Intake Of Pregnant Women Research Articles

Development and evaluation of a booklet on dietary guidelines and menus for pregnant women in Sri Lanka

The improvement of nutrient intake during pregnancy by providing knowledge through dietary menus is not available in Sri Lanka. Hence, the purpose of this study was to develop a booklet of dietary-guidelines for pregnant women. Available dietary-guidelines and menus in Sri Lanka were gathered by reviewing the literature, following available recipes from recipe books and the internet, home visits, face-to-face interviews and through telephone calls. Further, a focus group survey was conducted to identify commonly consumed foods and menus. Nutritionally-balanced dietary menus were formulated and the nutrient content was calculated. The nutrient requirements of pregnant mother’s portion sizes were determined and menus were presented with portions. The content validity and format of the draft booklet were read by experts in the field of nutrition and dietetics to ensure the messages were right and could be read easily. The developed booklet was evaluated by fifteen pregnant-women for endusers’ satisfaction. The end-users responded that the maternal-nutrition information presented in the booklet was simple and easy to understand. The developed booklet can serve as an important source of information to improve the nutrient intake of pregnant women in Sri Lanka.

Insufficient iodine intake in pregnant women in different regions of the world: a systematic review.

To determine the prevalence of insufficient iodine intake in pregnant women. The search was performed in the electronic databases Medline (PubMed), Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (Lilacs) and Scopus. Review studies, experimental studies, those with adolescent pregnant women (< 20 years) and iodine supplementation were excluded. The selection followed the steps of identifying the articles in the databases, deleting the duplicates, and reading the titles, abstracts, and then the entire article. The search for the articles occurred in September 2017, using the descriptors "pregnant" and "iodine deficiency" NOT "supplementation" in English, Portuguese and Spanish. Thirteen articles were included, the deficiency prevalence ranged from 16.1% to 84.0%, and the median of iodine intake was insufficient in 75% of the studies. There is no classification for mild, moderate or severe levels of iodine deficiency in pregnant women, which makes it impossible to know the real dimension of the problem. The high prevalence of insufficient iodine intake in pregnant women, observed worldwide, shows the need for a population classification in order to direct public policies. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2019;63(3):306-11.

Hyperlocomotion and anxiety- like behavior induced by binge ethanol exposure in rat neonates. Possible ameliorative effects of Omega 3

Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy may cause neurocognitive and behavioral disorders that can persist until adulthood. Epidemiological data has revealed an alarming increase in the frequency of alcohol intake in pregnant women. Nutritional variables may also have an impact on the behavioral alterations occasioned by alcohol during development. Moreover, omega-3, a polyunsaturated fatty acid necessary for normal brain development, is deficient in ethanol-treated animals. Although studies have shown that omega-3 supplementation after prenatal ethanol (EtOH) treatment improves some disorders, there are no reports about acute treatment with omega-3 in binge alcohol neurotoxic models during postnatal development. The goal of this study was to determine whether an administration of omega-3, after an acute ethanol dose in neonates, would be able to attenuate alcohol effects in offspring. Male/ female rats were administered ethanol (2.5 g/kg s.c. at 0 and 2 h) or saline on postnatal day (PND) 7, with a single dose of omega-3 (720 mg/kg) 15 min after the last alcohol injection. It was have found that EtOH-treated animals showed hyperlocomotion on PND 14 (pre-juvenile), and anxiety-like behavior was observed at all the three ages studied. Administration of omega-3 after EtOH treatment reduced hyperlocomotion and the anxiety-like behaviors on PND 14, but did not diminish the anxiety on either PND 20 or 30 (juvenile). In conclusion, acute ethanol exposure produced neurobehavioral alterations that persisted in the offspring, with omega-3 able to ameliorate these effects on PND 14. These data are relevant considering that omega-3 administration may have therapeutic effects through mitigating some of ethanol´s damaging consequences.

