Intake Of Saturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Dietary patterns during pregnancy in relation to maternal dietary intake: The Mutaba'ah Study.

To relate adherence to healthy dietary patterns, evaluated by different dietary indices, to the intake of nutrients and food groups among pregnant women in the United Arab Emirates. The analyses included 1122 pregnant women from the Mutaba'ah Study. Dietary intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Adherence to three dietary pattern indices was assessed; Alternate Healthy Eating Index for Pregnancy (AHEI-P), Alternate Mediterranean Diet (aMED) and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH). Associations between adherence (score >median) to the three dietary indices and intake of nutrients and food groups were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Women with higher intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber, vegetables, fruits, legumes, and nuts and lower intake of saturated fatty acids, red meat, and sweetened beverages had significantly higher odds of adherence to all three dietary patterns (p<0.05). Associations between intakes of nutrients and food groups with odds of adherence to the dietary patterns differed for total fat (only with AHEI-P, [odds ratio [OR]: 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.94-0.98]) and monounsaturated fatty acids (only with aMED, [OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.02-1.10]), dairy (with AHEI-P [OR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.84-0.95] and aMED [OR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.81-0.91], and with DASH [OR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.04-1.17]), whole grain (only with aMED [OR: 2.19; 95% CI: 1.61-2.99] and DASH [OR: 4.27; 95% CI: 3.04-5.99]) and fish (with AHEI-P [OR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.02-1.80] and aMED [OR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.35-2.38], and with DASH [OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.52-0.86]). Adherence to the three dietary pattern indices was generally associated with a favorable intake of nutrients and food groups. However, the indices captured slightly different aspects of dietary intake. These results show that dietary indices that assess adherence to healthy dietary patterns cannot be used interchangeably.

Tip60-mediated Rheb acetylation links palmitic acid with mTORC1 activation and insulin resistance.

Excess dietary intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) induces glucose intolerance and metabolic disorders. In contrast, unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) elicit beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity. However, it remains elusive how SFAs and UFAs signal differentially toward insulin signaling to influence glucose homeostasis. Here, using a croaker model, we report that dietary palmitic acid (PA), but not oleic acid or linoleic acid, leads to dysregulation of mTORC1, which provokes systemic insulin resistance. Mechanistically, we show that PA profoundly elevates acetyl-CoA derived from mitochondrial fatty acid β oxidation to intensify Tip60-mediated Rheb acetylation, which triggers mTORC1 activation by promoting the interaction between Rheb and FKBPs. Subsequently, hyperactivation of mTORC1 enhances IRS1 serine phosphorylation and inhibits TFEB-mediated IRS1 transcription, inducing impairment of insulin signaling. Collectively, our results reveal a conserved molecular insight into the mechanism by which Tip60-mediated Rheb acetylation induces mTORC1 activation and insulin resistance under the PA condition, which may provide therapeutic avenues to intervene in the development of T2D.

Sedentary behavior reduction and blood lipids in adults with metabolic syndrome: a 6-month randomized controlled trial

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a reduction in accelerometer-measured sedentary behavior (SB) improves blood lipids in inactive adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Sixty-four participants were randomly assigned into intervention (INT, n = 33) and control (CONT, n = 31) groups. The INT group was instructed to reduce SB by 1 h/day without increasing formal exercise, whereas the CONT group was advised to maintain usual SB habits. SB and physical activity (PA) were measured with accelerometers throughout the intervention. Plasma lipid concentrations and dietary intake by food diaries were assessed at baseline and at the end of the intervention. High-density lipoprotein percentage of total cholesterol decreased during the intervention similarly in both groups (p = 0.047). Other blood lipids did not change from baseline to six months in either group. The CONT group had a statistically significant reduction in the intake of saturated fatty acids compared to the INT group (p = 0.03). Intervention resulting in a 40-minute reduction in daily SB and 20-minute increase in habitual MVPA seems to not be effective in improving blood lipids in adults with MetS. Reducing SB together with a higher volume and/or intensity of PA and proper nutrition may be needed to reduce the risk of cardiometabolic diseases.Trial registration. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03101228, 05/04/2017). https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03101228?term=NCT03101228&draw=2&rank=1.

Association between dietary fatty acids and depressive symptoms in Chinese haemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional study.

