Caffeine Intake Research Articles

Association between caffeine intake and erectile dysfunction: a meta-analysis of cohort studies.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common condition with various contributing factors, including lifestyle and dietary habits. Caffeine, a widely consumed stimulant, has been linked to multiple physiological effects on vascular function and hormonal balance that might influence sexual function. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the association between caffeine intake and the risk of ED by analyzing data from cohort studies. A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases, and a manual search was conducted on Google Scholar for studies on the relationship between caffeine intake and ED in adult men. The search included observational studies published up to April 1, 2024. Four cohort studies were included, and their data were extracted and analyzed by STATA version 18. Four included cohort studies comprised 51,665 cohort members. The study population included adult males, on average, aged 18 to 80. The results indicate that there was no significant relationship between coffee consumption and the risk of ED (relative risk [RR] = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.86-1.03; p = 0.999). The current evidence suggests no significant relationship between caffeine intake and ED, but limited studies limit conclusions. Future research should focus on larger sample sizes, standardized outcome assessments, and different dosages and forms of caffeine consumption.

Early Trilogy Spontaneous Abortion Risk From Caffeine Intake

Early Trilogy Spontaneous Abortion Risk From Caffeine Intake

Caffeine intake during lactation has a sex-dependent effect on the hippocampal excitatory/inhibitory balance and pups’ behavior

During early life, disruptions in glutamatergic and GABAergic synapse development in the hippocampus may contribute to several neurodevelopmental disorders, including cognitive deficits and psychiatric disorders. Caffeine is the most consumed psychoactive drug in the world, and previous work from our group has shown that caffeine disrupts visual system connections at different stages of development. This work aimed to investigate the effects of caffeine consumption during lactation in the glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic markers in the hippocampus and on the behavior of rat offspring. We found that maternal caffeine intake significantly reduced GluN1 subunits of the NMDA receptor, increased the GluA1/GluA2 ratio of AMPA receptor in the dorsal hippocampus, and decreased GAD content in female pups’ ventral hippocampus. On the other hand, an increase in GluN1/GluN2b subunits, a decrease in GAD content in the dorsal hippocampus, and a reduction of the GluA1 content in the ventral hippocampus were observed in male pups. In addition, changes in the behavior of the offspring submitted to indirect caffeine consumption were also sex-dependent, with females developing anxiety-like behavior and males showing anxiety-like behavior and hyper-locomotion. These results highlight that maternal caffeine intake promotes changes in the hippocampal excitatory and inhibitory balance and offspring behavior in a sex-dependent manner, suggesting that the population should be alerted to reduced caffeine consumption by breastfeeding mothers.

Habitual Coffee, Tea, and Caffeine Consumption, Circulating Metabolites, and the Risk of Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity.

Cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CM) is an increasing public health concern. Previous observational studies have suggested inverse associations between coffee, tea, and caffeine intake and risks of individual cardiometabolic diseases; however, their associations with CM and related biological markers are unknown. This prospective study involved 172 315 (for caffeine analysis) and 188 091 (tea and coffee analysis) participants free of any cardiometabolic diseases at baseline from the UK Biobank; 168 metabolites were measured among 88 204 and 96 393 participants. CM was defined as the coexistence of at least 2 of the following conditions: type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and stroke. Nonlinear inverse associations of coffee, tea, and caffeine intake with the risk of new-onset CM were observed. Compared with nonconsumers or consumers of less than 100 mg caffeine per day, consumers of moderate amount of coffee (3 drinks/d) or caffeine (200-300 mg/d) had the lowest risk for new-onset CM, with respective hazard ratios (95% CIs) of 0.519 (0.417-0.647) and 0.593 (0.499-0.704). Multistate models revealed that moderate coffee or caffeine intake was inversely associated with risks of almost all developmental stages of CM, including transitions from a disease-free state to single cardiometabolic diseases and subsequently to CM. A total of 80 to 97 metabolites, such as lipid components within very low-density lipoprotein, histidine, and glycoprotein acetyls, were identified to be associated with both coffee, tea, or caffeine intake and incident CM. Habitual coffee or caffeine intake, especially at a moderate level, was associated with a lower risk of new-onset CM and could play important roles in almost all transition phases of CM development. Future studies are warranted to validate the implicated metabolic biomarkers underlying the relation between coffee, tea, and caffeine intake and CM.

Restriction of salt, alcohol and coffee intake and Ménière's disease: insight from Mendelian randomization study.