Is there an association between calcium level and preeclampsia in pregnant women? A systemic review

Background: Pregnancy-induced hypertension is a diagnosis used to describe a wide spectrum of patients who may have only mild elevations in blood pressure or severe hypertension with various organ dysfunctions. Preeclampsia is a form of pregnancy-induced hypertension which is defined as the new onset of hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation in a previously normotensive woman. Preeclampsia has been identified as the leading reason for maternal admission to the intensive care unit in the puerperal period. Trends of pregnancy-induced hypertension in low- and middle-income countries were increasing. The WHO recommend calcium supplementation as part of the antenatal care for the prevention of preeclampsia in pregnant women, particularly among those population where calcium intake low and at higher risk of developing hypertension.&#x0D; Methods: The data were searched electronically From Pub Med, Google Scholar, Cochrane database reviews and Google. Case-control, retrospective and prospective cohort and clinical trial and papers published in the English language was included. Out of 460 pieces of literature searched electronically, only 23 pieces of literature were used in this study. The other 435 references were not reviewed based on exclusion criteria. In this review 14 case-control studies, 2 cross-sectional studies, 1 longitudinal study, 2 clinical trials, and 4 reviews were included.&#x0D; Results: The age of the study participant’s ranges from 18-41, all study participant’s gestational age was greater than 12 wk. All studies used a diagnostic criteria for preeclampsia based on the following criteria: Blood pressure (BP) more than 140/90 and proteinuria &gt;300 mg/do in 24 hr or 1+ in dipstick urine sample Low levels of calcium have a significant association to preeclampsia as indicated in most studies.&#x0D; Conclusion: Most studies explored that calcium level was low among preeclampsia women. Inconsistencies of recruitment (for example some researcher recruit at 20 weeks of gestational age others in 28 weeks of gestational age) of participant's leads to inconclusive and biased findings in this review. For future researcher should focus on pathophysiology calcium and hypertension. And also it is better the country should give special attention to improve the dietary calcium intake of pregnant women. In the future scientists should better assess calcium level through multiple methods like dietary, clinical and biochemical method and also the impact of calcium on neonatal and maternal should be assessed

Excessive iodine intake is associated with formation of thyroid nodules in pregnant Chinese women

In recent decades, the prevalence of thyroid nodules (TNs) has steadily increased in pregnant women. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate associations between TNs and iodine intake in pregnant women. From March 2016 to May 2017, serum and spot urine samples, as well as demographic data and medical history, were collected from 2353 pregnant women. Urine iodine concentration (UIC) and creatinine (Cr) level were determined in spot urine samples; serum thyroid hormones and thyroid autoantibodies were also determined. We examined the hypothesis that excess iodine intake influences incidence of TNs. Herein, TNs were diagnosed by ultrasonography, whereas demographic data and medical history were collected by questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratios and their corresponding confidence intervals for TN risk factors. Generalized linear mixed model was used to assess the random effects of the regions. The UIC and UIC to creatinine ratio (I/Cr ratio) were significantly higher in pregnant women with TNs (168 and 190 μg/L, respectively, for UIC [P < .01]; 139 and 155 μg/g, respectively, for I/Cr ratio [P < .01]). Thyroglobulin, age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and iodine-excessive region were associated with TNs (odds ratio = 1.01, 1.06, 1.04, and 2.38, respectively). Whereas I/Cr ratio was not a significant risk factor for TNs in pregnant women when adjusted for potential confounders, iodine excess (I/Cr ratio >500 μg/g) was a risk factor in pregnant women in their second trimester. People living in areas with excessive iodine in drinking water should decrease their iodine intake, and a safe water source should be provided to ensure that the I/Cr ratio of pregnant women can be maintained at an optimal level.

