Silage Intake Research Articles

Avaliação de indicadores em estudos com ruminantes: estimativa de consumos de concentrado e de silagem de milho por vacas em lactação

Dois trabalhos foram conduzidos para estimativa do consumo individual de vacas em lactação alimentadas em grupo. No primeiro, para validar a metodologia, foram utilizadas oito vacas, alojadas em baias individuais recebendo silagem de milho e 4 kg de concentrado. Dois indicadores externos (óxido crômico e dióxido de titânio) foram avaliados para estimativa do consumo individual de concentrado. A fibra em detergente ácido indigestível (FDAi) foi utilizada para estimativa do consumo de silagem. A produção de matéria seca fecal (PMSF) foi determinada pela coleta total de fezes e estimada pelo LIPE®. Tanto o óxido crômico quanto o dióxido de titânio permitiram estimar com eficiência o consumo de concentrado, independentemente do método para estimativa da PMSF. A FDAi estimou de forma satisfatória o consumo de silagem de milho. No segundo experimento, foram utilizadas 31 vacas, distribuídas em três grupos de alimentação, alojadas em estábulo tipo free stall e alimentadas com silagem de milho e concentrado de acordo com a produção de leite (8,0; 5,5 e 4 kg, para os grupos 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente). Não houve diferença entre o óxido crômico e o dióxido de titânio no consumo de MS do concentrado, que foi muito próximo da quantidade média fornecida por vaca/dia (6,99 vs 7,12; 4,81 vs 4,96 e 3,49 vs 3,52 kg/vaca/dia). Verificou-se grande variação individual no consumo de concentrado, silagem e matéria seca total, independentemente do grupo de alimentação. Não foi verificada relação entre o consumo de matéria seca, a produção de leite e o peso metabólico dos animais. O óxido crômico e o dióxido de titânio podem ser usados para estimativa do consumo individual de concentrado e a FDAi é adequada para estimativa do consumo de silagem de milho por vacas em lactação alimentadas em grupo.

Effects of Non-ionic Surfactant Supplementation on Ruminal Fermentation, Nutrient Digestibility and Performance of Beef Steers Fed High-roughage Diets

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of non-ionic surfactant (NIS) supplementation on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and performance of beef steers fed high-roughage diets. The objective of experiment 1 was to investigate the effects of NIS supplementation on in vitro ruminal fermentation of cultures administered with corn and barley as grain substrate and rice straw and timothy hay as roughage substrate. The in vivo ruminal fermentation, nitrogen balance and digestibility of nutrients were also examined with steers fed a high-roughage diet in experiment 2. The aim of experiment 3 was to determine the responses to NIS of growing steers fed a high-roughage diet. In experiment 1, ammonia nitrogen concentration for NIS supplementation was higher (p<0.05) than for the control with all substrates. However, concentrations of total volatile fatty acid (VFA), acetate, butyrate and valerate of the incubated roughage substrates, rice straw and timothy hay, were higher (p<0.05) for NIS supplementation than for the control whereas VFA concentrations in the cultures of corn and barley were unaffected. These results indicated that effects of NIS on ruminal fermentation are diet dependent, specifically on roughage sources. In experiment 2, ruminal pH of steers supplemented with NIS was lower (p<0.05) than the control. Ruminal concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, acetate, total VFA and urinary concentrations of purine derivatives were increased (p<0.05) by NIS supplementation. In experiment 3, supplementation of NIS increased (p<0.05) intakes of total feed and corn silage, average daily gain, and feed efficiency of growing steers although they varied depending on supplementation level. Due to the roughage-specific feature of NIS effects, NIS appears to enhance ruminal fermentation of fibrous parts of feeds and, consequently, performance of steers fed a high-roughage diet.

Caractéristiques fermentaires, ingestion volontaire et digestibilité de l’ensilage de Pennisetum King Grass chez le mouton djallonké

A study was carried out on fermentable properties, voluntary intake and digestibility of Pennisetum King Grass silage fed to djallonke sheep. The silage had a pH of 3.8 and the main fermentation end products was 2.8% of total-N for the ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3), 19.6 g/Kg DM of acetic acid and 22.0 g/Kg DM of ethanol. Dried matter intake was 60.42gDM/Kg0.75 per day and digestibility showed no significant differences for dried matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude fiber (CF) and ether extract (EE). Digestibility was significantly lower (P

