Fruit Juice Intake Research Articles

High fruit intake, lower alcohol consumption associated with lower breast cancer risk

Researchers in 2 linked studies recently published in BMJ have revealed new data on the relation of alcohol and diet with breast cancer and heart disease.1, 2 The first study found that high fruit consumption during adolescence is associated with lower breast cancer risk, whereas the second reports that increased alcohol intake in later life is associated with an increase in breast cancer. Evidence about whether fruit and vegetable intake protects against breast cancer is conflicting. Most studies in this area have assessed intake during midlife and later, which may be after the period when breast tissue is most vulnerable to carcinogenic influences. As a result, researchers examined whether fruit and vegetable consumption would affect subsequent breast cancer risk. In the first study, participants included more than 90,000 premenopausal women aged 27 to 44 years from the Nurses' Health Study II who completed a questionnaire in 1991 on diet as well as more than 44,000 who completed a questionnaire in 1998 that focused on their diet during adolescence. The investigators concluded that high fruit consumption during adolescence (2.9 vs 0.5 servings per day) was associated with an approximately 25% lower risk of premenopausal breast cancer diagnosed in middle age. The association with adolescent fruit intake was stronger for both estrogen and progesterone receptor-negative cancers than estrogen and progesterone receptor-positive cancers. Specifically, apple, banana, and grape consumption during adolescence and orange and kale consumption during early adulthood were significantly associated with a reduced breast cancer risk; however, there was no link between the intake of fruit juice in either adolescence or early adulthood and risk. In an accompanying editorial, University of Oxford researchers note that although much more evidence is needed before conclusions can be drawn about the protective associations between adolescent fruit intake and breast cancer risk, fruit and vegetable intake should continue to be encouraged at all ages because of the known beneficial health effects.3 In the second study, Danish researchers analyzed the effect of a change in alcohol intake on the risk of breast cancer and heart disease. They followed the health of nearly 22,000 postmenopausal women in Denmark and found that women who increased their alcohol intake by 2 drinks per day over 5 years had an approximately 30% increased risk of breast cancer but an approximately 20% decreased risk of coronary heart disease in comparison with women who had stable alcohol intake. Decreased alcohol intake in women during the 5-year period, however, was not significantly associated with the risk of either breast cancer or coronary heart disease. The authors note that although their findings support the theory that alcohol is associated with breast cancer and coronary heart disease risk in opposite directions, the true effect of alcohol on ischemic heart disease is not certain. They add that although low to moderate alcohol consumption may provide some benefit to the heart, this is outweighed by an increased risk of breast cancer and other morbidities. Furthermore, heart disease risk can be substantially reduced by other lifestyle changes and drugs such as statins.

Fruit and vegetable consumption in adolescence and early adulthood and risk of breast cancer: population based cohort study

Objective To evaluate the association between fruit and vegetable intake during adolescence and early adulthood and risk of breast cancer.Design Prospective cohort study.Setting Health professionals in the United States.Participants 90...

Consumption of Total and Individual Sugars, Sugary Foods and Sugary Beverages in Relation to Adiposity‐Related Cancer Risk in the Framingham Offspring Cohort (1991–2013)