Calcium supplementation dose and vegetable intake determine preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is one of the cause of high maternal mortality rates. Risk factors for preeclampsia include a lack of nutrients such as vitamin A, calcium, sodium and potassium. Calcium intake in pregnant women is not only obtained from calcium supplementation, but also obtained from consumed foods such as vegetables. to analyzed the relationship between calcium supplementation dose and vegetable intake with preeclampsia in third trimester of pregnant women. observational analytic used a prospective cohort design. A total of 65 third trimester pregnant women participated in the study in Bantul, Yogyakarta. The calcium supplementation dose was obtained through interview using a questionnaire, while vegetable intake was obtained through the food frequency and food recall 2x24 hours. 16 third trimester pregnant women experienced preeclampsia. The mean calcium dose consumed per day was 476.2 mg. The average intake of vegetables per day for pregnant women was 250.9 gr. Kaplan-Mier with the log rank method states that there was a significant difference between calcium supplementation dose (p=0.007) and preeclampsia. There was a significant difference between vegetable intake (p=0.007) and preeclampsia. there was a significant relationship between calcium supplementation dose and vegetable intake with preeclampsia in third trimester pregnant women.

Reduced antioxidants intake in pregnant women with gestational diabetes: is prevention possible?

Reduced antioxidants intake in pregnant women with gestational diabetes: is prevention possible?

Relation of Taurine Intake During Pregnancy and Newborns' Growth.

Taurine is a free amino acid and exhibits various biological functions such as brain development, retinal photoreceptor activity, reproduction, normal growth development and antioxidant activity. Taurine is mainly contained in meat and fish foods. Although taurine is inferred to be implicated in the development of the fetus, there are few reports of taurine intake and neonatal growth in pregnant women. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutrient and taurine intake of pregnant women during the late gestation period using the food intake frequency method. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Keimyung University. The daily taurine intake of the pregnant women was 104.2 mg. The daily taurine intakes of the pregnant women were divided into three groups for analysis; low, middle, high (<60mg, 60-120mg, and >120mg). The body weight of the top taurine group (3.37kg) was significantly higher than that of the low and middle groups (3.16kg, 3.20kg). Also, the heights of the infants were 49.9cm, 49.8cm, and 51.1 cm for each group, showing significantly high measure in the group of taurine intake more than 120mg/day. There was a positive correlation between the taurine intake of the pregnant women and the height of the newborns. In conclusion, weight and height at birth were significantly higher in the high taurine intake group of the pregnant women. There was a positive correlation between maternal taurine intake and birth length.

Insignificant interference of Elevit in pregnant women serum samples with HBsAg immunoassay on Sysmex.

The pregnant women often take Elevit as the multivitamin supplement which has a substantial amount of biotin that might potentially interfere with the HBsAg immunoassay performed by the prevalent Sysmex system in clinical laboratories. We therefore wanted to determine this, so that the therapeutic intervention on the hepatitis B virus infection during pregnancy and birth would not be missed. Elevit was both serially diluted in vitro and orally taken by healthy volunteers whose blood samples were then taken at different time points. All samples were added to a serum sample with a known result of HBsAg and then measured by Sysmex. The Abbott immunoassay system was used as the control as it involves no streptavidin-biotin binding in the reagent set. Besides, the HBsAg results were compared between the pregnant women taking or not taking Elevit. Biotin at 25ng/mL in the Elevit started to suppress the HBsAg and reached about 50% suppression at 100ng/mL on Sysmex. In the volunteers, biotin reached the peak concentration at 2hours. However, their blood samples showed no suppression on the HBsAg detection by Sysmex. In samples from pregnant women who took Elevit, the HBsAg results by Sysmex were highly correlated with those by Abbott (R2 =0.96). Comparison of the results from Sysmex between the age- and pregnancy-matched females with and without Elevit intake showed no difference. Elevit intake in pregnant women shows no significant interference with HBsAg immunoassay on Sysmex.

Language delay and poorer school performance in children of mothers with inadequate iodine intake in pregnancy: results from follow-up at 8\xa0years in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study