Perdas fermentativas, composição química, estabilidade aeróbia e digestibilidade aparente de silagem de cana-de-açúcar com aditivos químico e microbiano

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da adição de cal virgem e Lactobacillus buchneri em perdas fermentativas, valor nutritivo, estabilidade aeróbia e digestibilidade aparente da silagem de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum). O primeiro experimento avaliou perdas fermentativas, pH e temperatura, composição química e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca de silagens de cana-de-açúcar, com adição ou sem adição de cal ou de inoculante bacteriano (L. buchneri); o segundo avaliou o consumo de matéria seca e a digestibilidade aparente da cana-de-açúcar ensilada com os mesmos aditivos para cordeiros. Os aditivos não reduziram as perdas na ensilagem, e silagens com cal apresentaram maiores perdas por efluentes. O consumo de matéria seca da silagem com inoculante foi inferior ao da silagem com cal ou ao da cana-de-açúcar in natura. A digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca da silagem com cal foi inferior à da cana-de-açúcar in natura e à da silagem com inoculante. A digestibilidade aparente do extrato etéreo das silagens com cal foi superior à da cana-de-açúcar in natura. Os valores de nutrientes digestíveis totais da cana-de-açúcar in natura ou ensilada com inoculante ou cal foram de 61,2, 54,1 e 51,7%, respectivamente. Independentemente do aditivo, a ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar resulta em perda de nutrientes e redução de digestibilidade.

Potentials to differentiate milk composition by different feeding strategies

To investigate the effect of the dietary intake of the cow on milk composition, bulk-tank milk was collected on 5 occasions from conventional (n=15) and organic (n=10) farms in Denmark and on 4 occasions from low-input nonorganic farms in the United Kingdom, along with management and production parameters. Production of milk based on feeding a high intake of cereals, pasture, and grass silage resulted in milk with a high concentration of α-linolenic acid (9.4±0.2 mg/kg of fatty acids), polyunsaturated fatty acids (3.66±0.07 mg/kg of fatty acids), and natural stereoisomer of α-tocopherol (RRR-α-tocopherol, 18.6±0.5 mg/kg of milk fat). A milk production system using a high proportion of maize silage, by-products, and commercial concentrate mix was associated with milk with high concentrations of linoleic acid (LA; 19.7±0.4 g/kg of fatty acids), monounsaturated fatty acids (27.5±0.3 mg/kg of fatty acids), and a high ratio between LA and α-linolenic acid (4.7±0.2). Comparing these 2 production systems with a very extensive nonorganic milk production system relying on pasture as almost the sole feed (95±4% dry matter intake), it was found that the concentrations of conjugated LA (cis-9,trans-11; 17.5±0.7 g/kg of fatty acids), trans-11-vaccenic acid (37±2 g/kg of fatty acids), and monounsaturated fatty acids (30.4±0.6 g/kg of fatty acids) were higher in the extensively produced milk together with the concentration of antioxidants; total α-tocopherol (32.0±0.8 mg/kg of milk fat), RRR-α-tocopherol (30.2±0.8 mg/kg of milk fat), and β-carotene (9.3±0.5 mg/kg of milk fat) compared with the organic and conventional milk. Moreover, the concentration of LA (9.2±0.7 g/kg of fatty acids) in milk from the extensive milk production system was found to approach the recommended unity ratio between n-6 and n-3, although extensive milk production also resulted in a lower daily milk yield.

Preweaning performance and body composition of calves from straightbred Nellore and Bos taurus × Nellore crosses1