Restricting salt, caffeine, and alcohol intake is commonly recommended as a first-line treatment for patients with Ménière's disease (MD). However, it remains unclear whether these interventions effectively improve symptoms of MD. Therefore, we conducted a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to evaluate the relationship between these dietary modifications and MD. Summary statistics for salt added to food, alcohol consumption, coffee consumption, and MD were sourced from the United Kingdom Biobank, GSCAN, and the FinnGen study, involving up to 941,280 participants. The main analyses were performed using the random-effects inverse-variance weighted (IVW) approach and were complemented by four additional methods. Multiple sensitivity analyses were performed to validate the findings, and both forward and reverse MR analyses were employed to address potential reverse causality bias. The primary MR results using the IVW method revealed that salt added to food (OR = 0.719, 95% CI: 0.429-1.206; p = 0.211), alcohol consumption (OR = 0.834, 95% CI: 0.427-1.628; p = 0.595), and coffee consumption (OR = 0.852, 95% CI: 0.555-1.306; p = 0.461) were not significantly correlated with MD. In reverse analysis, no evidence of significant effect was found from MD to salt added to food (OR = 1.000, 95% CI: 0.993-1.007; p = 0.957), alcohol consumption (OR = 0.998, 95% CI: 0.987-1.008; p = 0.682), and coffee consumption (OR = 0.998, 95% CI: 0.985-1.011; p = 0.72). This MR analysis did not identify convincing evidence to support the idea that restricting salt, caffeine, and alcohol intake is beneficial for the treatment of MD.

A CNN based model for heart disease detection

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) pose a formidable global health challenge, claiming millions of lives annually. Despite advancements in healthcare, heart disease remains a leading cause of mortality, especially in developing nations. Early detection of cardiac abnormalities through predictive models is crucial for effective intervention. This research leverages machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI), focusing on deep learning, to enhance diagnostic capabilities. Unlike previous studies, this work introduced caffeine as a potential risk factor often overlooked in datasets. The study utilized Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) datasets from Enugu State University Teaching Hospital and Kaggle, comprising 90,500 samples, with specific attention to high caffeine intake cases. Data preprocessing involved resizing, normalization, color adjustments, and augmentation to optimize model training. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture with four convolutional layers was employed for classification. The CNN model achieved a remarkable accuracy of 94% and low loss values, and demonstrated proficiency in categorizing heart MRI data. Ten-fold cross-validation reaffirmed the model's high success rate with an average accuracy of 94.13% and minimal loss function. Comparative analysis showcased the effectiveness of the developed CNN model, outperforming several existing models in heart disease classification.

The risk of insomnia by work schedule instability in Korean firefighters.

Firefighters are exposed to shift work, as well as unpredictable emergency calls and traumatic events, which can lead to sleep problems. This study aimed to investigate the risk of insomnia by work schedule instability in Korean firefighters. This study used the Insomnia Severity Index to assess the insomnia in firefighters. The work schedule stability was classified with the frequency of the substitute work and the timing of notification for work schedule changes. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the adjusted odds ratio of insomnia by work schedule stability with covariates including sex, age, education, smoking, alcohol, caffeine intake, shift type, job, and underlying conditions. Of the 8,587 individuals, 751 (8.75%) had moderate to severe insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index ≥ 15). The prevalence of insomnia was statistically significantly higher as the frequency of substitute work increased: <1 time per month (6.8%), 1-2 times (9.5%), 3-5 times (13.4%), and more than 5 times (15.7%) (p < 0.001). Additionally, the prevalence of insomnia was statistically significantly higher when the timing of the schedule change notification was urgent or irregular: no change or several weeks before (5.4%), several days before (7.9%), one day before or on the day (11.2%), irregularly notification (11.6%) (p < 0.001). In comparison to the group with good frequency of the substitute work/good timing of schedule change notification group, the adjusted odds ratios of insomnia were 1.480 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.237-1.771) for Good/Bad group, 1.862 (95% CI: 1.340-2.588) for Bad/Good group, and 1.885 (95% CI: 1.366-2.602) for Bad/Bad group. Work schedule instability was important risk factor of insomnia in firefighters. It suggests that improving the stability of work schedules could be a key strategy for reducing sleep problems in this occupational group.

Caffeine, but not paracetamol (acetaminophen), enhances muscular endurance, strength, and power.