PurposeSome studies indicate that mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency in pregnant women might negatively affect offspring neurocognitive development, including previous results from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort study (MoBa) exploring maternally reported child development at age 3 years. The aim of this follow-up study was to investigate whether maternal iodine intake in pregnancy is associated with language and learning at 8 years of age.MethodsThe study sample includes 39,471 mother–child pairs participating in MoBa with available information from a validated food frequency questionnaire covering the first half of pregnancy and a questionnaire on child neurocognitive development at 8 years. Multivariable regression was used to explore associations of iodine intake from food and supplements with maternally reported child outcomes.ResultsMaternal iodine intake from food less than ~ 150 µg/day was associated with poorer child language skills (p-overall = 0.013), reading skills (p-overall = 0.019), and writing skills (p-overall = 0.004) as well as poorer school test result in reading (p < 0.001), and increased likelihood of the child receiving special educational services (p-overall = 0.042) (in non-iodine supplement users). Although significant, differences were generally small. Maternal use of iodine supplements in pregnancy was not significantly associated with any of the outcomes.ConclusionsLow habitual iodine intake in pregnant women, i.e., lower than the recommended intake for non-pregnant women, was associated with mothers reporting poorer child language, school performance, and increased likelihood of special educational services. We found no indications of benefits or harm of using iodine-containing supplements in pregnancy. Initiating use in pregnancy might be too late.

Hubungan Asupan Cairan Ibu Hamil terhadap Indeks Cairan Amnion

Introduction: Adequate amniotic fluid volume is a requirement for intra uterine fetal development and good pregnancy outputs / neonatal. Adequate intake of fluid in pregnant women can increase both the amniotic fluid index on oligohydramniotic or normoamniotic, but the scientific basis for the adequacy of the recommended daily fluid have not clear yet. Furthermore, the fluid intake counseling in addition to nutrition for pregnant women is neededObjective: To determine the fluid intake in pregnant women and the mean difference of amniotic fluid index on adequate fluid intake compared to less fluid intake.Methods: This research used prospective observational cohort study, conducted against the third semester pregnant women in Puskesmas Mergangsan and Tegalrejo Yogyakarta during July until September 2014. The subjects who met the inclusion criteria were divided into adequate and less fluid intake groups. The correlation between fluid intake and amniotic fluid index was analyzed using t-test and linear regression.Result and Discussion: The total subjects who met the criteria were 27 people, consist of 12 people in adequate fluid intake group and 15 people in less fluid intake group. The mean of subject’s fluid intake 2078 ml (enough), while the mean of amniotic fluid index (AFI) 12,76 cm (normoamniotic).The result showed that there was a significant difference (3,50 cm (IK 95%; 1,5-5,48); P &lt; 0,05) between the mean of AFI from adequate fluid intake group compared to less fluid intake group . Simple linear regression test showed the effect of fluid intake for AFI namely 31,7%; with the amount of predicted AFI = 10,686 + 3,545 x fluid intake – 1,015 x age – 1,317 x education + 0,314 x occupation (ARS= 44,5%). External variables (age, education, and occupation) had no significant effect for AFI .Conclusion : The mean preview of fluid intake in the third semester pregnant women in Yogyakarta was adequate. Moreover, there was a AFI signifficant difference between adequate fluid intake compared to less fluid intake. Keywords: fluid intake; amniotic fluid index; AFI

Maternal dietary intake and its associated socio demographic factors: evidence from Lahore, Pakistan.

Background: In developing countries, maternal under-nutrition is one of the causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. Good maternal nutritional status, resulting from long term dietary intake; also has great implications for neonatal health. The current study aimed at assessing the dietary intake of pregnant women and its associated socio demographic factors in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: In a cross sectional survey 82 pregnant women were approached in a purposely selected tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan at the beginning of second trimester. Participants aged 19-45 years, were enrolled consecutively after taking written informed consent. Socio-demographics were recorded by a structured, pre-tested questionnaire. Maternal dietary intake was assessed by 24-hr Recall and Food Frequency Checklist. Data was collected from April-September 2013. Results were analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results: Mean age of the participants was 26 years, mean height was 157 cm, mean weight was 70 kg and mean BMI was 28.5 kg/m2. Self report decrease in dietary intake was 48% (n=39), while 33% (n=47) reported an increase and 62% (n=51) reported to be moderately active. Food frequency checklist revealed that chapatti was the staple; and 98% (n=81) consumed it daily. Data analysis of 24 hour recall highlighted that 98% (n=81) were unable to fulfill their caloric requirements. 91.5% (n=75) of the participants were consuming inadequately from vegetable group, 73.2% (n=60) from milk group, 63.3% (n=52) from fruit group, 26.8% (n=22) from cereal group and 25.3% (n=21) from meat group. Among age, education, employment, parity and income, it was revealed that age less than 24 years was associated with inadequate intake of all food groups and calories except meat intake although the association was not statistically significant. Conclusion: It was concluded that dietary intake of pregnant women in Pakistan is far from satisfactory. Antenatal nutritional counseling and mass media campaigns can be helpful in raising awareness.