The objectives were to evaluate preweaning performance, body composition, and efficiency of calves representing straightbred Nellore (NL), F(1), and 3-breed-cross systems. Energy requirements, milk production, and efficiency of 39 cow-calf pairs were recorded from straightbred NL calves from NL cows (10), crossbred (Angus-sired) calves from NL cows (ANL: 9), and crossbred calves (CC; Canchim-sired: 5/8 Charolais, 3/8 Zebu) from ANL (10) and Simmental x NL (10) cows. Cows and their respective calves were individually fed from birth to weaning (17 to 190 d postpartum). At 38 d of age, corn silage (7.8% CP, 2.19 Mcal of ME/kg of DM) was available to calves ad libitum. Milk production at 42, 98, 126, and 180 d postpartum was recorded by weighing calves before and after suckling. The ratio between GE and ME of milk was considered 1:0.93. Calves were slaughtered at weaning and the 9th-, 10th-, and 11th-rib section was removed for body composition estimation. The ANL calves were lighter (P < 0.01) at birth than the CC calves; the NL calves were intermediate. At weaning, the CC calves were heavier (P = 0.04) than the NL and ANL calves (230 +/- 5.5 vs. 172 +/- 8.1 and 209 +/- 8.6 kg, respectively). The ANL calves had greater (371 +/- 27 Mcal; P = 0.01) silage intake than the NL (270 +/- 25 Mcal) and CC (279 +/- 17 Mcal) calves. Milk energy intake was greater for the CC calves (970 +/- 38 Mcal of ME; P = 0.005) than the NL (670 +/- 57 Mcal of ME) and ANL (743 +/- 61 Mcal of ME) calves. The ANL calves compensated for the reduced milk production of the NL cows, which supplied less of their energy requirement for growth by increased silage intake. Calves from crossbred cows received a greater proportion of their total energy intake from milk. Crossbred calves had greater (P < 0.03) retained energy (retained energy = weaning body energy - birth body energy) than the NL calves (388 +/- 23 for ANL, and 438 +/- 15 for CC vs. 312 +/- 22 Mcal for NL calves). Percentages of water (P = 0.74) and chemical fat (P = 0.51) were similar among groups (63.7 +/- 0.6 and 14.3 +/- 0.7% for ANL calves, 63.1 +/- 0.4 and 14.7 +/- 0.5% for CC calves, and 63.3 +/- 0.6 and 13.7 +/- 0.7% of empty BW for water and chemical fat, respectively, for NL calves). Energetic efficiency (kcal of retained energy/Mcal of ME intake) was similar (P = 0.52) among groups (358 +/- 22 for ANL calves, 355 +/- 14 for CC calves, and 327 +/- 22 for NL calves). The greater BW gains and the differences in empty body composition at weaning were not enough to compensate for the greater ME intake of crossbreds. In this study, the crossbreeding systems evaluated increased preweaning calf performance but did not affect gross or energetic calf efficiency.

Effects of shearing at housing, grass silage feed value and extended grazing herbage allowance on ewe and subsequent lamb performance

The study involved 120 crossbred ewes (sixty 1.5 years old animals and sixty 2.5 years old animals; initial liveweight 67.6 kg, condition score 3.7), that were mated in October. They were assigned to six treatments (two shearing treatments (shorn and unshorn) × two silage feed values (low and medium) and two extended grazed herbage allowances (1.0 and 1.8 kg dry matter (DM)/day)) designed to evaluate the effects of shearing at housing, grass silage feed value and extended-grazed herbage allowance on their performance and the performance of their progeny. Swards, which had silage harvested on 6 September, received fertiliser N (34 kg/ha) for extended (deferred) grazing between 19 December and lambing in mid-March. The herbage was allocated at DM allowances of 1.0 or 1.8 kg/ewe daily until 1 February. For the final 6 weeks of pregnancy, daily herbage DM allowances were 1.5, 1.6, 2.0, 2.0 and 2.0 kg for weeks 6, 5, 4, 3 and 2 to parturition, respectively. Two grass silages (low and medium feed value) were offered from housing on 19 December to lambing in mid-March. At housing, half the ewes were shorn whilst the remainder remained unshorn. Each ewe received 23.4 kg concentrate prior to lambing. For the extended-grazed herbage and the low and medium feed-value silages, DM concentrations were 132, 225 and 265 g/kg, and metabolisable energy (ME) concentrations were 10.0, 10.0 and 10.7 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Treatment did not alter (P > 0.05) litter size or number reared. Grass silage feed value did not significantly alter silage DM intake, or ewe and subsequent lamb performance. Increasing herbage allowance in mid-pregnancy decreased herbage utilisation (P < 0.05) and increased herbage intake (P < 0.05). Shearing increased silage intake (P < 0.05), lamb birth weight (P < 0.01) and tended to increase lamb weaning weight (P = 0.07). Relative to the housed shorn ewes, extended grazing did not alter (P > 0.05) ewe or subsequent lamb performance. It is concluded that shearing ewes at housing increased lamb birth weight due to increased silage intake probably associated with cold stress immediately post shearing and reduced heat stress in late pregnancy. Based on differences in lamb weight at weaning 0.8 kg of grass silage DM intake had the same feed value as a daily extended herbage DM allowance of 1.8 kg per ewe throughout the study. Neither silage feed value nor herbage allowance in mid-pregnancy affected lamb birth weight or subsequent growth rate.

