Intake Of Most Nutrients Research Articles

Cohort profile: the CARTaGENE Cohort Nutrition Study (Quebec, Canada)

PurposeTo address emerging nutritional epidemiological research questions, data from contemporary cohorts are needed. CARTaGENE is the largest ongoing prospective cohort study of men and women in Québec, Canada. Dietary information...

Adaptation and validation of the EPIC-Norfolk food frequency questionnaire for assessing dietary intake in Ukrainian adults

IntroductionCurrently, there are no validated food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) for evaluating nutrient intake in Ukrainian adults. This study aimed to adapt and validate the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer Food...

Validity and Reproducibility of an Electronic Food Frequency Questionnaire in Argentinian Adults.

This study aimed to validate a semiquantitative electronic food frequency questionnaire (eFFQ) in estimating the intake of a comprehensive list of nutrients and bioactive compounds among adults from six regions of Argentina using multiple 24 h dietary recall (24HR) as a reference. A total of 163 adults completed two administrations of the eFFQ and four 24HRs. The paired t-test/Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Spearman/Pearson correlations, cross-classification, weighted kappa statistics, and Bland-Altman plots were employed to determine relative validity. To determine reproducibility, intraclass correlations (ICC), cross-classification, and weighted kappa statistics were calculated. For relative validity, crude correlations ranged from 0.15 to 0.57; energy adjustment and de-attenuation slightly improved most of these correlations. In cross-classification analysis, agreements within one quintile adjacent to exact agreement (EA ± 1) ranged from 52.2% to ~74%; extreme misclassifications were < 7%. For reproducibility, the crude ICC ranged from 0.29 to 0.85, showing moderate to good correlations for most nutrients. Cross-classification analysis showed agreement levels for the EA ± 1 quintile of 70.6% to 87.7%. Weighted kappa values ranged from 0.21 to 0.62. The results show that this eFFQ is relatively valid in ranking adults according to their nutrient intake and has an acceptable reproducibility, yet it slightly overestimates the intake of most nutrients.

Dietary pattern, nutrient intake, and oral symptoms in a sample of pregnant women in Malaysia

Introduction: Nutritional requirements of pregnant women differ considerably from those of non-pregnant women. Nutritional status during pregnancy is critical to maintain health, including oral health, and to promote growth and development of the baby. This study assessed dietary pattern, nutrient intake, and oral symptoms among pregnant women. Methods: Seventy-one women with singleton pregnancy attending a public healthcare centre in Malaysia participated in this cross-sectional study. Dietary pattern and nutrient intake of the women were assessed using food frequency questionnaire and 3-day 24-hour diet recall, respectively. Information on sociodemographic and obstetric profiles, and oral symptoms were obtained from self-administered questionnaire. Results: White rice, chicken, green leafy vegetables, granulated sugar, and salt were foods most consumed. Intakes of iron, folate, vitamin C, vitamin D, calcium, iodine, zinc, and fluoride for most respondents were below Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI). Cavitated tooth (46.5%), bleeding gums (35.2%), pain upon eating and drinking (23.9%), and bad breath (23.9%) were common oral symptoms reported. Significant association was found between complaint of brown, yellow, and white spots on tooth surface with vitamin A intake, and between complaint of bleeding gums with zinc intake. Conclusion: Intake of most nutrients by most respondents in this study was below the RNI. Oral symptoms were common and a few were associated with nutrient intakes.

Usual Nutrient Intake Distribution and Prevalence of Nutrient Intake Inadequacy among Japanese Children and Adults: A Nationwide Study Based on 8-Day Dietary Records.

In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated nutrient intake adequacy in 4450 Japanese people aged 1-79 years. Dietary data was collected through non-consecutive 8-day weighed dietary records. Usual nutrient intakes from foods and beverages were estimated using the Multiple Source Method. Participant proportions with intakes below and above the Japanese Dietary Reference Intakes (2020) were calculated. Usual intakes of most nutrients were below the Estimated Average Requirement; calcium showed a high percentage of inadequacy across all sex and age groups (29-88%), and iron showed a high inadequacy among females aged 12-64 years (79-95%). The percentages of energy from protein and carbohydrates, dietary fibre, and potassium were typically below the lower limit of the Tentative Dietary Goal for Preventing Lifestyle-related Diseases (DG). Furthermore, over 20% of the participants exceeded the upper limit of the DG for the percentages of energy from total and saturated fats, and over 88% exceeded the upper limit of the DG for sodium. Japanese children and adults could improve their nutrient intake by increasing calcium, iron, dietary fibre, and potassium and reducing total and saturated fats and sodium. These findings can inform policies and interventions to improve nutrient intake in Japan.