Survey of Vitamin A, B1, B2, B6 and E Intake Among Pregnant Women in Jawa Barat

Micronutrient deficiency in pregnancy might causing a disability for the baby who will be born and causing maternal of fetal death. The data which declared an adequacy of vitamin intake in West Java rated in low level, according to that, the point of this research is to discover the micronutrient intake for pregnant women in their first trimester in West Java region. This research is using descriptive approach, cut across method, secondary data and univariate data analysis. Besides, it is undertaken in July 2016 to February 2017 with a total of 176 respondents located in Bandung, Sukabumi, and Cirebon. Pregnant women in West Java are indicated in vitamin intake deficiency during their first trimester, including vitamin E (100%), vitamin B1 (97,73%), vitamin B2 (97,16%), vitamin B6 (88,64%), and vitamin A (73,86%). Consumption rate of vitamin A in the amount of 653,73 mcg, vitamin B1 0,45 mg, vitamin B2 0,66 mg, vitamin B6 1,06 mg and vitamin E 3,42 mg. The intake of vitamin A, B1, B2, B6 and E through food consumption for pregnant women in first trimester in West Java is mostly unfulfilled, therefore the following research should represent more influence factors, so that the intervention can be done.

Changes in Taste Threshold, Perceived Intensity, Liking, and Preference in Pregnant Women: a Literature Review

Studies of changes in taste threshold, perceived intensity, liking, and preference during pregnancy were reviewed, because such changes have the potential to negatively impact nutrient intake in pregnant women. Medline and Web of Science were searched; eligibility was based on inclusion, exclusion, and quality criteria. Fourteen articles were included: 5 reported taste thresholds, 8 taste intensity, and 13 liking/preferences. Articles addressed sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, not umami. Results of self-reported changes suggested that many women experienced some sort of alteration in taste during pregnancy. Studies with real stimuli demonstrated that the only consistent finding for taste thresholds was that pregnant women showed higher thresholds for bitterness in their first trimester. For taste intensity, no consistent differences between pregnant women and controls were observed. However, over the course of pregnancy, salty intensity seemed to decrease, the intensity of other tastes did not change. During pregnancy, higher saltiness was liked more and salty snacks were consumed more, particularly in the second and/or third trimester. Drinks with lower sweetness were preferred and intake of sweet snacks was highest in the second trimester. Preference for sour and bitter did not seem to be affected. Self-reports suggested that many women experienced some taste changes during pregnancy, while changes based on studies with real stimuli were limited. Many women experienced a higher threshold for bitter perception in the first trimester, a preference for sweet snacks in the second trimester, and higher saltiness appetite in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, which may have nutritional consequences.

Thalidomide remodels developing heart in chick embryo: discovery of a thalidomide mediated hematoma in heart muscle.

Despite of medical disaster caused by thalidomide in 1960s, the drug came to clinical use again for the treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) and multiple myeloma. Recently, a new generation of children affected by thalidomide intake by their mothers during pregnancy has been identified in Brazil. In the past few years, there is the great enhancement in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and targets of thalidomide with the help of modern OMICS technologies. However, understanding of cardiac-specific anomalies in fetus due to thalidomide intake by the respective mother has not been explored fully. At organ level, thalidomide causes congenital heart diseases, limb deformities in addition to ocular, and neural and ear abnormalities. The period of morning sickness and cardiogenesis is synchronized in pregnant women. Therefore, thalidomide intake during the first trimester could affect cardiogenesis severely. Thalidomide intake in pregnant women either causes miscarriage or heart abnormalities such as patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect (VSD), atrial septal defect (ASD), and pulmonary stenosis in survivors. In the present study, we identified a novel morphological defect (lump) in the heart of thalidomide-treated chick embryos. We characterized the lump at morphological, histo-pathological, oxidative stress, electro-physiological, and gene expression level. To our knowledge, here, we report the very first electrophysiological characterization of embryonic heart affected by thalidomide treatment.