ObjectiveThe purpose of this prospective cohort study was to examine total sugar, sucrose, fructose and usual sugary food and beverage consumption in relation to the risk of adiposity‐related cancers combined and three of the most commonly diagnosed site‐specific cancers (breast, prostate and colorectal) in the Framingham Offspring cohort.MethodsThe study sample consisted of 3,184 men and women from the Framingham Offspring cohort. This cohort was recruited in 1971–1975, and clinical exams were conducted, on average, every 4 years to collect medical, lifestyle and anthropometric data. The main exposures were intakes of total sugar, fructose, sucrose and sugary foods and beverages. Data on diet was first available in 1991 and was collected using a food frequency questionnaire. The outcomes of interest were combined incidence of adiposity‐related cancers in addition to incidence of breast, prostate and colorectal cancer. Cancers were considered adiposity‐related if identified by the National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society as clearly or possibly linked to overweight and obesity. Incident cancers were identified from medical records (n=565) and were documented until 2013. Therefore, the study encompassed a follow‐up period of >20 years. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compute hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to estimate associations between total sugar, fructose, sucrose and sugary foods and beverages in relation to cancer risk.ResultsAfter adjustment for multiple confounders including age, smoking, waist‐to‐hip ratio, reproductive risk factors, energy, alcohol, in addition to antioxidant, fiber, fat and red and processed meat intake, total sugar and sucrose intakes were not associated with risk of adiposity‐related cancers combined or any of the site‐specific cancers. Fructose intake, as percentage of total calories, in the highest versus lowest quintile was associated with >2‐fold increase in prostate (HR: 2.18; 95%CI: 1.23–3.87) and colorectal cancer risk (HR:2.25; 95%CI:1.04–4.86). In general, consumption of sugary foods and beverages was associated with up to 2‐fold higher risk of adiposity‐related cancers and all site‐specific cancers, but associations were only statistically significant for prostate cancer. For prostate cancer, higher total consumption of sugary foods and beverages was associated with 88% higher cancer risk (1.88, 95%CI: 1.03–3.40). Sugary beverage consumption (fruit juice and sugar‐sweetened beverages) in the highest versus lowest quintile was associated with >3‐fold higher prostate cancer risk (HR:3.60, 95%CI:1.85–7.01). In particular, higher fruit juice intake was associated with >2‐fold increase in risk (HR: 2.73; 95%CI:1.45–5.11). Among sugary foods, dessert foods such as chocolate and doughnuts were associated with up to 88% risk of prostate cancer (HR:1.88; 95%CI:1.23–2.87).ConclusionsIn this cohort of middle‐aged American adults, fructose intake was associated with higher prostate and colorectal cancer risk. Our findings suggest that higher sugary food and beverage intakes increase cancer risk, particularly for prostate cancer. These analyses suggest that avoiding foods and beverages that are rich in sugar may be used as an effective cancer control strategy.Support or Funding InformationThis research was supported by the American Cancer Society Research Scholar Grant (#RSG‐12‐005‐01‐CNE)

Predictors of poor cognitive status among older Malaysian adults: baseline findings from the LRGS TUA cohort study.

Concepts of successful aging (SA), usual aging (UA), and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have been developed to identify older adults at high risk of Alzheimer's diseases (AD), however, the predictors have rarely been investigated in a single study. Thus, this study aims to explore the risk factors of MCI as compared to UA and SA among older adults, in a large community based cohort study in Malaysia. 1993 subjects from four states in Malaysia were recruited. A comprehensive interview-based questionnaire was administered to determine socio-demographic information, followed by assessments to evaluate cognitive function, functional status, dietary intake, lifestyle and psychosocial status. Risk factors of cognitive impairment were assessed using the ordinal logistic regression (OLR). The prevalence of SA, UA and MCI in this study was 11, 73 and 16% respectively. OLR indicated that higher fasting blood sugar, hyperlipidemia, disability, lower education level, not regularly involved in technical based activities, limited use of modern technologies, lower intake of fruits and fresh fruit juices and not practicing calorie restriction were among the risk factors of poor cognitive performance in this study. This study will be a stepping stone for future researchers to develop intervention strategies to prevent cognitive decline.