Caffeine is one of the most popular ergogenic aids consumed by athletes. Caffeine's ergogenic effect has been generally explained by its ability to bind to adenosine receptors, thus modulating pain and reducing perceived exertion. Another pharmacological agent that may improve performance due to its analgesic proprieties is paracetamol. This study aimed to explore the effects of caffeine, paracetamol, and caffeine + paracetamol consumption on muscular endurance, strength, power, anaerobic endurance, and jumping performance. In this randomized, crossover, double-blind study, 29 resistance-trained participants (11 men and 18 women) ingested either a placebo, caffeine (3 mg/kg), paracetamol (1500 mg) or caffeine + paracetamol 45 min before the testing sessions. The testing sessions included performing the bench press exercise with 75% of one-repetition maximum to momentary muscular failure, isokinetic knee extension and flexion at angular velocities of 60°/sec and 180°/sec, Wingate, and countermovement jump (CMJ) tests. Compared to placebo, isolated caffeine ingestion increased the number of repetitions performed in the bench press (p = 0.005; d = 0.42). Compared to placebo, isolated caffeine ingestion and/or caffeine + paracetamol consumption was ergogenic for strength (torque), muscular endurance (total work), or power in the isokinetic assessment, particularly at slower angular velocities (p = 0.027 to 0.002; d = 0.16 to 0.26). No significant differences between the conditions were observed for outcomes related to the Wingate and CMJ tests. This study provided novel evidence into the effectiveness of caffeine, paracetamol, and their combination on exercise performance. We found improvements in muscular endurance, strength, or power only when caffeine was consumed in isolation, or in combination with paracetamol. Isolated paracetamol consumption did not improve performance for any of the analyzed outcomes, thus calling into question its ergogenic potential.

Acute caffeine administration impaired spatial working memory in habitual coffee/tea drinkers: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study

BackgroundAlthough coffee consumption is widespread worldwide, a recent study showed that acute intake of caffeine negatively affects working memory (WM) performance on n-back tasks among habitual caffeine consumers. However, there is a scarcity of double-blind, placebo-controlled studies that assess the spatial WM (SWM) effects of caffeine using spatial span tasks. Therefore, the present study aimed examine the effects of acute caffeine administration (200 mg, PO) on SWM and verbal WM (VWM) among habitual caffeine consumers. MethodsThe effects of caffeine on working memory (WM) was evaluated through the administration of backward digit span and spatial span tasks under a delay-dependent condition (0, 4, 8, and 6 s) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 18 healthy participants. This data is derived from our previous published study. The total scores obtained and the maximum scores achieved were the primary outcome variables of the study. ResultsCaffeine had a significant impact on SWM (maximum obtained, p = 0.013; for total scored, p = 0.007) in a delay-independent manner. However, there were no significant main effects of caffeine on VWM (p = 0.82 for maximum obtained, p = 0.56 for total scored). ConclusionOverall, the present findings contradict the commonly held belief that caffeine improves cognitive performance and suggest that acute administration of caffeine may impair SWM in habitual coffee/tea drinkers. Clinical Trial Registration NumberCT-2018-CTN-02561 (Therapeutic Goods Administration Clinical Trial Registry) and ACTRN12618001292268 (The Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry)

How is variability in physiological responses to social stress related to punishment and reward sensitivities? Preliminary findings from the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality perspective

ABSTRACT Objective: Although personality traits are assumed to have biological/physiological foundations, research has yielded mixed evidence regarding the relationship between personality and physiological stress responses. Moreover, the field has often overlooked the contemporary neuroscience-based personality approach, known as the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) of Personality, in stress research. Method: The present study examined the relationship between the revised RST's personality dimensions and heart rate and skin conductance level (SCL) in response to the Trier Social Stress Test in a sample of 61 healthy university students. Results: Piecewise latent growth curve analysis controlling for the participants’ current life stress, smoking use, and caffeine intake revealed that individuals with higher behavioral inhibition exhibited higher physiological reactivity, whereas those with high reward sensitivity showed smaller heart rate reactivity. The behavioral disengagement facet of the behavioral inhibition scale was associated with reduced sympathetic arousal during the stress task. Additionally, reward interest was associated with a larger recovery of SCL. Conclusion: Results were generally in line with the revised theory. The study findings were discussed within the paradigm of the approach-avoidance conflict and highlighted the importance of reward sensitivity in stress resilience.