Associations between obesity candidate gene polymorphisms (fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO), melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), leptin (LEP) and leptin receptor (LEPR)) and dietary intake in pregnant women.

Genetic variants associated with dietary intake may be important as factors underlying the development of obesity. We investigated the associations between the obesity candidate genes (fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO), melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), leptin (LEP) and leptin receptor) and total energy intake and percentage of energy from macronutrients and ultra-processed foods before and during pregnancy. A sample of 149 pregnant women was followed up in a prospective cohort in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A FFQ was administered at 5-13 and 30-36 weeks of gestation. Genotyping was performed using real-time PCR. Associations between polymorphisms and the outcomes were investigated through multiple linear regression and ANCOVA having pre-pregnancy dietary intake as a covariate. The A-allele of FTO-rs9939609 was associated with a -6·5 % (95 % CI -12·3, -0·4) decrease in the percentage of energy from protein and positively associated with the percentage of energy from carbohydrates before pregnancy (β=2·6; 95 % CI 0·5, 4·8) and with a 13·3 % (95 % CI 0·7, 27·5) increase in the total energy intake during pregnancy. The C-allele of MC4R-rs17782313 was associated with a -7·6 % (95 % CI -13·8, -1·0) decrease in the percentage of energy from protein, and positively associated with the percentage of energy from ultra-processed foods (β=5·4; 95 % CI 1·1, 9·8) during pregnancy. ANCOVA results revealed changes in dietary intake from pre-pregnancy to pregnancy for FTO-rs9939609 (percentage of energy from ultra-processed foods, P=0·03), MC4R-rs17782313 (total energy intake, P=0·02) and LEP-rs7799039 (total energy intake, P=0·04; percentage of energy from protein, P=0·04). These findings suggest significant associations between FTO-rs9939609, MC4R-rs17782313 and LEP-rs7799039 genes and the components of dietary intake in pregnant women.

Validation of Dietary Vitamin D Intake from Two Food Frequency Questionnaires, Using Food Records and the Biomarker 25-Hydroxyvitamin D among Pregnant Women.

Our objective was to validate vitamin D intake from a short vitamin D questionnaire (VDQ) and a longer online food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) against a food record and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) as a biomarker of vitamin D status, among pregnant women in Sweden. The number of women included was 1125 with VDQ, FFQ and 25OHD, and of those, 64 also completed the food record. Median vitamin D intakes were 3.9 µg by VDQ (p < 0.001), and 5.3 µg by FFQ (p = 0.89), compared to 5.0 µg by food record. Correlations between vitamin D intake from food record and VDQ (rho = 0.51, p < 0.001) or FFQ (rho = 0.49, p < 0.001) were similar. The VDQ and FFQ also had a similar ability to rank the individuals according to vitamin D intake. However, only vitamin D intake from the VDQ was significantly associated with vitamin D status as assessed by 25OHD. The validation coefficient for the VDQ was 0.68 and 0.75 for the FFQ. In conclusion, assessing dietary vitamin D intake is challenging, regardless of the dietary assessment method. The VDQ, that includes only four food items, is a valid, simple and useful tool in assessing vitamin D intake of pregnant women in Sweden, while imposing a minimal burden on women and researchers.