Abstract PR05: Dietary quality and ovarian cancer risk in African American women

Abstract Background: Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer death among women in the US. Considering the poor survival rates, identifying modifiable lifestyle factors including dietary interventions for ovarian cancer is needed. Compared to single foods or nutrients, examining dietary exposures as dietary patterns may allow us to accommodate the multidimensional aspects of diet and to better capture the role of diet in ovarian cancer carcinogenesis. Healthy Eating Index (HEI) is a measure of dietary quality to assess adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Compared to HEI-2005 edition, HEI-2010 has an increased emphasis on dietary quality and reflects the most recent dietary guidelines. Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010), grounded in a different eating guide, the Healthy Eating Pyramid, was based on dietary predictors of chronic diseases. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the impact of dietary quality on ovarian cancer risk in African-American women. Objective: We aimed to evaluate three index-based dietary patterns–HEI-2005, HEI-2010, AHEI-2010–in relation to ovarian cancer risk in African-American women. Methods: Analyses were conducted among 415 cases of ovarian cancer and 629 controls using data from the African American Cancer Epidemiology Study (AACES). AACES is an ongoing population-based case-control study of ovarian cancer in African-American women in 11 sites in the US. Cases were identified through rapid case ascertainment and age- and site-matched controls were identified by random-digit-dialing. Information on risk factors related to ovarian cancer was collected by computer-assisted telephone interview. Dietary information 1 year before diagnosis (cases) or interview (controls) was obtained using a Block food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). AACES FFQ data were linked to the MyPyramid Equivalents Database 2.0 or based on published descriptions to generate equivalent intake for food groups under HEIs and AHEI-2010. Both HEIs includes 12 components, with total scores ranging from 0 to 100. AHEI-2010 includes 10 components with overall scores from 0 to 110. Higher scores indicate better adherence to a healthy diet. We used multivariate unconditional logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for potential socio-demographic and lifestyle risk factors. Results: Only higher AHEI-2010 scores were associated with lower risk of ovarian cancer among all African-American women [OR comparing the highest quartile (Q4) vs. lowest (Q1) =0.66, 95% CI 0.45-0.98, p-trend =0.05]. The relationships between HEIs or AHEI and ovarian cancer risk were modified by menopausal status. Among post-menopausal women, we found lower risk of ovarian cancer with higher adherence of HEI-2010 (OR Q4 vs. Q1 =0.57, 95% CI 0.36-0.92, p-trend =0.03) and AHEI-2010 (OR Q4 vs. Q1 =0.49, 95% CI 0.31-0.78, p-trend =0.01). We observed no associations among pre-menopausal women. HEI-2005 was not associated with ovarian cancer risk among all or by menopausal status. Analyses evaluating individual score components with ovarian cancer risk suggested that in our sample of African-American women the benefits of HEI-2010 mainly come from higher intake of total vegetables, greens and beans, seafood and plant proteins and lower intake of empty calories (i.e., calories from solid fats, alcohol and added sugars). Consistently, the associations with AHEI-2010 were mainly driven by higher vegetable intake and lower intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and fruit juice. Conclusion: Our findings suggest, for the first time, that a healthy diet is associated with lower risk of ovarian cancer in African Americans. Adherence to the current Dietary Guidelines for Americans may reduce ovarian cancer risk among post-menopausal African-American women. This abstract is also presented as Poster A67. Citation Format: Bo Qin, Patricia G. Moorman, Anthony J. Alberg, Jill S. Barnholtz-Sloan, Melissa Bondy, Michele L. Cote, Ellen Funkhouser, Edward S. Peters, Ann G. Schwartz, Paul Terry, Joellen M. Schildkraut, Elisa V. Bandera. Dietary quality and ovarian cancer risk in African American women. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eighth AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 13-16, 2015; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016;25(3 Suppl):Abstract nr PR05.

Nutritional therapy of gout

Nutrition and nutritional behaviours have been found to play a major role in the development of gout. Studies show that body mass index (BMI), as well as excessive intake of alcoholic beverages, meat, soft drinks and fruit juices increase the risk of developing gout. Similarly, dairy products and coffee have been seen to decrease the risk of hyperuricemia and gout, as they increase the excretion of uric acid. Flares of gout are often caused by large meals and high alcohol consumption. Each additional intake of meat portion per day increases the risk of gout by 21 %. Taking total alcohol consumption into account, the risk of gout increases after one to two standard drinks. In contrast to previous assumptions purine-rich plant foods like legumes and vegetables do not increase the risk of gout. The current dietary guidelines take into account nutritional factors, which not only consider purine intake, but also their endogenous production and their influence on renal excretion. A balanced diet based on the Swiss healthy eating guideline pyramid as well as the Mediterranean diet is appropriate for this patient population. The treatment of gout is multi-faceted, since this patient population presents other comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and hypertension. Collectively, these risk factors are diet dependent and require a treatment strategy that is centered on modifying one's nutrition and nutritional behaviours. The aim of such therapy is to educate the patient as well as treat the accompanying comorbidities with the goal of decreasing serum uric acid values. Motivated patients require consultation and follow-up care in order to be able to actively decrease the serum uric acid.