What Is the Relationship between the Chewing Ability and Nutritional Status of the Elderly in Korea?

This study aims to determine the relationship between chewing ability and the nutritional status of the elderly in Korea. This study utilized the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) conducted from 2013–2018 for persons who were ≥65 years of age. Of the 7835 subjects, 43.2% had chewing difficulty. Compared to the normal group, the chewing difficulty group had more stress, lower exercise frequency, less snack intake, a lower frequency of eating out, and a higher proportion of food insecurity. The chewing difficulty group had significantly lower food intake compared to the normal group, including various food groups such as cereals and grain, potatoes, fruits, meat, and milks and dairy products. The intake of fresh fruits was 24.5% lower and the intake of plant food (fresh fruits and nonstarchy vegetables) was 17.8% lower in the chewing difficulty group compared to the normal group. In addition, the intake of most nutrients (carbohydrates, fat, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C) was significantly lower in the chewing difficulty group than in the normal group. The chewing difficulty was significantly associated with undernutrition (OR = 1.63). In conclusion, chewing ability is closely related to food and nutrient intake among the elderly, which can decrease the quantity and quality of diet and is also related to undernutrition. Therefore, it is necessary to develop customized nutrition programs and aging-friendly food products that consider the chewing ability of the elderly.

Development of a Diet Quality Score for Japanese and Comparison With Existing Diet Quality Scores Regarding Inadequacy of Nutrient Intake

BackgroundFew studies have explored optimal diet quality scores in Japan. ObjectivesWe developed a Diet Quality Score for Japanese (DQSJ) and examined the associations of DQSJ and existing diet quality scores with inadequacy of nutrient intake in Japanese adults. MethodsCandidate components of the DQSJ were extracted from well-established diet quality scores: Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015), Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010), Alternate Mediterranean Diet score (AMED), and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH). From candidates, we selected the components of the DQSJ, considering potential health effects of the components (from the Global Burden of Disease Study) and dietary intake in Japan. The DQSJ included 10 components: fruits, vegetables, whole grain, dairy, nuts, legumes, fish, red and processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, and sodium. We calculated the DQSJ, HEI-2015, AHEI-2010, AMED, DASH, and Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top score (JFGST) based on 4-d dietary records of 392 Japanese aged 20–69 y. Inadequate intakes of 21 nutrients were assessed using the DRIs for Japanese. Logistic regression was used to examine the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake according to quartiles of the scores. ResultsAll examined scores except the JFGST were moderately to strongly correlated with each other (Spearman correlation coefficients: 0.52–0.84). They were inversely associated with the prevalence of inadequate intake of most nutrients (n = 16 for DQSJ and HEI-2015, n = 13 for AHEI-2010 and DASH, n = 17 for AMED, compared with n = 4 for JFGST). AMED was also positively associated with the prevalence of inadequate sodium intake, whereas no such associations were observed for the other scores. ConclusionsSimilar to HEI-2015, AHEI-2010, and DASH, the DQSJ was generally associated with the low prevalence of inadequate intake of most nutrients in Japanese adults. Further evaluations against biomarkers and health outcomes are warranted.

Reproducibility and validity of the Toronto-modified Harvard food frequency questionnaire in a multi-ethnic sample of young adults.

To assess the reproducibility and validity of a Toronto-modified Harvard food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) among a multi-ethnic sample of young adults. A total of 150 participants recruited from the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health Study cohort who had existing dietary intakes assessed by FFQ (FFQ1) and reassessment one year later (FFQ2). Of these, 100 participants also completed a three-day food record to evaluate the validity of the FFQ for 38 nutrients (energy, 14 macronutrients, 22 micronutrients, and 1 bioactive). Analyses were also stratified between the two major ethnic groups (Caucasian and East Asian). Among the full sample, mean intakes of most nutrients (27/38) did not differ significantly between estimates derived from FFQ2 compared to the three-day food record. Energy, sex, and ethnicity adjusted deattenuated Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0.20 to 0.92 (mean r = 0.52 ± 0.15), and 34/38 validity coefficients were r ≥ 0.32. Gross misclassification of intakes between FFQ2 and the three-day food record was low (<6%), but energy, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and sodium were underestimated by FFQ2. Mean intakes between FFQ1 and FFQ2 did not differ significantly for any nutrient. Between the two major ethnic groups, mean validity coefficients were similar, but varied for individual nutrients with saturated fat, PUFA, and omega 3 being among the most discrepant. Compared to a three-day food record, the Toronto-modified Harvard FFQ is a reproducible and valid tool to estimate dietary intake among a multi-ethnic sample of young adults. However, incorporation of protocols to improve the assessment of culturally diverse diets should be considered.