Depression is highly prevalent in haemodialysis patients, and diet might play an important role. Therefore, we conducted this cross-sectional study to determine the association between dietary fatty acids (FA) consumption and the prevalence of depression in maintenance haemodialysis (MHD) patients. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated FFQ between December 2021 and January 2022. The daily intake of dietary FA was categorised into three groups, and the lowest tertile was used as the reference category. Depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were applied to assess the relationship between dietary FA intake and the prevalence of depression. As a result, after adjustment for potential confounders, a higher intake of total FA [odds ratio (OR)T3 vs. T1 = 1·59, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1·04, 2·46] and saturated fatty acids (SFA)(ORT3 vs. T1 = 1·83, 95 % CI = 1·19, 2·84) was associated with a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms. Significant positive linear trends were also observed (P < 0·05) except for SFA intake. Similarly, the prevalence of depression in MHD patients increasedby 20% (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.01-1.43)foreach standard deviation increment in SFA intake. RCS analysis indicated an inverse U-shaped correlation between SFA and depression (P nonlinear > 0·05). Additionally, the sensitivity analysis produced similar results. Furthermore, no statistically significant association was observed in the subgroup analysis with significant interaction. In conclusion, higher total dietary FA and SFA were positively associated with depressive symptoms among MHD patients. These findings inform future research exploring potential mechanism underlying the association between dietary FA and depressive symptoms in MHD patients.

Association of serum fatty acids with bone health in rural elderly population in Qingdao, China: A cross-sectional study.

As a type of macronutrient, fatty acids (FA) play significant roles in the bone health of elderly people. However, the specific association between different types of FA and bone health is not fully understood, especially in rural elderly populations. To address this gap, a study was conducted in rural areas of Qingdao, China. Participants aged 65 and older were randomly recruited from 11 rural villages in Licha town, Qingdao City. The levels of serum FA in their serum were measured to investigate the associations between FA and bone mass. The results showed that levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA), n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFA) were all significantly associated with bone mass. Specifically, higher levels of SFA were positively correlated with low bone mass (LBM), while PUFA levels were inversely correlated with LBM. Furthermore, the odds ratio (OR) for LBM exhibited a significant nonlinear dose-response relationship (pnonlinearity = 0.1989) with SFA levels, and a significant nonlinear dose-dependent relationship was also observed with the levels of n-3PUFA and n-6PUFA (pnonlinearity = 0.6183, 0.5808, respectively), indicating that increasing dietary PUFA intake appropriately and controlling SFA intake may benefit the bone health of elderly individuals in rural areas.

The association between circulating saturated fatty acids and thyroid function: results from the NHANES 2011-2012.

Excessive saturated fatty acids (SFAs) are known to be detrimental to human health. Although the majority of research and dietary guidelines have focused on the intake of SFAs, there has been limited attention to the relationship between circulating SFA levels and hormonal regulation, such as that of thyroid hormones. To explore potential associations, we conducted an investigation with 579 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2012. Subgroup analyses and multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate the relationships between eleven distinct SFA concentrations and various thyroid parameters. For 579 adults, subgroup analysis of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) revealed significant differences in nine specific SFAs and the total SFA levels (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, multivariable linear regression analysis identified positive correlations between certain SFAs and various parameters, including TSH, total triiodothyronine (TT3), free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb), thyroglobulin (Tg), the ratio of FT3 to free thyroxine (FT4) (FT3/FT4), and the thyrotroph T4 resistance index (TT4RI). Conversely, negative correlations were observed between certain SFAs and total thyroxine (TT4), FT4, the ratio of FT3/TT3, and the thyroid feedback quantile-based index (TFQI) (all p < 0.05). These findings collectively suggest associations between SFAs and thyroid parameters, highlighting the need for future studies to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of these interactions.

“Protein-rich diet shields against MASLD, while saturated fatty acids (SFA) intake elevates MASLD risk: Findings of a case-control investigation”

“Protein-rich diet shields against MASLD, while saturated fatty acids (SFA) intake elevates MASLD risk: Findings of a case-control investigation”

Effect of fat replacement in high internal phase emulsions constructed by high temperature saccharification of grafted proteins on gel properties and flavor profiles of sausages