Nutritional habits of professional team sport athletes: An insight into the carbohydrate, fluid, and caffeine habits of English Premier League football players during match play

ABSTRACT To better understand the in-match fuelling practices of elite football players and compare against current guidelines, we quantified the carbohydrate, fluid, and caffeine intake of players from an English Premier League club (n = 22) during 90 min of competitive match-play. Mean carbohydrate intake across match-play was 17 ± 11 g.h−1 with players demonstrating a preference towards CHO-containing fluids (58%) when compared with semi-solids (38%) and solids (14%), respectively. CHO intake was significantly lower than reported by players (17 ± 11 vs 24.8 ± 11 g.h−1, p < 0.001) during initial consultation. Fluid was ingested at a rate of 0.45 ± 0.14 L.h−1, with 54, 40 and 6% of ingested fluid coming from water, carbohydrate, and electrolyte-only solutions, respectively. The majority of players (91%) met the UEFA guidelines for fluid consumption. Of the players who consumed caffeine across match-play (55%) the average dose was 233 ± 148 mg (2.8 ± 1.1 mg.kg−1 body mass [BM]), which meets the UEFA consensus guidelines for caffeine intake. Caffeine capsules (42%) and caffeine containing fluids (30%) were the preferred format prior to the warm-up whilst caffeine gum was exclusively used prior to kick-off and during the half-time period (100%). We conclude that 81% of the total playing squad failed to meet the current UEFA CHO intake recommendations of 30–60 g.h−1, which may be attributed to the preference towards fluid-based CHOs as the chosen format of delivery.

Associations between hypercaloric diet and caffeine intake and their implications on pregnancy outcomes in a murine model

Associations between hypercaloric diet and caffeine intake and their implications on pregnancy outcomes in a murine model

Caffeine consumption of medical students in Korea: amount and symptoms based on a 2023 survey.

To investigate the form and level of daily caffeine intake recommended above 400 mg in medical students expected to consume caffeinated beverages to enhance their performance. From May to June 2023, freshman through senior medical students at a medical school in Korea were administered a seven-item questionnaire designed to measure the amount of caffeine-containing foods consumed, the weekly interval between consumption, the reason for consumption, and the level of caffeine-induced symptoms experienced. Out of 443 students, 361 responded (81.5%). The most commonly consumed caffeine beverages were coffee (79.2%), followed by soda (33.2%), tea (27.4%), chocolate (25.2%), and energy drinks (20.5%). The estimated (average±standard deviation) daily intake was estimated to 274.6±276.5 mg, and they consumed caffeine on an average of 4.25±2.26 days per week. Students who consumed 400 mg or more of caffeine daily consumed 19.9%. The primary motivation for caffeine intake was "to improve academic performance" (60.9%) and "preferred food" (51.8%). Among the responders, 98% of them replied they had symptoms that could be caused by caffeine, in order of palpitations (47.4%), frequent urination (42.9%), anxiety (27.1%), indigestion (17.5%), and excitement (17.5%). A total of 45.7% reported two symptoms, and 24.7% reported three or more. Caffeinated beverage consumption was routine among current medical students, with 20% consuming more than the recommended daily amount. Most students experienced at least one caffeine-induced symptom, with two symptoms in half, suggesting the need for policy measures and warnings about caffeine-containing foods.

AN IN VITRO EVALUATION OF ANTI-UROLITHIASIS POTENTIAL OF SIDDHA FORMULATION SAGALANOI CHOORANAM USING STRUVITE CRYSTAL GROWTH INHIBITION ASSAY

Renal calculus is a rising concern, with a prevalence of 12% across the world and 12% in India, which is around 2 million people affected by Urolithiasis. The rise in the ratio has been correlated to genetic predisposition, working in high temperatures, high caffeine intake, lack of physical activity, and groundwater consumption. Yet the major risk factor is a diet that consists of excess animal proteins, which reduces urinary PH and citrate excretion, leading to the formation of Renal calculi. The main aim of this article is to evaluate the anti-urolithiatic potential of a polyherbal Siddha formulation Sagalanoi chooranam obtained from the classical Siddha text Brahmamuni Karukidai Soothiram 380. From the results, it was concluded that the drug has a high potential as an alternative for the management of renal calculus in Siddha. The ingredients efficiently manage renal calculus due to their potent anti-urolithiasis activity, diuretic and anti-inflammatory activity as cited in modern research articles and by mitigating azhal and Vata humour as mentioned in classical Siddha texts. The effect of Sagalanoi chooranam on struvite crystal growth inhibition assay through a significant reduction in the crystal size further validates the drug's efficiency in managing Renal calculus. In such a scenario, the Siddha drug Sagalanoi chooranam can be used as an individual drug or alongside Biomedicine in the management of Renal calculi.

Caffeine intake and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents in the United States.