Significant Nutritional Gaps in Tibetan Adults Living in Agricultural Counties Along Yarlung Zangbo River.

BackgroundDietary intake and nutritional assessing data from a representative sample of adult population living in an agricultural zone on Tibet Plateau are still lacking nowadays. This study aimed to assess the daily dietary intakes and respective food sources in 552 local residents (≥ 18 years old, 277 men and 275 women) living in 14 agricultural counties along the Yarlung Zangbo River on Tibet Plateau.MethodsFood consumption data were collected using a validated cultural-specific food frequency questionnaire that contained all local Tibetan foods and analyzed with three fixed factors: gender, age, and region. Nutrient intakes were calculated using Chinese food composition tables. Nutritional gaps and the percentages of participants who had inadequate and excessive nutrient intakes were calculated by estimated average requirement (EAR) cut-point methods.ResultsCompared with the dietary reference intakes, 68.4% of nutrient intakes were inadequate. Fiber, Ca, I, Zn, Se, and vitamin (Va, Vc, and folic acid) intakes appeared to be particularly deficient. The dietary energy intake was 7838.8 ± 537.1 KJ/d, with 78 and 84% of EAR values for men and women, respectively. The dietary intakes of most nutrients were below the estimated energy requirement/EAR or adequate intake values, while more than 70% of the participants had excessive intake of carbohydrate, especially the elderly (aged ≥ 51 years). The nutritional gap of Cu was more than 300%. Almost 100% of the participants was vulnerable to fiber, Se, and Va shortfalls due to the deficiency in sole food sources. The top five food sources of Se intake were highland barley (34.2%), meat (13%), rice (12.4%), eggs (12.2%), and cultural-specific beverages (7.8%). Eggs (42.1%), tubers (62.2%), vegetables (66.4%), and highland barley (49.7%) were the first contributors of Va, Ve, Vc, and folic acid, respectively.ConclusionThe dietary intake of a large sample of Tibetan adult population living in agricultural counties of Tibetan Autonomous Region is alarmingly insufficient. Gender inequality is common, and regional difference is widespread due to rapid urbanization. Young Tibetan adults aged 18–30 years are particularly vulnerable to micronutrient shortfalls and currently facing the risk of nutrition-insecurity-related dietary inadequacy. The respondents who belong to the elderly category (≥51 years of age) are facing the risk of “double burden of malnutrition” characterized by the coexistence of undernutrition, including micronutrient deficiencies and overweight or obesity.

Socio-demographic, household food security and nutritional status of older (&gt; 50 Y) women from rural Zambian communities: A descriptive study

Socio-demographic factors and household food insecurity are considered to influence the nutritional status of older women. The rapidly growing elderly population in Africa is a concern particularly in sustaining their health and nutritional status. In spite of this, there is a scarcity of information in older Zambian women and this study aimed to assess the socio-demographic factors, nutritional status and household food insecurity status of older women in rural Zambian communities. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Twatasha compound of Kitwe and Ndeke community of Ndola. The socio-demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, dietary intakes and household food security were evaluated in a convenience sample of 153 older women (≥ 50 years) through the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). IBM SPSS version 26 was used for descriptive (frequencies, means and standard deviations, and medians with interquartile frequencies) and inferential (bivariate and Spearman correlations) statistical analyses. The socio-demographic characteristics showed that almost all (98.7%) of the participants had other members of the family residing with them. Most participants (57%) had attained primary school education, 19% had secondary education and 5% had college education. Almost half (49%) of the participants did not report their employment status and 36% reported to be unemployed. Over-nutrition was most prevalent (37.3% overweight and 39.8% obese) while 20.9 % and 2.0% of the respondents were normal weight and underweight respectively. The median (25th percentile; 75th percentile) dietary intakes showed inadequate intakes for most nutrients, except for carbohydrates (170 g [133;225]). The total fat intake represented 14% of total energy intake. The majority (86.0%) of the participants were identified as severely food insecure while only 6.0% were food secure. The majority of the participants (80-90%) used at least seven out of the nine behavioural responses to food insecurity. The findings show resource-poor and severely food insecure communities. We recommended urgent interventions to improve access to healthy foods (such as home gardening projects) and promote healthy dietary habits (including nutrition education).