Food Photography Is Not an Accurate Measure of Energy Intake in Obese, Pregnant Women

BackgroundTo improve weight management in pregnant women, there is a need to deliver specific, data-based recommendations on energy intake. ObjectiveThis cross-sectional study evaluated the accuracy of an electronic reporting method to measure daily energy intake in pregnant women compared with total daily energy expenditure (TDEE). MethodsTwenty-three obese [mean ± SEM body mass index (kg/m2): 36.9 ± 1.3] pregnant women (aged 28.3 ±1.1 y) used a smartphone application to capture images of their food selection and plate waste in free-living conditions for ≥6 d in early (13–16 wk) and late (35–37 wk) pregnancy. Energy intake was evaluated by the smartphone application SmartIntake and compared with simultaneous assessment of TDEE obtained by doubly labeled water. Accuracy was defined as reported energy intake compared with TDEE (percentage of TDEE). Ecological momentary assessment prompts were used to enhance data reporting. Two-one–sided t tests for the 2 methods were used to assess equivalency, which was considered significant when accuracy was >80%. ResultsEnergy intake reported by the SmartIntake application was 63.4% ± 2.3% of TDEE measured by doubly labeled water (P = 1.00). Energy intake reported as snacks accounted for 17% ± 2% of reported energy intake. Participants who used their own phones compared with participants who used borrowed phones captured more images (P = 0.04) and had higher accuracy (73% ± 3% compared with 60% ± 3% of TDEE; P = 0.01). Reported energy intake as snacks was significantly associated with the accuracy of SmartIntake (P = 0.03). To improve data quality, excluding erroneous days of likely underreporting (<60% TDEE) improved the accuracy of SmartIntake, yet this was not equivalent to TDEE (–22% ± 1% of TDEE; P = 1.00). ConclusionEnergy intake in obese, pregnant women obtained with the use of an electronic reporting method (SmartIntake) does not accurately estimate energy intake compared with doubly labeled water. However, accuracy improves by applying criteria to eliminate erroneous data. Further evaluation of electronic reporting in this population is needed to improve compliance, specifically for reporting frequent intake of small meals. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01954342.

Universal Salt Iodization Provides Sufficient Dietary Iodine to Achieve Adequate Iodine Nutrition during the First 1000 Days: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study

BackgroundDietary iodine requirements are high during pregnancy, lactation, and infancy, making women and infants vulnerable to iodine deficiency. Universal salt iodization (USI) has been remarkably successful for preventing iodine deficiency in the general population, but it is uncertain if USI provides adequate iodine intakes during the first 1000 d. ObjectiveWe set out to assess if USI provides sufficient dietary iodine to meet the iodine requirements and achieve adequate iodine nutrition in all vulnerable population groups. MethodsWe conducted an international, cross-sectional, multicenter study in 3 study sites with mandatory USI legislation. We enrolled 5860 participants from 6 population groups (school-age children, nonpregnant nonlactating women of reproductive age, pregnant women, lactating women, 0–6-mo-old infants, and 7–24-mo-old infants) and assessed iodine status [urinary iodine concentration (UIC)] and thyroid function in Linfen, China (n = 2408), Tuguegarao, the Philippines (n = 2512), and Zagreb, Croatia (n = 940). We analyzed the iodine concentration in household salt, breast milk, drinking water, and cow's milk. ResultsThe salt iodine concentration was low (<15 mg/kg) in 2.7%, 33.6%, and 3.1%, adequate (15–40 mg/kg) in 96.3%, 48.4%, and 96.4%, and high (>40 mg/kg) in 1.0%, 18.0%, and 0.5% of household salt samples in Linfen (n = 402), Tuguegarao (n = 1003), and Zagreb (n = 195), respectively. The median UIC showed adequate iodine nutrition in all population groups, except for excessive iodine intake in school-age children in the Philippines and borderline low intake in pregnant women in Croatia. ConclusionSalt iodization at ∼25 mg/kg that covers a high proportion of the total amount of salt consumed supplies sufficient dietary iodine to ensure adequate iodine nutrition in all population groups, although intakes may be borderline low during pregnancy. Large variations in salt iodine concentrations increase the risk for both low and high iodine intakes. Strict monitoring of the national salt iodization program is therefore essential for optimal iodine nutrition. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02196337.

妊婦における主食・主菜・副菜のそろった食事の頻度と栄養素および食品摂取状況について～松戸市の実態調査～

妊婦における主食・主菜・副菜のそろった食事の頻度と栄養素および食品摂取状況について～松戸市の実態調査～