Replacing grass silage with pea-barley intercrop silage in the feeding of the dairy cow

The effect of replacing wilted grass silage (GS) with pea-barley intercrop silage (PBS) on feed intake, diet digestibility and milk production was studied with 8 multiparous Ayrshire-cows in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experiment. Proportion of PBS was 0 (PBS0), 33 (PBS33), 67 (PBS67) or 100 (PBS100) % of silage dry matter (DM). The DM content was 559 and 255 g kg-1 for GS and PBS. Crude protein content was 131 and 170 g kg-1 DM, respectively. Pea-barley silage was more extensively fermented than GS with total fermentation acid content of 120 vs. 12 g kg-1 DM. Silage was fed for ad libitum intake and supplemented with on the average 13 kg concentrate per day. Silage DM intake was 9.2 (PBS0), 9.7 (PBS33), 9.0 (PBS67) and 7.1 (PBS100) kg per day (Pquadr. &lt; 0.05). The energy corrected milk yield [30.3 (PBS0), 29.8 (PBS33), 30.3 (PBS67), 31.3 (PBS100) kg per day] was not significantly affected by the treatment. Milk protein concentration decreased linearly (P &lt; 0.05) in response to feeding PBS. It is concluded that PBS can replace up to two thirds of wilted, moderate quality GS in the feeding of dairy cows because in this experiment pure pea-barley silage reduced silage intake.

Breed variation in the chemical and fatty acid compositions of the Longissimus dorsi muscle in Czech Fleckvieh and Montbeliarde cattle

The aim of the experiment was to define the effect of cattle breed on chemical composition and fatty acid profile in intramuscular fat of Longissimus dorsi muscle of Montbeliarde (M) bulls and Czech Fleckvieh (CF) bulls fattened up to the same live weight and/or age. The pure-bred CF bulls (n = 20) and M bulls (n = 10) were divided into three groups: CF bulls — age (n = 10) fattened up to the age of 572 days; CF bulls — weight (n = 10) fattened up to the live weight of 706 kg and Montbeliarde bulls (n = 10) fattened up to the age of 572 days with live weight of 707 kg. All the bulls were loose-housed in pens with slatted floors from the age of 6 months (after a two-month preparation period) till slaughter and fed an identical feed ration (ad libitum intake of maize silage and a limited amount of concentrate). In both groups of CF bulls the content of C14:0, C14:1, C16:0 and C16:1 was significantly higher and C18:0 and C20:0 content was significantly lower compared to M bulls. However, the overall content of SFA, MUFA and PUFA was not significantly affected by breed. The values of Δ 9-desaturase (16) index were significantly higher in CF bulls than in M bulls. The chemical composition of the Longissimus dorsi muscle was not affected by breed.

고온기에 있어서 중조와 Vitamin 급여가 착유우의 산유량 및 유조성분 변화에 미치는 효과

Sixteen multiparous lactating Holstein cows were used to compare effects of supplementing 1) no additive (Control), 2) 1.2% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3); 3) niacin (80 g/d), 4) vitamin A+E (140,000 IU + 1000 IU) on feed intake, milk production, milk composition and somatic cell counts during the summer months. Insofar as possible, treatment groups were balanced for lactation number and days in milk. Cows were fed a diet of 9.1 kg DM of concentrate and 10.2 kg DM of corn silage. Daily maximum air temperature in free stall barn was 35 for 3 days of the pretreatment periods and decreased gradually up to 27 during the treatment periods of 15days. Dry matter intake of corn silage was higher (p<0.05) for cows consuming NaHCO3 than those not consuming NaHCO3. Daily milk production for niacin and vitamin A+E supplementations resulted in significant (p<0.001) increase in milk production from 3 day of trials than control and NaHCO3. Milk fat percentage tended (p=0.09) to increase and milk lactose percentage was increased significantly (p<0.001) for cows supplemented with NaHCO3, niacin and vitamin A+E. Milk protein percentages was higher significantly (p<0.05) with supplemental niacin and somatic cell counts was higher significantly (p<0.001) with supplemental vitamin A+E. These data strongly suggest that supplementation of NaHCO3, niacin or vitamin A+E should be increased for improving milk production and mammary gland health of dairy cows under heat stress.