In adults, caffeine has protective effects against kidney dysfunction and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) but increases the risk of acute blood pressure (BP) elevation and dyslipidemia. These relationships are unclear in adolescents. This study aimed to determine the association between caffeine intake and markers of childhood cardiometabolic risk, hypothesizing that higher caffeine intake would be associated with elevated BP and dyslipidemia but improved kidney function and insulin sensitivity. Adolescents ages 13-17 who participated in the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2018 and completed 24-h dietary recalls were included. Logistic and linear regression models were used to analyze cross-sectional associations between caffeine and cardiometabolic risk factors. The mean participant age was 15.0 years, with a sex distribution of 49.9% male and 50.1% female. In fully adjusted regression models, higher caffeine intake was not associated with any changes in BP (OR = 0.78, 95%CI [0.52,1.16], p = 0.21), dyslipidemia (OR = 0.91, 95%CI [0.65,1.27], p = 0.57), glomerular hyperfiltration (OR = 1.01, 95%CI [0.60,1.71], p = 0.96), albuminuria (OR = 0.94, 95%CI [0.45,1.98], p = 0.87), or insulin resistance (OR = 1.15, 95%CI [0.85,1.56], p = 0.36). Contrary to its cardiometabolic effects in adults, caffeine intake was not associated with an increased or reduced risk of kidney dysfunction, T2DM, hypertension, or dyslipidemia in adolescents. Although the effects of caffeine intake on cardiometabolic risk have been well defined in adults, data exploring its impact on adolescent cardiovascular and metabolic function is limited. The goal of this study was to understand the relationship between caffeine intake and markers of childhood cardiometabolic risk. Unlike its established effects in adults, caffeine consumption showed no association with markers of cardiometabolic disease, such as kidney dysfunction, type 2 diabetes mellitus, blood pressure, dyslipidemia, or hyperuricemia in adolescents. These findings offer novel insight into the effects of caffeine on cardiometabolic function in adolescents, which may guide clinical recommendations for at-risk patients.

Impact of CYP1A2 Genotypes on the Ergogenic Effects and Subjective Mood States of Caffeine Ingestion in Resistance-Trained Women.

Caffeine's metabolism is determined by CYP1A2 genotypes: AC/CC (SLOW) and AA (FAST). This trial evaluated CYP1A2 genotypes' impact on exercise and cognitive effects in 36 resistance-trained females assessed under placebo (PL) and caffeine (6 mg/kg bw anhydrous caffeine-CAF) conditions, before ingestion and throughout the session. 23andMe® (San Francisco, CA, USA) determined genotypes using saliva. Data were analyzed using two-way RMANOVA and paired-samples t-tests (p < 0.05). A significant main effect for genotype existed for leg press repetitions to failure (RTF) for CAF (p = 0.038), with the FAST group performing more repetitions than the SLOW (p = 0.027). There was a significant condition x genotype interaction for the subjective outcome index score (p = 0.045), with significant differences for time (p < 0.01) and between genotype (p < 0.001). Follow-up analysis revealed a higher total score (p = 0.028) following CAF for the FAST group and a lower total score (p < 0.01) in the SLOW group. Dizziness was reported following CAF in the SLOW group (p = 0.014; Cohen's d = 0.725). Aside from leg press RTF, subjective outcome index score, and dizziness, the genotype groups experienced similar responses to resistance exercise performance and subjective mood states following caffeine ingestion.

Subclinical brain manifestations of repeated mild traumatic brain injury are changed by chronic exposure to sleep loss, caffeine, and sleep aids

IntroductionAfter mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), the brain is labile for weeks and months and vulnerable to repeated concussions. During this time, patients are exposed to everyday circumstances that, in themselves, affect brain metabolism and blood flow and neural processing. How commonplace activities interact with the injured brain is unknown. The present study in an animal model investigated the extent to which three commonly experienced exposures—daily caffeine usage, chronic sleep loss, and chronic sleep aid medication—affect the injured brain in the chronic phase. MethodsSubclinical trauma by repeated mTBIs was produced by our head rotational acceleration injury model, which causes brain injury consistent with the mechanism of concussion in humans. Forty-eight hours after a third mTBI, chronic administrations of caffeine, sleep restriction, or zolpidem (sedative hypnotic) began and were continued for 70 days. On Days 30 and 60 post injury, resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were performed. ResultsChronic caffeine, sleep restriction, and zolpidem each changed the subclinical brain characteristics of mTBI at both 30 and 60 days post injury, detected by different MRI modalities. Each treatment caused microstructural alterations in DTI metrics in the insular cortex and retrosplenial cortex compared with mTBI, but also uniquely affected other gray and white matter regions. Zolpidem administration affected the largest number of individual structures in mTBI at both 30 and 60 days, and not necessarily toward normalization (sham treatment). Chronic sleep restriction changed local functional connectivity at 30 days in diametrical opposition to chronic caffeine ingestion, and both treatment outcomes were different from sham, mTBI-only and zolpidem comparisons. The results indicate that commonly encountered exposures modify subclinical brain activity and structure long after healing is expected to be complete. ConclusionsChanges in activity and structure detected by fMRI are widely understood to reflect changes in the functions of the affected region which conceivably underlie mTBI neuropathology and symptomatology in the chronic phase after injury.