Effects of mixing Stylosanthes conserved as hay or silage with corn silage in diets for feedlot beef cattle

The objective of this study was to evaluate the total and partial digestibility, ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration, nitrogen balance (Experiment 1) and performance (Experiment 2) of beef cattle fed diets containing corn silage (CS) and Stylosanthes (silage or hay) as forage source. Treatments were: 1) CS; 2) Stylosanthes silage (StS); 3) Stylosanthes hay (StH); 4) CS + StS (StS-mixed diet); and 5) CS + StH (StH-mixed diet). Experimental diets (125 g CP/kg DM) consisted of 50% forage and 50% concentrate (DM basis). Five cannulated bulls (251 ± 42.6 kg of body weight) were distributed to a 5 × 5 Latin square (Experiment 1). The trial lasted 80 d. The experiment 2 was performed with 40 bulls (360 ± 2.7 kg of body weight) in a completely randomized design and eight replicates during a 99-days period. In experiment 1, CS diet showed greater (P ≤ 0.02) total digestibility of DM, OM, CP and NDF than other diets. Mixed diets had greater (P = 0.02) total NDF digestibility compared to StS and StH. Corn silage showed greater total digestibility of DM, OM, NDF and CP (P ≤ 0.03) compared to mixed diets. Ruminal NDF digestibility was greater (P = 0.03) for CS than other diets. Ruminal pH was greater (P < 0.01) for StS and StH compared to mixed diets. There was a treatment × hour interaction (P = 0.02) for ruminal NH3-N. In the experiment 2, animals fed CS presented lower (P ≤ 0.03) intake of DM, OM, EE, NDF, iNDF, but greater (P ≤ 0.01) intake of TDN, DOM and NFC than animals fed other diets. The intake of all nutrients, except for NDFi, was greater for mixed diets than StS and StH (P < 0.01). Mixed diets showed greater (P < 0.01) intake of most nutrients compared to CS diet, except for the intake of TDN and DOM, which were similar (P > 0.60). Corn silage showed greater (P < 0.01) digestibility of all nutrients than other diets. Stylosanthes silage and StH had greater (P ≤ 0.03) digestibility of DM, CP and NFC than mixed diets. Average daily gain (ADG) and carcass average daily gain (CADG) were greater (P ≤ 0.03) for CS diet than others, but mixed diets were similar (P ≥ 0.67) to CS. Mixed diets had greater (P < 0.01) ADG and CADG than StS and StH, while StS showed greater (P = 0.05) ADG compared to StH. Carcass yield was greater (P = 0.02) for StH compared to StS. Diets containing 50% CS and 50% StS or StH are alternatives to CS in ration of finishing beef cattle.

Association between hypertension, obesity and dietary intake in post-menopausal women from rural Zambian communities.

BackgroundAmongst the cardiovascular risk (CVR) factors, hypertension (HT) and obesity appear to be prominent in post-menopausal women. The underlying mechanisms of HT development in menopause are not fully understood.AimTo determine the association between HT, obesity and dietary intakes in post-menopausal women from rural Zambia.SettingThis study was conducted in Twatasha Compound of Kitwe and Ndeke Community of Ndola.MethodsBlood pressure (BP), weight, height and dietary intakes (24-h recall) were measured in 153 women (> 50 years) from households. The South African Hypertension Society (SAHS), the World Health Organization (WHO) and estimated average requirements (EARs) guidelines were followed for HT, obesity and dietary intake definitions, respectively. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 was used for descriptive and inferential statistical analyses.ResultsPrevalence of HT was 70%, whilst 37.25% and 28.10% of the participants were overweight and obese, respectively. The median interquartile range (IQR) dietary intakes showed inadequate intakes for most nutrients, except for carbohydrates (170 g [133; 225]). The total fat intake represented 14% of total energy intake. All median fatty acid intakes and sodium intakes (409 mg [169; 662]) were below the recommended levels. Only body mass index (BMI) correlated with HT (r = 0.268; p = 0.001).ConclusionsDespite low dietary intakes, an alarming prevalence of HT and obesity was found in our population. Hormonal changes, a high energy-dense diet and poor treatment adherence, may be possible underlying factors. We recommend measures to better manage HT as a CVR factor.ContributionThis article supplements evidence on the prevalence of obesity-related hypertension in post-menopausal women and the link to dietary intake.