Voluntary intake and diet selection by dairy heifers fed ensiled whole-crop barley and oats harvested at different stages of maturity

This study evaluated feed intake and diet selection of dairy heifers fed whole-crop cereal silage made from oats and six-rowed barley harvested at the heading, early milk and early dough stages, and two-rowed barley harvested at the early milk and early dough stages of maturity. The silages were fed ad libitum to 32 Swedish Red dairy heifers, during three 17-day periods. The oat silage harvested at the early dough stage resulted in a higher dry-matter intake (DMI; 1.92 kg/100 kg live weight (LW)) and a higher organic matter intake (OMI; 1.73 kg/100 kg LW) than the oat silage harvested at the heading stage (DMI = 1.57 kg/100 kg LW; OMI = 1.37 kg/100 kg LW). The DMI, OMI and NDFI of six-rowed barley silage were higher when harvested at the heading stage (2.08, 1.80 and 1.06 kg/100 kg LW) than when harvested at the early milk (1.74, 1.48 and 0.76 kg/100 kg LW) and early dough stages (1.62, 1.46 and 0.70 kg/100 kg LW). The DMI, OMI and NDFI were higher for six-rowed barley than for oat silage harvested at heading, whereas feeding oat silage resulted in a higher NDFI than six-rowed barley silage when harvested at the early dough stage. Reduced intake of barley silage harvested at the early dough stage probably was due to the presence of barbed awns, whilst reduced intake of the early harvested oat silage was most likely due to a low DM content and a high content of fermentation products. When fed oat or two-rowed barley silage harvested at the early dough stage, the heifers selected fractions low in NDF. This indicates that heifers are likely to feed selectively when fed whole-crop cereal silages prepared from crops harvested at the early dough stage.

Silage from maize (Zea mays), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) or their mixture in the dry season feeding of grazing dairy cows in small-scale dairy production systems in the Highlands of Mexico

Small-scale dairy systems based on grazing have dry-season herbage shortages. A repeated 3 x 3 Latin Square experiment evaluated grazing with silage from maize (MS), annual ryegrass (ARG) or a mixture (MIX) with 9 cows with 3 week periods; continuously grazed at 3.6 cows/ha with 3.6 kg DM/day of concentrate. Treatments were 7 kg DM of MS, ARG or a 2 MS:1 ARG mixture. Milk yield (MY), milk composition, live-weight, body condition, silage and concentrate intake were recorded. Herbage DM intake was estimated indirectly. Activity budgets were done for economic analysis. MY on MS (21.5 kg/cow/d) was 0.06 higher than on ARG (P < 0.09) with no differences on MIX. There were no differences for milk fat, milk protein, or body condition score. Live-weight on ARG was higher (P < 0.01) than on MS or MIX. Silage intake was higher (P < 0.01) on ARG and MS than on MIX. Herbage intake was lower (P < 0.05) on MS, compared with MIX and ARG. Total DM intake on ARG was higher than MS (P < 0.01), and MIX in between. MS resulted in 0.12 higher economic returns over ARG which had highest costs. Annual ryegrass may have a place in small-scale systems, but not as silage due to higher costs.

Effect of aerobic exposure after silo opening on feed intake and digestibility of total mixed ration silage containing wet brewers grains or soybean curd residue

Effect of aerobic exposure after silo opening on feed intake and digestibility of total mixed ration silage containing wet brewers grains or soybean curd residue

당밀 첨가가 소청룡탕박 사일리지의 품질에 미치는 영향

ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to investigate effects of molasses addition to silage materials in ensiling Socheongryongtang meal on the nutritive quality of silage, palatability and various ruminal parameters in Korean native goats. In Experiment 1, Socheongryongtang meal silage was produced by the addition of 0, 0.5, or 1.0% molasses and stored for 40 days at room temperature. There were three replicates per treatment. Lactic acid contents of Socheongryongtang meal silage containing molasses (0.5 and 1.0%) were significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the control (0%). However, the pH and butyric acid contents of Socheongryongtang meal silage containing molasses (0.5 and 1.0%) were lower than those of the control (0%). In addition, molasses (0.5 and 1.0%) increased the number of lactobacillus , but decreased the number of fungi in Socheongryongtang meal silage. In vitro dry matter disappearance tended to increase by molasses addition. In Experiment 2, three 1.5-yr-old Korean native female goats were employed in cross-over design to measure the palatability and various ruminal parameters of Socheongryongtang meal silage. Feed intake of Socheongryongtang meal silage containing molasses (0.5 and 1.0%) for 30 min significantly higher than that of control (0%). Silmilar trend was found when the feed intake was measured for 6 hr. In various ruminal parameters, molasses addition to silage materials increased propionic acid (P) and total volatile fatty acid contents, but decreased pH, acetic acid (A), and butyric acid. The A/P ratio was the lowest in 1.0% molasses treatment group. It is concluded that molasses addition in ensiling Socheongryongtang meal could enhance its nutritional quality and lengthen storage period. Also the palatability of silage was improved by the addition of molasses. (