A Mobile Phone Based Method to Assess Energy and Food Intake in Young Children: A Validation Study against the Doubly Labelled Water Method and 24 h Dietary Recalls.

Mobile phones are becoming important instruments for assessing diet and energy intake. We developed the Tool for Energy Balance in Children (TECH), which uses a mobile phone to assess energy and food intake in pre-school children. The aims of this study were: (a) to compare energy intake (EI) using TECH with total energy expenditure (TEE) measured via doubly labelled water (DLW); and (b) to compare intakes of fruits, vegetables, fruit juice, sweetened beverages, candy, ice cream, and bakery products using TECH with intakes acquired by 24 h dietary recalls. Participants were 39 healthy, Swedish children (5.5 ± 0.5 years) within the ongoing Mobile-based Intervention Intended to Stop Obesity in Preschoolers (MINISTOP) obesity prevention trial. Energy and food intakes were assessed during four days using TECH and 24 h telephone dietary recalls. Mean EI (TECH) was not statistically different from TEE (DLW) (5820 ± 820 kJ/24 h and 6040 ± 680kJ/24 h, respectively). No significant differences in the average food intakes using TECH and 24 h dietary recalls were found. All food intakes were correlated between TECH and the 24 h dietary recalls (ρ = 0.665–0.896, p < 0.001). In conclusion, TECH accurately estimated the average intakes of energy and selected foods and thus has the potential to be a useful tool for dietary studies in pre-school children, for example obesity prevention trials.

Association between dental erosion and possible risk factors: A hospital-based study in gastroesophageal reflux disease patients

Introduction: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition, with a prevalence of up to 10–20% in the general population. GERD may involve damage to the oral cavity, and dental erosion may occur with a higher frequency. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of dental erosion in GERD patients and to evaluate the association between dental erosion and possible risk factors. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow among patients attending outpatient department between June and August 2014. The study group comprised 91 subjects with GERD and 114 subjects without GERD. Information regarding symptoms of GERD, medicines, any chronic disease, and dietary habits were recorded. Dental examination was done to assess the presence or absence of dental erosions and its severity was measured using O'Sullivan Index (2000). Statistical analysis was done using Mann–Whitney U-test and Kruskal–Wallis test. Results: Of 91 GERD patients, 87 (95.6%) patients had dental erosion. In both groups, association between frequent intake of fruit juice, carbonated drinks, milk, yoghurt, fruits, and tea/coffee with occurrence of dental erosion were statistically significant ( P P P P Conclusion: This study showed that GERD patients were at increased risk of developing dental erosion compared to controls.

Behavioural effects of a community-oriented setting-based intervention for prevention of childhood obesity in eight European countries. Main results from the IDEFICS study.

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the behavioural effects, as reported by the parents of the participating boys and girls, of the IDEFICS (Identification and prevention of Dietary- and lifestyle-induced health EFfects In Children and infantS) intervention. The effectiveness of the IDEFICS intervention was evaluated through a cluster-controlled trial in eight European countries (control and intervention communities in each country) including more than 16,000 children. The 2- to 9.9-year-old children in the intervention group were exposed to a culturally adapted intervention that aimed to prevent childhood obesity through the community, schools/kindergartens and family. Parents completed questionnaires to measure water, soft drink and fruit juice intake; fruit and vegetable intake; daily TV viewing and other sedentary behaviours; daily physical activity levels and strengthening of the parent-child relationships at baseline and follow-up (2 years later). Mixed models with an additional random effect for country were used to account for the clustered study design, and results were stratified by sex. The pan-European analysis revealed no significant time by condition interaction effects, neither for boys nor girls, i.e. the analysis revealed no intervention effects on the behaviours of the IDEFICS children as reported by their parents (F = 0.0 to 3.3, all p > 0.05). Also very few significances were found in the country-specific analyses. Positive intervention effects were only found for sport club participation in Swedish boys, for screen time in weekends for Spanish boys and for TV viewing in Belgian girls. Although no expected intervention effects as reported by the parents on diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviours could be shown for the overall IDEFICS cohort, a few favourable intervention effects were found on specific behaviours in some individual countries. More in-depth analyses of the process evaluation data are needed to obtain more insight into the relationship between the level of exposure to the intervention and its effect.