In order to mitigate the risk of cardiovascular diseases associated with excessive saturated fatty acid intake, utilizing high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) as a substitute for animal fat in producing high-quality fat-substituted meat products is an ideal approach. This study involves the preparation of glycosylation products of egg white protein (EWP) through saccharification at high temperatures in the presence of fructooligosaccharides (FO). The resulting glycation products of EWP were employed to create colloidal particles, forming HIPEs, which were further utilized to induce the formation of HIPEs gels (HIPEs-Gs). The study investigated the effects of substituting different ratios (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of animal fat with HIPEs and HIPEs-Gs on the gel properties and flavor characteristics of sausages. Results showed that, compared to the control group, substituting fat with HIPEs significantly improved the gel properties, cooking yield, and G' of sausages, while excessive HIPEs-Gs substitution yielded negative effects. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance results also demonstrated that adding HIPEs improved water and oil distribution in the sausage batter, enhancing protein's binding capacity with water. Scanning electron microscope revealed that HIPEs substitution led to a denser gel network with smaller pores, effectively "locking in" more water. Analysis of volatile compounds indicated accelerated release of aromatic compounds, alkanes, sulfides, and lipids when fat was substituted with HIPEs and HIPEs-Gs. Electronic tongue analysis suggested that HIPEs-Gs substitution reduced response values for umami and saltiness. In conclusion, compared to HIPEs-Gs, using HIPEs as a fat substitute improves the quality of sausages.

Saturated fatty acids and total and CVD mortality in Norway: a prospective cohort study with up to 45 years of follow-up.

The contribution of dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA) to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality remains debated after decades of research. Few previous studies had repeated dietary assessments and power to assess mortality. Evidence for individual SFA is limited. In this large population-based cohort study, we investigated associations between intake of total and individual SFA and risk of total and CVD mortality. Adult residents (mean 41·1 years at baseline) in three Norwegian counties were invited to repeated health screenings between 1974 and 1988 (> 80 % attendance). We calculated cumulative average intakes of macronutrients from semi-quantitative FFQ. Median (interquartile range) intake of SFA was 14·6 % (12·8-16·6 %) of total energy (E%). Hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI were estimated using multivariable Cox regression models to assess total, CVD, ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) mortality. Among 78725 participants, 28555 deaths occurred during a median follow-up of 33·5 years, with 9318 deaths due to CVD. Higher intake of SFA (replacing carbohydrates) was positively associated with all mortality endpoints, including total (HR per 5 E% increment, 1·18; 95 % CI 1·13, 1·23) and CVD mortality (1·16; 95 % CI 1·07, 1·25). Theoretical isoenergetic substitution of SFA with carbohydrates or MUFA was associated with lower risk. Of individual SFA, myristic (14:0) and palmitic acid (16:0) were positively associated with mortality. In summary, dietary SFA intake was strongly associated with higher total and CVD mortality in this long-term cohort study. This supports policies implemented to reduce SFA consumption in favour of carbohydrates and unsaturated fats.

Ceramides as the molecular link between impaired lipid metabolism, saturated fatty acid intake and insulin resistance: are all saturated fatty acids to be blamed for ceramide-mediated lipotoxicity?

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder that has reached epidemic proportions worldwide, posing a huge treat on people's health and quality of life. From a pathogenetic prospective, T2DM is driven by insulin resistance defined as a blunted response of tissues to insulin which leads to chronic hyperglycaemia. Mechanistically, lipotoxicity and particularly the intracellular accumulation of ceramides in the skeletal muscle and the liver, is a primary metabolic aberration underpinning insulin resistance. Indeed, intracellular ceramide accumulation can hamper insulin signal transduction pathway thereby promoting insulin resistance. This review will provide an updated overview of the metabolic defects underlaying ceramide buildup and the molecular mechanism by which ceramides imping upon insulin signalling. Additionally, the role of specific ceramide subspecies as potential biomarkers for T2DM and the role of both long- and medium-chain saturated fatty acids as a modulator of ceramide metabolism will be discussed.

The Effect of Individual Attitude toward Healthy Nutrition on Adherence to a High-UFA and High-Protein Diet: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

502 subjects were randomized to an intervention group (IG; dietary pattern focused on high intake of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), plant protein and fiber) or control group (CG; dietary recommendation in accordance with the German Society of Nutrition) within a 36-month dietary intervention trial. Sum scores for effectiveness, appreciation and practice of healthy nutrition were assessed using ATHN questionnaire during the trial (n = 344). Linear regression models were used to investigate associations between ATHN and dietary patterns at baseline and at month 12. Retirement, higher education level, age and lower body mass index (BMI) were associated with higher ATHN sum scores. ATHN was similar in CG and IG. Higher baseline intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and fiber as well as lower intake in saturated fatty acids (SFA) were associated with higher scores in practice in both groups. The intervention resulted in a stronger increase of UFA, protein and fiber in the IG after 12 months, while intake of SFA declined (p < 0.01). Higher scores in appreciation were significantly associated with higher intake of fiber and lower intake of SFA in the CG at month 12, whereas no associations between ATHN and macronutrient intake were observed in the IG after 12 months. While ATHN appeared to play a role in general dietary behavior, ATHN did not affect the success of the specific dietary intervention in the IG at month 12. Thus, the dietary intervention achieved a substantial modification of dietary pattern in the IG and was effective to override the impact of the individual ATHN on dietary behavior.