White or red clover-grass silage in organic dairy milk production: Grassland productivity and milk production responses with different levels of concentrate

Red (RC) or white (WC) clover were grown in mixture with grasses, ensiled and offered to dairy cows in early lactation over two successive years (48 cows per year) to compare grassland yield, feed intake, milk production and milk quality. The crops were ensiled in round bales and proportional mixtures of the second and third cut prepared each year were used to ensure that the silage treatments were representative of the crop. In addition to silage type, concentrate supplementation, without and with (10 kg/day), was included as a factor in a 2 × 2 factorial, continuous experiment. Total dry matter (DM) yield, silage chemical composition and total DM intake was hardly affected by silage type. There was no effect of silage type on milk yield and milk constituents either, except for higher milk protein content ( P < 0.05) on WC and higher milk fat content of C18:3 n-3 ( P < 0.001), C18:2 n-6 ( P < 0.05) fatty acids (FAs) and sum of polyunsaturated FA ( P < 0.001) and lower n-6/ n-3 FA ratio ( P < 0.01) on RC. Concentrate supplementation increased total DM, N and net energy intakes ( P < 0.001), milk yield ( P < 0.001), milk fat ( P < 0.01) and protein ( P < 0.001) content, decreased the milk urea content ( P < 0.001), and increased the milk fat content of short- and medium-chained FAs (< C16, P < 0.001), C18:0 ( P < 0.01) and C18:2 n-6 ( P < 0.001), decreased the content of C16:0 ( P < 0.05), C18:1 t11 ( P < 0.001) and C18:3 n-3 ( P < 0.001), and increased the n-6/ n-3 FA ratio ( P < 0.001). The effect of concentrate supplementation was not affected by silage type, except for milk protein content where the positive effect of supplementation was stronger on WC than on RC diets ( P < 0.05). This study illustrates that the white- and red clover-grass mixtures investigated were widely similar with regard to their effects on grassland yield, silage intake and milk production and milk constituents, except for a higher milk fat content of C18:3 n-3 and C18:2 n-6 and lower n-6/ n-3 FA ratio on red clover diets. Our findings also show that N conversion efficiency from feed to milk on pure forage diets is more sensitive to changes in dietary protein intake than silage diets containing cereal based concentrates.

Effects of harvest date of timothy (Phleum pratense) on its nutritive value, and on the voluntary silage intake and liveweight gain of lambs

AbstractThe effects of harvest date of timothy on the chemical composition of herbage and silage, and on the voluntary intake, liveweight gain and feed conversion efficiency by finishing lambs, were evaluated. The herbage was harvested and ensiled on three dates: 16 June (before heading), 20 June and 26 June. The silages were analysed for chemical composition and degradation characteristics by an in vitro gas production (GP) technique with end‐point measurements (72 h) of degradability of organic matter (OM) and neutral‐detergent fibre (NDF). There were clear effects of later dates of harvest increasing the concentration of NDF, and reducing the degradability of OM and NDF, and the rate of GP, of silages made from this herbage. The silages were fed ad libitum to lambs in a feeding experiment using a Latin square design. Later harvest dates decreased the voluntary intake of silage, liveweight gain and feed conversion efficiency. Lambs fed the early‐cut silage had a liveweight gain of 152 g d−1 and those fed the silage harvested 10 d later had a liveweight gain of 76 g d−1. Changes in the chemical composition of herbage and silage and in in vitro degradation characteristics of silages with later harvests were associated, to a large extent, with the reduction in voluntary intake and liveweight gain of lambs.