Association between Overweight and Diet Diversity Score: A Cross-Sectional Study Conducted among Tunisian Children.

AbstarctAim: This study explored the association between the diet diversity score (DDS) and overweight among Tunisian children. Methods: A representative sample of children living in Greater Tunis was selected based on a two-stage clustered sampling design. A total of 1200 children (3–9 years) were recruited. Dietary assessment was realized using a 24 h dietary recall. Anthropometric measurements were realized, and overweight was defined according to the World Health Organization standards. Logistic regression was used for the association between DDS with overweight. Results: A quarter of children were found to be overweight. Overweight prevalence was found to decrease with the increase of mother education level (p = 0.010) among children <6 years. Crude DDS score was higher among non-overweight children irrespective of the age class (p = 0.002). Tunisian children appeared to consume much more than six food groups, corresponding to a more than recommended intake of most nutrients. Intriguingly, DDS was positively associated with the occurrence of overweight children <6 years, adjusted odd ratio = 1.37, 95% CI (1.03–1.82). Conclusion: Overweight is a public health problem among Tunisian children. A high DDS signifies adequate nutrient intake. An increase of DDS was found to be a positive predictor of overweight only in pre-school children.

Validity and Reproducibility of a Food Frequency Questionnaire to Assess Macro and Micro-Nutrient Intake among a Convenience Cohort of Healthy Adult Qataris.

This study aimed at developing a valid culture-sensitive quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for Qatari adults. A convenient sample of healthy Qataris (n = 107) were recruited from family members of Qatar University students. The Diet History Questionnaire II of the US National Cancer Institute was translated to Arabic language, back-translated to English, pilot tested, and then modified accordingly to be used in Qatari setting. Participants were asked to complete the translated version of the FFQ. This FFQ was then validated against three 24 h diet recall (24 hDR) including a weekend day. Participants were asked to complete the FFQ again after one-month period to measure its repeatability. Dietary data were analyzed using the dietary analysis software ESHA. The validity and reliability of FFQ were assessed by comparing the median intake of nutrients and foods and by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficients. The median nutrient intakes assessed by the second FFQ were higher than that reported in the baseline FFQ1 except for fat. The percentage of increase varies between 1.5% and 96%. Results of the second FFQ indicated an overestimation of intake for most nutrients (macro and micro). Macronutrient intakes assessed by the two FFQ and 24 hDR were strongly correlated. The correlation coefficients for micronutrient intakes between FFQ2 and 24hDR were lower than that of the two FFQs except for calcium (r = 0.55) and sodium (r = 0.643). They ranged from (−0.17) for fluorine to (0.643) for sodium. The agreement rates for classifying macronutrient intakes into same or adjacent quartile were between 79.4% and 100% for the two FFQs and between 71% and 100% for the second FFQ and 24hDR. The reported consumption of food groups estimated by FFQ2 was significantly higher than that reported by FFQ1. In conclusion, the developed FFQ was sufficiently valid to assess energy and macronutrients but not micronutrients. The reliability was adequate for most nutrients.

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Serum And Intelligence Levels of Elementary School Children in Rural Areas, Seluma Regency

Children living in rural areas are prone to nutritional deficiencies. Low-income levels impact people’s purchasing power so that the intake of most nutrients comes from plant-based foods and consumes less animal food. Nutritional intake greatly affects the development of children’s cognitive function. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a group of neurotrophins that contribute greatly to the learning process and memory. This study aims to analyze the relationship between levels of BDNF with the level of intelligence in elementary school children in rural areas of Seluma Regency. This was a cross-sectional study involving 70 elementary school children aged 9-12 years were taken by multi-stage random sampling, who came from 5 districts of Seluma Regency. Blood was collected for measurement of BDNF levels, and stool samples were examined to detect intestinal parasites. The data on respondent characteristics were derived from questionnaires. Data analysis were done by using the chi-square test. The results of BDNF measurements found 31 children (44.3%) had BDNF levels below the average (&lt;3342.95ng / mL). The results of measuring intelligence level found that 54 children (77.1%) had a level of intelligence below the average. Chi-Square test results obtained p = 0.012 with a PR value of 7.538. There was a significant association between the BDNF level and intelligence level in elementary school students in the rural area. Elementary school children in rural areas with BDNF levels below the average risk of 7.538 times have below-average intelligence levels.