Investigation of the Effect of Herbal Omega-3-Rich Food Consumption on Hematologic Parameters and Total Cholesterol Levels According to Physical Activity Status in Healthy Individuals

Objective: It is known that walnut consumption has favorable effects on health. Walnuts are known to be a food rich in unsaturated fatty acids and herbal omega-3 fatty acids. This study investigated the effects of walnut (plant omega-3) consumption on hematologic factors in healthy adults with a certain physical activity level. Methods: Healthy participants in this study were offered thirty grams of walnuts per day for three weeks. Walnuts were consumed on an empty stomach or with breakfast every morning for three weeks. The blood values of people were measured at the beginning and the end of the study. Hematological parameters were measured in the routine blood test from blood taken. Results: The effect of a consumption rich in vegetable omega-3 products on hematologic factor levels caused a significant difference in MCH (p=0.001), MCHC (p=0.001) and LENFOSIT (p=0.001) levels. A significant increase in HCT levels was found only in male subjects. No significant changes were observed in other hematologic parameters. In addition, although a decrease in TC levels (p=0.023) and an increase in MONOSITE levels (p=0.027) were observed after consumption of plant omega-3 in active individuals, this difference was not observed in sedentary individuals. On the other hand, sedentary individuals showed an increase in LENFOSITE levels after consumption of plant-based omega-3 (p=0.016), whereas this difference was not observed in active individuals. There was also a statistically significant difference in carbohydrate, PUFA and a-linolenic acid intake compared to TBSA. There were no significant differences in energy, cholesterol, monounsaturated fatty acid and saturated fatty acid intakes. Conclusion: In this study, the addition of plant omega-3 fatty acids to the diet of healthy volunteers affected some hematologic factors and is thought to have a stimulating effect against cells that defend the body. It was also observed that the effect on hematologic factors and cholesterol levels was higher when plant omega-3 supplements were given to individuals who engaged in regular physical activity. We think that the effect of plant omega-3 fatty acids on hematologic factors should be further investigated.

Assessment of Milk and Beverage Intake Trends During Preschool Age and Modeling the Nutritional Impact of Replacing Nondairy Caloric Beverages with Milk

BackgroundMilk provides essential crucial public health nutrients, including 3–4 nutrients of public health concern, yet dairy consumption has declined over time, leading most Americans to fall short of meeting Dietary Guidelines recommendations. ObjectivesTo investigate milk and beverage consumption trends in preschool-age children, along with nutrient intakes from beverages, and to analyze the potential impact of replacing nondairy beverages with milk through isocaloric substitution. MethodsData from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2018 for children aged 1–5 y (n = 4696) were used, and milk and other beverages intakes were estimated from the first 24-h in-person dietary recall. Nutrient intakes were determined using the United States Department of Agriculture’s food and nutrient database for dietary studies. Changes in nutrient intakes of children aged 2–5 y were modeled assuming isocaloric substitution with milk of all nondairy beverages consumed during lunch and dinner combined. Sample-weighted analyses were performed using SAS 9.4, and significance was set at P < 0.01. ResultsWith the increasing age of children, the intake of milk decreased, whereas the intake of energy, caloric beverages excluding milk, and sugar-sweetened beverages increased. Daily intakes of energy, protein, fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA), calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, vitamin A, folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin D from caloric beverages including milk decreased with age, whereas the daily intake of fiber and added sugar increased with age. With the isocaloric replacement of nondairy caloric beverages with milk at lunch and dinner among children aged 2–5 y, intake of protein, fat, SFAs, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, vitamin A, folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin D increased, whereas for intake of carbohydrate, fiber, total sugar, and added sugar decreased. ConclusionsThe current findings indicate that increased efforts are needed to reverse the decrease in milk intake over time and as preschool children age and provide additional evidence to support specific dietary recommendations for milk.