The association between caffeine intake and BMI

Caffeine, a widely consumed psychoactive substance, has attracted interest because of its potential effects on body weight. This study examines the relationship between caffeine intake and Body Mass Index (BMI) across genders and obesity subgroups using data of 4,937 adult participants from the NHANES examination. The findings indicate that there is a significant positive correlation between caffeine intake and BMI in both male and female groups respectively. This suggests that higher caffeine consumption is associated with increased BMI. The association remains consistent within the normal BMI range but becomes less pronounced among individuals classified as obese. However, due to the limitations of the cross-sectional design and the exclusion of certain variables, this model still needs to be further refinement. This study highlights needs for further research into the association between caffeine consumption and body weight, with relevant implications for individuals and the health and wellness industry.

Association of sociodemographic and lifestyle factors and dietary intake with overweight and obesity among U.S. children: findings from NHANES

Childhood overweight/obesity is a serious problem that has not been adequately addressed. As a key factor affecting weight gain, the association between dietary intake with childhood overweight and obesity is still unclear. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between sociodemographic, lifestyle factors and dietary intake with overweight or obesity. We used data from a large cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The U.S. children aged 6–15 years with both weight data and dietary data were included. For univariate analysis of sociodemographic data, t tests was performed for continuous variables and chi-square tests was performed for discrete variables. Dietary intakes were described by median and quartile, and differences in dietary intake between children with normal weight and children with overweight or obesity were compared by rank sum tests. A modern statistical shrinkage technique, LASSO regression was used to examine the association between dietary intake and childhood obesity. Our study confirms that Hispanic ethnicity, increasing age, passive exposure to smoking, higher protein intake, and higher caffeine intake were positively associated with child overweight or obesity. Additionally, non-Hispanic White race, higher physical activity levels, higher household income, and higher vitamin A intake were negatively associated with child overweight or obesity.

Association between coffee intake and skeletal muscle mass among U.S. adults: a population-based study.

A limited number of studies have reported that the possible effects of coffee intake on skeletal muscle mass, but the results have been inconsistently conclusive and there are no large sample studies concerning the U.S. population. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to explore the connection between coffee consumption and skeletal muscle mass in U.S. adults. The population for this cross-sectional study was drawn from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2018. Appendicular lean mass was accurately obtained from DXA, and skeletal muscle mass was assessed using appendicular skeletal muscle mass adjusted for body mass index (ASMBMI). Coffee and caffeine consumptions were obtained on a 24-h dietary recall questionnaire. Furthermore, the associations between coffee and caffeine intake and skeletal muscle mass were evaluated using three multiple linear regression models and smoothed curve fitting. Subgroup analyses based on age, gender, ethnicity and body mass index (BMI) were performed to assess the robustness of these relationships. This cross-sectional survey included a total of 8,333 participants. After adjusting for all covariates, higher intake of coffee, caffeinated coffee, and caffeine was associated with elevated ASMBMI (coffee: β = 0.01, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.02, P-value < 0.001; caffeinated coffee: β = 0.01, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.02, P-value < 0.001; caffeine: β = 0.02, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.04, P-value < 0.001). Meanwhile, smoothed curve fitting showed that coffee, caffeinated coffee, and caffeine intake were linearly and positively associated with ASMBMI. After further stratification by sex, age, and ethnicity, the positive relationships between coffee (especially caffeinated coffee) and caffeine intake and ASMBMI were not modified (P for interaction > 0.05). However, these relationships disappeared when the BMI over 30 kg/m2. In general, consumption of coffee and caffeine is positively associated with skeletal muscle mass. Therefore, an appropriate increase in coffee and caffeine intake may be advocated in populations at high risk for low skeletal muscle mass.