Inequities in energy-balance related behaviours and family environmental determinants in European children: baseline results of the prospective EPHE evaluation study.

BackgroundTackling inequalities in overweight, obesity and related determinants has become a top priority for the European research and policy agendas. Although it has been established that such inequalities accumulate from early childhood onward, they have not been studied extensively in children. The current article discusses the results of an explorative analysis for the identification of inequalities in behaviours and their determinants between groups with high and low socio-economic status.MethodsThis study is part of the Epode for the Promotion of Health Equity (EPHE) evaluation study, the overall aim of which is to assess the impact and sustainability of EPODE methodology to diminish inequalities in childhood obesity and overweight. Seven community-based programmes from different European countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Greece, Portugal, Romania, The Netherlands) participate in the EPHE study. In each of the communities, children aged 6–8 years participated, resulting in a total sample of 1266 children and their families. A parental self-administrated questionnaire was disseminated in order to assess the socio-economic status of the household, selected energy balance-related behaviours (1. fruit and vegetable consumption; 2. soft drink/ fruit juices and water consumption; 3. screen time and 4. sleep duration) of the children and associated family environmental determinants. The Mann–Whitney U test and Pearson’s chi-square test were used to test differences between the low and high education groups. The country-specific median was chosen as the cut-off point to determine the educational level, given the different average educational level in every country.ResultsChildren with mothers of relatively high educational level consumed fruits and vegetables more frequently than their peers of low socio-economic status. The latter group of children had a higher intake of fruit juices and/or soft drinks and had higher screen time. Parental rules and home availability were consistently different between the two socio-economic groups in our study in all countries. However we did not find a common pattern for all behaviours and the variability across the countries was large.ConclusionsOur findings are indicative of socio-economic inequalities in our samples, although the variability across the countries was large. The effectiveness of interventions aimed at chancing parental rules and behaviour on health inequalities should be studied.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2540-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Prevalence and association of asthma and allergic sensitization with dietary factors in schoolchildren: data from the french six cities study

BackgroundThe prevalence of asthma and allergy has recently risen among children. This increase in prevalence might be related to various factors, particularly diet. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence and association of asthma and allergic sensitization with dietary factors in the French Six Cities Study.MethodsCross-sectional studies were performed among 7432 schoolchildren aged 9–11 years in Bordeaux, Clermont-Ferrand, Créteil, Marseille, Reims, and Strasbourg. Parental questionnaires, based on the International Study on Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), were used to collect information on allergic diseases and potential exposure factors including a food frequency questionnaire to evaluate dietary habits. Skin prick testing to common allergens for allergic sensitization and bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) testing to exercise were performed. Confounders control was performed with multiple logistic regressions.ResultsAsthma symptoms, asthma and allergic sensitization were more prevalent in boys than in girls and were more prevalent in the South than in the North of France. After adjustment for confounders, fruit juice intake was associated with a low prevalence of lifetime asthma (ORa [95 % CI]; 0.73 [0.56–0.97]), butter intake was positively associated with atopic wheeze (1.48 [1.07–2.05]) and having lunch at the canteen 1–2 times/week compared to never or occasionally was associated with a lower prevalence of past year wheeze (0.71 [0.52–0.96]), lifetime asthma (0.76 [0.60–0.96]) and allergic sensitization (0.80 [0.67–0.95]). Meat intake was inversely related to past year wheeze among atopic children (0.68 [0.50–0.98]) while fast food consumption and butter intake were associated with an increase prevalence of asthma (2.39 [1.47–3.93] and 1.51 [1.17–2.00] respectively). Fish intake was associated with a lower prevalence of asthma among non-atopic children (0.61 [0.43–0.87]. None of the dietary factors was associated with BHR.ConclusionsDiet is associated with wheeze, asthma and allergic sensitization but not with BHR in children. These results provide further evidence that adherence to a healthy diet including fruits, meat and fish seems to have a protective effect on asthma and allergy in childhood. However, prospective and experimental studies are needed to provide causal evidence concerning the effect of diet on asthma and atopy.