Diet quality in the population of Norway and Poland: differences in the availability and consumption of food considering national nutrition guidelines and food market

BackgroundAdequate nutrition is a public health challenge due to the increase in the incidence of diet-related diseases. The aim of this study was to examine food and nutrient intakes in the light of the current dietary guidelines of Poland and Norway. This is a suitable model for studying the diet quality in countries with different degrees of government intervention in the food market, which may affect food diversity available for citizens.MethodsThe food diversity on the market was assessed using national food balance sheets. To show the actual food and nutrient intake within countries, data from 24-h recalls from the national surveys, NORKOST 3 from Norwegians and WOBASZ II from Poles, were used. In order to evaluate whether dietary patterns comply with nutritional and dietary recommendations, the Norwegian and Polish recommendations for nutrition and the national food based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) were analyzed.ResultsSignificant differences between the national supplies for most food products were found. Only subtle differences in the national FBDGs and nutritional recommendations were found. Low compliance with the national FBDGs for milk, fish and sugar consumption in Poland was observed. The intakes of most nutrients were in line with the countries’ nutrition recommendations. The intakes of folate and vitamin D by both genders and the intake of iron among women, were inadequate in both countries. Calcium and magnesium intakes were below the recommended intake among the adult population of Poland, additionally, insufficient intake of potassium and thiamine was found among Polish women.ConclusionsDespite the limited availability of certain food products on the market, the diet of Norwegians was better balanced in terms of food consumed and micronutrient intakes. The good supply of various groups of food has not, however, reduced the problem of widespread deficiency of vitamin D and folic acid in the diet, and action should be taken at national level to eliminate their inadequacy. In view of increasing risk of non-communicable diseases, low compliance with the dietary guidelines requires educational campaigns aimed at increasing dietary literacy in vulnerable groups.

Validation of an interviewer-administered seven-day semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire for the dietary assessment of preschool children in rural Bangladesh.

A validation study of an interviewer-administered, seven-day semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (7-d SQFFQ) was conducted in Bangladeshi rural preschool age children. Using a cross-sectional study design, 105 children from 103 households were randomly selected. For the SQFFQ, a list of commonly consumed foods was adapted from the Bangladesh national micronutrient survey 2011-12. The data on the actual number of times and the amount of the children's consumption of the foods in the preceding 1 week were collected by interviewing the mothers. The intake was compared with two non-consecutive days 24-h dietary recalls conducted within 2 weeks after the SQFFQ. Validity was assessed by the standard statistical tests. After adjusting for the energy intake and de-attenuation for within-subject variation, the food groups (cereals, animal source foods, milk and the processed foods) had 'good' correlations between the methods (rho 0⋅65-0⋅93; P < 0⋅001). Similarly, the macronutrients (carbohydrate, protein and fats) had 'good' correlations (rho 0⋅50-0⋅75; P < 0⋅001) and the key micronutrients (iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin A, etc.) demonstrated 'good' correlations (rho 0⋅46-0⋅85; P < 0⋅001). The variation in classifying the two extreme quintiles by the SQFFQ and the 24-h recalls was <10 %. The results from Lin's concordance coefficients showed a 'moderate' to 'excellent' absolute agreement between the two methods for food groups, and nutrients (0⋅21-0⋅90; P < 0⋅001). This interviewer-administered, 7-d SQFFQ with an open-ended intake frequency demonstrated adequate validity to assess the dietary intake for most nutrients and suitable for dietary assessments of young children in Bangladesh.

Pregnancy Nutritional Status in Ethiopia

Inadequate quality and quantity diet is one of the major reasons for high levels of malnutrition in pregnant women. Across-sectional survey was conducted in Shashemene District, Southern Oromia Region. A two-stage cluster sampling technique was used to select a representative sample of 15190 pregnant women aged 20-50 years from four rural villages Energy and nutrient intakes from foods were calculated from one-day weighed food records on a sub-sample (n = 83). The result of the study showed that the intakes of most nutrients were lower than the recommended intake. The energy intake of the study participants both in 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy were 2,308 kcal and 1,420.5 kcal compared to the recommended 2,340 kcal and 2,452 kcal, respectively. Except iron, almost all micronutrient intakes were lower than the recommended intake. Vitamin A intake was 3 µg compared with the recommended 800 µg, while protein intake of the study respondents in 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy was 45.9 g and 31.5 g, respectively, compared with the recommended 71 g. Risk factors for under nutrition were multiple pregnancy and no consumption of cereal-based foods. This study revealed that the energy and nutrient intake of the pregnant women in study area was below the recommended intakes. Furthermore, the situation might be aggravated by high phytate content food consumption reported. Nutritional status of pregnant women in study area was not adequate to support the increased energy and nutrient requirement of the participants. requirement of the participants.