Effects of Agave salmiana Otto Ex Salm-Dyck silage as forage on ruminal fermentation and growth in goats

Ensiling of Agave salmiana Otto Ex Salm-Dyck, a widespread plant in Mexico, as a viable preservation method to create a potential animal feed resource for ruminants was investigated. Fresh A. salmiana with 205 g dry matter (DM)/kg and wilted alfalfa with 602 g DM/kg were ensiled in combinations (DM:DM) of 1000:0, 500:500 and 350:650, to evaluate feeding value of agave:alfalfa silages on ruminal fermentation and growth of goats. Chemical composition and in situ ruminal disappearance of three total mixed rations (TMRs), which included 240 g/kg DM of each silage (1000:0, 500:500 and 350:650) were determined. The TMR were used to assess ruminal fermentation and growth of 15 goats (20 ± 2.2 kg body weight (BW)). Silage pH (≤4), lactate (>25 g/kg DM) and ammonia (<50 g/kg total N) concentrations indicate that silage quality was good. Lactic acid was the main acid in all silages, acetic acid concentrations were relatively low, and butyrate was only detected in only the 1000:0 agave:alfalfa silage. Potential DM disappearance of the TMR increased quadratically as the amount of alfalfa included in the silage mixture increased. The BW gain and feed efficiency were not changed by treatment, even though DM intake decreased and aNDF intake increased linearly as the amount of alfalfa included in the silage mixture increased. Ruminal pH and butyrate increased, and ammonia N, lactate and propionate decreased linearly as alfalfa proportion of alfalfa in the silage mixture was increased. The TMR ingredient selectivity by the goats may have limited goat performance when alfalfa was included in agave silage mixtures. Because the agave:alfalfa blend improved nutritional quality, ruminal digestibility and intake of agave silage, alfalfa inclusion may improve nutritional characteristics of agave plants silages for ruminants.

Evaluation of concentrate factors affecting silage intake of dairy cows: a development of the relative total diet intake index

The aim of this work was to develop an index describing the relative intake of the total diet by dairy cows, and hence the ability to predict intake responses to changes in both forage and concentrate variables. An evaluation of concentrate factors affecting silage dry matter (DM) intake of dairy cows was conducted based on dietary treatment means from milk production experiments. The data were divided into four subsets according to concentrate treatments used within the experiments: the amount of concentrate supplementation (n = 217), protein supplementation (n = 336), carbohydrate composition (n = 114) and fat concentration of the concentrate (n = 29). The data were subjected to mixed-model regression analysis. Increased concentrate DM intake (CDMI) decreased silage DM intake (SDMI) quadratically. The substitution rate (substitution of silage DM for concentrate DM) increased with improved silage intake potential. SDMI increased quadratically with concentrate protein intake, the response being negatively related to the effective protein degradability (EPD) of concentrates. Replacement of starchy concentrate ingredients with fibrous supplements had a small positive effect on silage intake, whereas increased concentrate fat concentration slightly decreased SDMI. The outcome of concentrate factors influencing total DM intake (TDMI) was used to create a relative CDMI index as follows: CDMI index = 100 + 10 × [(CDMI − 0.1629 × CDMI − 0.01882 × CDMI2 − 5.49) + ((0.9474 × CCPI − 0.4965 × CCPI2) − 2.017 × (CEPD − 0.74)) + 0.00225 × (CNDF − 250) − 0.0103 × (40 − Cfat) − 0.00058 × (CDMI − 8.0) × (SDMI index − 100)], where CDMI = concentrate DM intake (kg/day), CCPI = supplementary concentrate CP intake (kg/day; CP>170 g/kg DM), CEPD = concentrate EPD (g/g), CNDF = concentrate NDF concentration (g/kg DM), Cfat = concentrate fat concentration (g/kg DM) and SDMI index is the relative intake potential of silage (Huhtanen, Rinne and Nousiainen 2007. Animal 1, 758–770). TDMI index was calculated as SDMI index + CDMI index − 100 to describe the relative intake potential of the total diet. For the whole data set (n = 943), one TDMI index unit was equivalent to 0.095 kg/day DM intake, i.e. close to the default value of 0.100 kg. The CDMI index explained proportionally 0.88 of the variation in TDMI within a study with a 0.27 kg/day residual mean-square error (n = 616). The corresponding values for the TDMI index were 0.81 and 0.37 kg/day (n = 943), respectively. The residual mean-square errors in cross-validation were marginally higher. The developed TDMI index can be used to estimate the intake responses to diet changes. It provides an improved basis for practical dairy cow ration formulation and economic evaluation.