Body weight and eating habits of school students in Kore sub-district of Erbil: A cross-sectional study

Background and objective: The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide at an alarming rate in both developing and developed countries. The aim of this study was to assess the weight of a sample of school students and its association with their eating habits and life-style practices. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 477 students selected from four intermediate and secondary schools in Kore sub-district in Erbil, Iraq. Data on the students’ eating and drinking habits, in addition to weight, height, smoking and other life style habits were collected through a self- administered questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity (categorized into one group) was more common among female students than male students (19.9% and 11.8%, respectively) with a significantly statistical difference (OR=0.536; 95% CI, 0.321-0.894, P= 0.017). Sleeping hours/night was also significantly associated with overweight and obesity, where sleeping less than 6 hours and between 6 and 8 hours was significantly associated with overweight and obesity (P = 0.004 and 0.001, respectively). There was no statistical association between overweight and obesity and all reported eating habits including breakfast, lunch, fried food, vegetables, salads and fruit juice intake, in addition to intake of crisps and cakes, energy providing drinks, soft drinks, and of milk and dairy products. Conclusion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among the study sample was low and there was no significant association with the eating habits and life-style practices, apart from those sleeping less than eight hours/nigh.

Prevalence of Overweight among the Adolescent School Girls in Dhaka City

A cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of overweight among adolescent school girls in Dhaka City and examine the relationship of various socio-economic factors with overweight. A total of 130 girls aged 12 to 16 years of three girls high schools were selected by random sampling. Height and weight were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI). Dietary intake was estimated using 24 hour recall method. The usual pattern of food intake was examined using a 7 -day food frequency questionnaire. Prevalence of overweight was denoted by BMI above 85th percentile. In this study 33.1% of the participants were overweight and the rest were found to be normal. Participants were divided into two groups-normal weight participants with a BMI between 5th and 85th percentile and overweight participants with a BMI above 85th percentile of WHO/NCHS reference values. Mean intake of energy and all nutrients, except vitamin C were found significantly higher in overweight girls compared to normal weight girls. Overwhelming majority (95%) of the overweight girls consumed fast foods, soft drinks (44%) and fruit juice (21 %) more than 3 times/week. Consumption of these foods by overweight girls was significantly higher than that of normal weight girls. Significant positive relationship was found among overweight and monthly family income, educational level of the parents and consumption of fast-food, soft drinks, fruit juice and energy intake but inverse relationship was found between overweight and participant's family size.

Impact of fruit juice and beverage portion size on snack intake in preschoolers

It has been recommended that beverages other than 100% fruit juice, such as water, be served at meals and snacks for preschool-aged children to reduce excessive energy intake. Using a 2 × 2 × 2 design (between-subjects factor of order and within-subjects factors of beverage type and size), 26 children (3.9 ± 0.6 years of age, 50% female, 73% white, and 88.5% non-Hispanic or Latino) completed four, 20-min snack sessions consisting of 200 g of applesauce, 60 g of graham crackers, and either 6 oz. (approximately 180 g) or 12 oz. (approximately 360 g) of 100% berry fruit juice or water, to examine the influence of 100% fruit juice and the portion size of the provided fruit juice, on beverage, food, and overall snack intake. Mixed-factor analyses of covariance revealed a significant (p < 0.05) beverage type and size interaction for amount of beverage consumed, with the 12 oz. juice condition consuming the greatest amount of beverage (226.6 ± 116.4 g), and for energy consumed from food, with the 12 oz. water condition consuming more than the 12 oz. juice condition (117.7 ± 69.1 kcal vs. 88.5 ± 64.1 kcal). A main effect of beverage type was found on overall snack energy intake, with more overall energy consumed when juice was provided (175.4 ± 50.0 kcal vs. 104.8 ± 62.8 kcal, p < 0.001). Providing preschool-aged children with a larger size of beverage at a snack increased beverage and/or food intake, and serving 100% juice led to greater overall snack energy intake. Future research should examine the role of 100% fruit juice, and beverage portion size, in contributing to excessive daily energy intake in preschool-aged children.

Longitudinal evaluation of 100% fruit juice consumption on BMI status in 2-5-year-old children.