Partially replacing sorghum silage with cactus (Opuntia stricta) cladodes in a soybean oil-supplemented diet markedly increases trans-11 18:1, cis-9, trans-11 CLA and 18:2 n-6 contents in cow milk.

Based on low 18:0 contents observed in milk fat of cows fed cactus cladodes (CC), we hypothesized that including Opuntia stricta cladodes in a soybean oil (SO)-supplemented diet would promote incomplete rumen biohydrogenation of supplemental PUFA, leading to increased trans-11 18:1 and cis-9, trans-11 CLA contents in milk. Twelve Holstein cows were used in a two-period study: (a) Baseline: all cows received a total mixed ration (TMR) composed of sorghum silage (SS) and a concentrate containing no SO for 14days; (b) Treatment: cows received one of the following SO-supplemented diets for 21days: (1) SS-TMR: a TMR composed of SS and a SO-enriched concentrate, (2) CC-TMR: a TMR containing CC as a partial substitute for SS plus the SO-enriched concentrate, and (3) CC-PMR: same diet as in treatment 2, but CC were mixed with the SO-enriched concentrate and fed as a partial mixed ration (PMR). Both CC diets increased relative abundances of trans-11 18:1, cis-9, trans-11 CLA, and 18:2 n-6 in milk fat, whereas opposite effects were observed on 18:0 and cis-9 18:1. Proportion of 18:2 n-6 increased, and cis-9, trans-11 CLA tended to increase with CC-PMR as compared to CC-TMR, whereas 18:3 n-3 was higher with CC-PMR than with SS-TMR. Proportions of several odd- and branched-chain fatty acids, certain 18:1 isomers, and trans-9, cis-11 CLA changed with CC diets, notably with CC-PMR. Milk yield and intake of most nutrients (except fibre) increased or tended to increase with the CC diets, whereas gross milk composition was unaltered. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 index for C18 (SCD18 ) was higher with CC-PMR than with SS-TMR, and milk n-6:n-3 FA ratio and apparent transfer of 18:2 n-6 to milk increased with CC diets. These results indicate that Opuntia stricta cladodes can be a valuable feed ingredient for improving the nutraceutical value of milk fat.

Differences in Dietary Intake and Vitamin and Mineral Status of Infants and Children on Dialysis Receiving Feeds or Eating Normal Food

Knowledge of the vitamin and mineral intake and status of children on dialysis is scarce. Guidelines suggest supplementation of water-soluble vitamins, but the need for supplementation of minerals is less clear. We evaluated vitamin and mineral intake and status of children on chronic dialysis in our center. We reviewed patient records of all 33 children aged 0-16years who were treated with chronic dialysis at a University Hospital between December 2014 and August 2019. Dietary intake was estimated from feed prescriptions and 3-day food records. Vitamin and mineral determinations were performed as part of routine care. Food records or adherence to dietary prescription of feeds were available for 29 children. Dietary intake of most nutrients was sufficient in children on feeds, but children not on feeds had low intakes of vitamins D, B1, B2, and B6 as well as zinc, iron, and calcium from their diet. Insufficient intake was corrected with supplementation. We discovered some children with blood concentrations below the reference range for vitamins D (3.1%) and C (15.4%) and copper (16.7%) and selenium (3.1%). In contrast, various proportions of children with blood concentrations above the reference range were detected for all nutrients apart from vitamin D. In our study, children receiving sufficient amounts of renal-specific feeds to meet at least 100% of age-specific requirements do not appear to need multivitamin-mineral supplementation, apart from vitamin D and calcium; in addition, children on PD usually need a sodium supplement and, on rare occasions with low intake from feeds, a phosphate supplement is needed. This study further revealed that other children at our center are more prone to deficient intakes of several vitamins and minerals, requiring supplementation based on dietetic review and, in some instances, laboratory measurements.