the national intangible cultural heritages provide diverse elements which can be used as educational contents as they cherish our people’s identity, historicity and cultural prototype. At present, the transmission of intangible cultural heritages is in good progress, but they have not been properly used as cultural heritages which arouse sympathy between generations, and have the property of realism(presentness). In order for intangible cultural heritages not to be the heritages in the past, the existing cultural heritages should be recreated as the present ones through education contents. This researcher is intending to propose Jinju Sword Dance education contents which are suited for the free semester system on the basis of the experience in teaching the National Intangible Cultural Property No. 12, Jinju Sword Dance.

The transmission of intangible cultural heritage, between its original form and its typical form-For Busan Intangible Cultural Property Gijang Ogu-gut

The transmission of intangible cultural heritage, between its original form and its typical form-For Busan Intangible Cultural Property Gijang Ogu-gut

Possibility to Designate Taekwondo as an Intangible Cultural Property Evaluation Index

Possibility to Designate Taekwondo as an Intangible Cultural Property Evaluation Index

The validation of traditional knowledge to harvest sustainably the Udono reed materials for rozetsu of hichiriki

The objective of this study is to validate the traditional knowledge of reeds for the hichiriki (traditional Japanese oboe) harvested from the Udono reed field. Hichiriki is one of main instruments in gagaku (Japanese imperial court music). The reeds at the Udono reed field in Osaka is used for high quality rozetsu (vibrating plate) for hichiriki. The reeds for hichiriki was selected not in the water area but in the land area for larger stem diameter and thicker flesh. It was found the area, for harvesting the reeds for hichiriki, has soft soil and can develop rhizomes to deep underground in comparison to other land area. It is shown that harvesters, with their long time experiences and skills, can select the most efficient places to harvest the best reeds. Therefore, it seems passing down the skill of harvesters contributing to the cultural continuation of gagaku which is an important intangible cultural property.

From Korea to Japan: A Transnational Perspective on South Korea's Important Intangible Cultural Properties and Zainichi Korean Artists

From Korea to Japan: A Transnational Perspective on South Korea's Important Intangible Cultural Properties and Zainichi Korean Artists