Obesity in childhood is related to multiple lifestyle factors. Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between consumption of 100% fruit juice and weight status over time among pre-school children. We used linear and logistic multivariable regression to evaluate body mass index (BMI) z-score and overweight/obese status as a function of 100% fruit juice intake for 8950 children examined at ages 2, 4 and 5 years as part of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, a representative sample of the United States. Cross-sectional analysis at ages 4 and 5 years showed no difference in the prevalence of overweight and obesity between consistent juice drinkers and inconsistent/non-drinkers. Longitudinal analysis found that children who drank 100% juice consistently at age 2 years had greater increases in BMI z-score by age 4 years than infrequent/non-drinkers (P < 0.0001), a difference driven by lesser increases in height z-score (P = 0.0003) and slightly greater increases in weight z-score (P = 0.0550) among consistent juice drinkers over the 2 to 4 year time period. Additionally, consistent juice drinkers at age 2 had higher odds of becoming overweight by age 4 (adjusted odds ratio 1.30; CI 1.06-1.60). These differences in growth parameters were not noted between ages 4 and 5 years. Drinking 100% fruit juice regularly at age 2 is associated with higher odds of becoming overweight between 2 and 4 years. Paediatricians and parents can discourage excessive fruit juice consumption as part of a larger effort to avoid unhealthy gain in BMI in young children.

Sports and energy drink consumption are linked to health-risk behaviours among young adults.

National data for the USA show increases in sports and energy drink consumption over the past decade with the largest increases among young adults aged 20-34 years. The present study aimed to identify sociodemographic factors and health-risk behaviours associated with sports and energy drink consumption among young adults. Cross-sectional analysis of survey data from the third wave of a cohort study (Project EAT-III: Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults). Regression models stratified on gender and adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics were used to examine associations of sports and energy drink consumption with eating behaviours, physical activity, media use, weight-control behaviours, sleep patterns and substance use. Participants completed baseline surveys in 1998-1999 as students at public secondary schools in Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota, USA and the EAT-III surveys online or by mail in 2008-2009. The sample consisted of 2287 participants (55% female, mean age 25·3 years). Results showed 31·0% of young adults consumed sports drinks and 18·8% consumed energy drinks at least weekly. Among men and women, sports drink consumption was associated with higher sugar-sweetened soda and fruit juice intake, video game use and use of muscle-enhancing substances like creatine (P≤0·01). Energy drink consumption was associated with lower breakfast frequency and higher sugar-sweetened soda intake, video game use, use of unhealthy weight-control behaviours, trouble sleeping and substance use among men and women (P<0·05). Health professionals should consider the clustering of sports and energy drink consumption with other unhealthy behaviours in the design of programmes and services for young adults.

Dietary Intake Among U.S. Adults With Disability

Purpose: Physical, mental, and financial barriers among individuals with disability may limit their access to fruit and vegetable. In this study, we examined the relationship between disability status and vegetable, fruit, and fruit juice intake among U.S. adults aged 18 years and older using a large nationally representative sample.Methods: Participants came from Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2011 wave, a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. Outcomes included self-report daily vegetable, fruit, and pure fruit juice consumption frequency. Disability status was classified into 7 categories: limited in activities caused by physical, mental, or emotional problems (AL); health problem requiring use of special equipment (HP); either AL or HP; both AL and HP; unable to work because of disability or other reasons (UN); AL and HP and UN; and no disability (no AL or HP or UN). The associations between consumption and disability were estimated in multivariate regressions controlling for sociodemographics, body weight, and survey month/state and accounting for survey design.Results: U.S. adults with disability consumed vegetable and fruit significantly less frequently than those without disability. Across disability categories, daily vegetable consumption frequency among people with disability was 4%–15%, and daily fruit consumption frequency 7%–18% lower than people without disability. Fruit juice consumption frequency appeared slightly higher among people with disability, indicating some substitution effect. Part of the disparities in diet tends to be explained by the differences in education, marital status, and income between people with and without disability.Conclusions: Using recent data from a large nationally representative health survey, we found American adults with disability to consume fruit and vegetable significantly less frequently than those without disability. Policy interventions are warranted to increase fruit and vegetable consumption among people with disability and reduce disparities.