Effect of the rate of increase in concentrate allowance with concentrates high or low in starch on the performance of dairy cows in early lactation

The effect of the rate of increase in concentrate allowance after calving with two concentrate mixes (A and B) differing in composition was evaluated using 64 Finnish Ayrshire cows during the first 100 days of lactation. After calving, the concentrate allowance of multiparous cows was increased stepwise from 4 to 17 kg/day, and of primiparous cows from 3 to 13.5 kg/day over 12 days (F rate of increase; multiparous 1.08 kg/day, primiparous 0.88 kg/day) or 24 days (S rate of increase; mutiparous 0.54 kg/day, primiparous 0.44 kg/day). The concentrates were formulated to have similar crude protein and metabolizable energy concentrations but differing starch and NDF concentrations. For concentrate A the starch and NDF concentrations were 421 and 167 g/kg dry matter (DM) and for concentrate B 258 and 251 g/kg DM. All cows received grass silage ad libitum. The higher concentrate intake during weeks 1 to 4 of lactation with F compared with the S rate of increase caused higher DM, energy and protein intake. The higher concentrate intake for F than for S treatment in early lactation did not cause a large decrease in silage intake (8.8 v. 8.3 kg DM/day). The intake of concentrate A and B after calving did not differ for S treatment. However, for F treatment the intake of fibrous concentrate B increased faster than starch-rich concentrate A during weeks 1 to 4 of lactation. The concentrate composition had no effect on energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield during weeks 1 to 4 of lactation for S treatments, but with F treatments the cows fed B concentrate produced more milk. The F rate of increase in concentrate allowance compared with the S rate increased the calculated energy balance after calving. The rate of increase in concentrate feeding post partum or concentrate composition had no effect on DM, energy or protein intake during the whole 100-day experiment. The average ECM yield over days 1 to 100 of lactation was higher for S than for F treatments and tended to be higher with concentrate B than A. Results of this study showed that by the fast rate of increase in concentrate allowance after calving on a grass silage diet, it was possible to improve the energy status of the cows in early lactation. This had, however, no effect on production later in lactation.

The effects of grain treatment, grain feed level and grass silage feed value on the performance of and meat quality from, finishing beef cattle

A completely randomised design study involving 132 continental crossbred beef steers was undertaken to evaluate the effects of method of grain treatment and feed level, and grass silage feed value on animal performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of beef cattle. Winter wheat was harvested and the grain was stored either ensiled crimped and treated with 4.5 l/t of a proprietary acid-based additive (crimped), ensiled whole and treated with 20 kg feed-grade urea per t (urea) or stored conventionally in an open bin treated with 3 l propionic acid per t. Two grass silages, of contrasting feed value (L and H) were ensiled. For the conventional, crimped and urea treatments, grain dry matter (DM) concentrations were 802, 658 and 640 g/kg, respectively. For the L- and H-feed value silages, DM concentrations were 192 and 240 g/kg and D values were 671 and 730 g/kg DM, respectively. The silages were offered as the sole forage supplemented with either conventional, crimped or urea-treated grain-based concentrate at either 3.5 or 6.0 kg DM per steer per day. The grain supplement consisted of 850 and 150 g/kg DM of grain and citrus pulp, respectively. For the conventional, urea and crimped treatments, DM intakes were 8.85, 9.43 and 9.04 kg/day (standard error (s.e.) = 0.129); estimated carcass gains were 0.60, 0.55 and 0.61 kg/day (s.e. = 0.020), respectively. For the low- and high- feed value grass silages, estimated carcass gains were 0.56 and 0.61 kg/day (s.e. = 0.014), respectively. For the low and high grain feed levels, estimated carcass gains were 0.56 and 0.61 kg/day, respectively. Grain treatment, grain feed level or silage feed value did not alter (P > 0.05) meat quality, lean colour or fat colour. There were significant silage feed value × grain feed level interactions (P < 0.05) for final live weight (LW) and daily live-weight gain (DLWG). Increasing grain feed level increased final LW and DLWG when offered with the low-feed value silage, however, grain feed level had no effect on final LW or DLWG when offered with the high-feed value silage. It is concluded that urea treatment of grain increased silage intake and feed conversion ratio (kg DM intake per kg carcass) and tended to decrease carcass gain. Crimping provides a biologically equally effective method to store grain as conventional methods. Improving grass silage feed value had a greater impact on animal performance than increasing grain feed level by 2.4 kg DM per day.