Study of Amino Acid Profile and Solubility of Pea Protein Isolate for the Production of Beverages for Psychiatric Patients

Abstract Excessive intake of saturated fatty acids and physiologically imbalanced amino acids worsens the patient’s psychotic condition, creating the risk of developing psychosis and other comorbidities. Therefore, to ensure the optimal amount of amino acids and improve the psychotic state, pea protein isolate is an alternative to nutritional supplementation. The aim of the study was to analyse the amino acid profile of pea protein isolates and their solubility to evaluate their potential for the development of beverages for patients with psychiatric disorders. In the study, the amino acid profile analysis of organic and conventional pea protein isolates was performed using high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. To evaluate solubility, pea protein isolates were treated in an ultrasonic bath and at different pH concentrations. The results showed that organic pea protein isolate showed a higher composition of essential amino acids (41.27%) and semi-essential amino acids (8.37%) than conventional pea protein isolate. Organic pea protein isolate was able to provide a more appropriate amino acid composition to meet the amino acid needs of patients with psychiatric disorders. Organic and conventional pea protein isolates had higher solubility in the ultrasonic bath of 20 min and in the alkaline environment. The solubility between the two pea protein isolates was not significantly different, but the ultrasonic bath treatment and different pH concentrations were significant, which gave insight and further application in beverage production.

No need to change recipes! Merely swapping meals on a weekly menu reduces carbon footprint and intake of saturated fatty acids

No need to change recipes! Merely swapping meals on a weekly menu reduces carbon footprint and intake of saturated fatty acids

No need to change recipes! Merely swapping meals on a weekly menu reduces carbon footprint and intake of saturated fatty acids

No need to change recipes! Merely swapping meals on a weekly menu reduces carbon footprint and intake of saturated fatty acids

Adherence to a Cholesterol-Lowering Diet and the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: A Case-Control Study.

Pancreatic cancer risk has been associated with increased serum cholesterol level, which is in turn partially influenced by diet. This study aimed at evaluating the association between pancreatic cancer risk and the adherence to a plant-based cholesterol-lowering diet. Data were derived from an Italian case-control study including 258 pancreatic cancer patients and 551 controls. The cholesterol-lowering diet score was based on seven components: high intakes of (i) non-cellulosic polysaccharides (a proxy of viscous fibers), (ii) monounsaturated fatty acids, (iii) legumes, and (iv) seeds/corn oils (a proxy of phytosterols); and low intakes of (v) saturated fatty acids, (vi) dietary cholesterol, and (vii) food with a high glycemic index. The score was calculated adding one point for each fulfilled component, thus ranging from zero (no adherence) to seven (complete adherence). The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated through the logistic regression model. Scores 5-7 were associated with reduced cancer risk (OR = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.18-0.52) compared to scores 0-2. Adherence to a plant-based cholesterol-lowering diet was associated with a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer.

Association of frequent intake of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids in diets with increased susceptibility of atopic dermatitis exacerbation in young Chinese adults: A cross-sectional study in Singapore/Malaysia.

Numerous evidence has attributed diets with a high fatty acids (FAs) intake to be associated with atopic dermatitis (AD) development. Therefore, this study investigated the association between intake frequencies of five dietary FAs and AD exacerbations among young Chinese adults from Singapore and Malaysia. A validated International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire was investigator-administered to 13,561 subjects to collect information on socioeconomic, anthropometric, dietary and lifestyles habits, and personal/family medical histories. Six novel dietary indices were derived to analyse the associations between total FAs, trans fatty acids (TFAs), saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acids, and alpha-linolenic acids in diets and AD exacerbation. Synergy factor (SF) analysis was used to identify interactions between the dietary FAs to influence disease susceptibility. In our multivariable model adjusted for age, gender, BMI, parental eczema, and lifestyle factors, a diet high in total estimated FAs was strongly associated with AD (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 1.227; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.054-1.429; adjusted p-value <0.01). Particularly, high estimated total TFAs and SFAs were significantly associated with AD exacerbations including chronic and current moderate-to-severe AD. The association between TFAs and AD remained strong even controlled for the total FAs in diets and false discovery rate corrected (AOR: 1.516; 95% CI: 1.094-2.097; adjusted p-value <0.05). Similarly, having a high SFAs in diets was associated with AD (AOR: 1.581; 95% CI: 1.106-2.256; adjusted p-value <0.05) independently on the total FAs in diets. FAs in diets do not interact to influence AD. Overall, these results highlighted an association between high dietary TFAs and SFAs and AD exacerbations in an Asian population.