Fruit juice, organic anion transporting polypeptides, and drug interactions in psychiatry.

Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are a group of membrane transport proteins that facilitate the influx of endogenous and exogenous substances across biological membranes. OATPs are found in enterocytes and hepatocytes and in brain, kidney, and other tissues. In enterocytes, OATPs facilitate the gastrointestinal absorption of certain orally administered drugs. Fruit juices such as grapefruit juice, orange juice, and apple juice contain substances that are OATP inhibitors. These fruit juices diminish the gastrointestinal absorption of certain antiallergen, antibiotic, antihypertensive, and β-blocker drugs. While there is no evidence, so far, that OATP inhibition affects the absorption of psychotropic medications, there is no room for complacency because the field is still nascent and because the necessary studies have not been conducted. Patients should therefore err on the side of caution, taking their medications at least 4 hours distant from fruit juice intake. Doing so is especially desirable with grapefruit juice, orange juice, and apple juice; with commercial fruit juices in which OATP-inhibiting substances are likely to be present in higher concentrations; with calcium-fortified fruit juices; and with medications such as atenolol and fexofenadine, the absorption of which is substantially diminished by concurrent fruit juice intake.

Energy balance related behaviour: personal, home- and friend-related factors among schoolchildren in Europe studied in the ENERGY-project.

ObjectiveTo design interventions that target energy balance-related behaviours, knowledge of primary schoolchildren's perceptions regarding soft drink intake, fruit juice intake, breakfast consumption, TV viewing and physical activity (PA) is essential. The current study describes personal beliefs and attitudes, home- and friend-related variables regarding these behaviours across Europe.DesignCross-sectional study in which personal, family and friend -related variables were assessed by validated questionnaires, and dichotomized as favourable versus unfavourable answers. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate proportions of children giving unfavourable answers and test between-country differences.SettingA survey in eight European countries.SubjectsA total of 7903 10–12 year old primary schoolchildren.ResultsA majority of the children reported unfavourable attitudes, preferences and subjective norms regarding soft drink, fruit juice intake and TV viewing accompanied with high availability and accessibility at home. Few children reported unfavourable attitudes and preferences regarding breakfast consumption and PA. Many children reported unfavourable health beliefs regarding breakfast consumption and TV viewing. Substantial differences between countries were observed, especially for variables regarding soft drink intake, breakfast consumption and TV viewing.ConclusionThe surveyed children demonstrated favourable attitudes to some healthy behaviours (PA, breakfast intake) as well as to some unhealthy behaviours (soft drink consumption, TV viewing). Additionally, many children across Europe have personal beliefs and are exposed to social environments that are not supportive to engagement in healthy behaviours. Moreover, the large differences in personal, family and friend-related variables across Europe argue for implementing different strategies in the different European countries.

Juice and water intake in infancy and later beverage intake and adiposity: could juice be a gateway drink?

ObjectiveTo examine the tracking and significance of beverage consumption in infancy and childhood.Design and MethodsAmong 1163 children in Project Viva, we examined associations of fruit juice and water intake at 1 year (0 oz, 1–7 oz [small], 8–15 oz [medium], and ≥16 oz [large]) with juice and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake and BMI z-score during early (median 3.1 years) and mid-childhood (median 7.7 years).ResultsIn covariate adjusted models, juice intake at one year was associated with greater juice and sugar sweetened beverages intake during early and mid-childhood and also greater adiposity. Children who drank medium and large amounts of juice at 1 year had higher BMI z-scores during both early (Medium: β=0.16 [95%CI=0.01, 0.32]; Large: β=0.28 [95%CI=0.01, 0.56]) and mid-childhood (Medium: β=0.23 [95%CI=0.07, 0.39]; Large: β=0.36 [95%CI=0.08, 0.64]). After covariate adjustment, associations between water intake at 1 year and beverage intake and adiposity later in childhood were null.ConclusionsHigher juice intake at 1 year was associated with higher juice intake, sugar sweetened beverage intake, and BMI z-score during early and mid-childhood. Assessing juice intake during infancy could provide clinicians important data regarding future unhealthy beverage habits and excess adiposity during childhood.