Variation of LDL cholesterol in response to the replacement of saturated with unsaturated fatty acids: a nonrandomized, sequential dietary intervention; the Reading, Imperial, Surrey, Saturated fat Cholesterol Intervention (“RISSCI”-1) study

BackgroundSerum low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol shows marked interindividual variation in response to the replacement of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) with unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). ObjectivesTo demonstrate the efficacy of United Kingdom guidelines for exchanging dietary SFAs for UFAs, to reduce serum LDL cholesterol and other cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, and to identify determinants of the variability in LDL cholesterol response. MethodsHealthy males (n = 109, mean ± SD age 48 ± 11 y; BMI 25.1 ± 3.3 kg/m2), consumed a higher-SFA/lower-UFA diet for 4 wk, followed by an isoenergetic, lower-SFA/higher-UFA diet for 4 wk (achieved intakes SFA:UFA as % total energy 19.1:14.8 and 8.9:24.5, respectively). Serum LDL cholesterol, CVD risk markers, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) gene expression, and dietary intakes were assessed at baseline and the end of each diet. ResultsTransition from a higher-SFA/lower-UFA to a lower-SFA/higher-UFA diet significantly reduced fasting blood lipids: LDL cholesterol (−0.50 mmol/L; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.58, −0.42), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (−0.11 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.14, −0.08), and total cholesterol (TC) (−0.65 mmol/L; 95% CI:−0.75, −0.55). The dietary exchange also reduced apolipoprotein (apo)B, TC:HDL cholesterol ratio, non-HDL cholesterol, E-selectin (P < 0.0001), and LDL subfraction composition (cholesterol [LDL-I and LDL-II], apoB100 [LDL-I and LDL-II], and TAG [LDL-II]) (P < 0.01). There was also an increase in plasma biomarkers of cholesterol intestinal absorption (β-sitosterol, campesterol, cholestanol), and synthesis (desmosterol) (P < 0.0001) and fold change in PBMC LDL-receptor mRNA expression relative to the higher-SFA/lower-UFA diet (P = 0.035). Marked interindividual variation in the change in serum LDL cholesterol response (−1.39 to +0.77 mmol/L) to this dietary exchange was observed, with 33.7% of this variation explained by serum LDL cholesterol before the lower-SFA/higher-UFA diet and reduction in dietary SFA intake (adjusted R2 27% and 6.7%, respectively). APOE genotype was unrelated to serum LDL cholesterol response to SFA. ConclusionsThese findings support the efficacy of United Kingdom SFA dietary guidelines for the overall lowering of serum LDL cholesterol but showed marked variation in LDL cholesterol response. Further identification of the determinants of this variation will facilitate targeting and increasing the efficacy of these guidelines.The RISSCI-1 study was registered with ClinicalTrials.Gov (No. NCT03270527).

Sarcopenia prevalence and risk factors in obese Tunisian adults.

Sarcopenia is a clinical condition defined as low skeletal muscle mass and function. It has been identified and described as a geriatric syndrome, but it may arise in individuals with obesity at any age. screen for sarcopenia in obese adults and identify the nutritional, clinical and biological risk factors associated with the development of sarcopenic obesity (SO+). Descriptive cross-sectional study, including 53 obese patients. Screening for sarcopenia has been established according to pathological thresholds proposed by the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) and the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). Mean age was 44.34±13.51 years. Prevalence of Sarcopenia was 7.5% (SO+). The average intakes of calorie, lipids and saturated fatty acids were higher in SO+. A statistically significant relationship was found between low skeletal muscle mass (SMM/W) and the average intake of vitamin PP (p=0.014) and vitamin B9 (p=0.009). Mean BMI (45.86 kg/m² for SO+ versus 39.29 kg/m² for SO-; p=0.03) and mean visceral fat (16.55 l for SO+, versus 10.93 l for SO-; p=0.043) were significantly higher in SO+. A statistically significant relationship was found between insulin resistance and low (SMM/W), as attested by mean insulinemia (28.81 µIU/mL for low SMM/W, versus 14.48 µIU/mL for normal SMM/W; p=0.004) and HOMA index (7.94 for low SMM/W, versus 3.49 for normal SMM/W; p=0.002), which were higher in cases of low (SMM/W). We recommend promoting a balanced, low-energy-density diet to improve insulin sensibility and thus reduce the risk of sarcopenia. Regular physical activity is also strongly recommended.