Adolescent Intake Research Articles

THE RELATIONSHIP OF FAT INTAKE AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN ADOLESCENT WOMEN OF THE ISLAMIC BOARDING SCHOOL, TUBAN DISTRICT

Teenagers are one of the groups that easily experience nutritional problems such as malnutrition and overnutrition. Nutritional status is a description of the body's condition as a result of the use of nutrients from the food consumed daily. This research aims to determine the relationship between fat intake and nutritional status in adolescents. Analytical research method with a cross-sectional time approach. The population of this study consisted of 402 respondents with a sample of 200 teenagers, determined using a cluster random sampling technique. The Independent variable is a fat intake, dependent variable is nutritional status. The research analysis uses Spearman's correlation statistical test. The results of the study showed that the majority of adolescent girls' fat intake was higher. Based on the results of statistical tests using the Spearman correlation test for fat intake, a value of p = 0.000 was obtained so that ρ < 0.05, there is a significant relationship between fat intake and nutritional status, the Correlation Coefficient value is in the weak category at 0.312. The conclusion from this study is that there is a significant relationship between fat intake and nutritional status. Keywords: Nutritional Status; Fat Intake; Adolescents.

Quality Dietary Intake in Adolescence: Assessment of Macronutrients, Minerals and Essential Amino Acids in School Meals Served in the FCT, North Central Nigeria.

Energy, Macronutrients, Minerals, and Essential Amino Acids (EAA) were assessed from school meals served to adolescents in government boarding Schools in the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria. Two Hundred and EightySix (286) secondary school students within the age range of 13-19 years were selected for this study. 56.6% of the students were female and the majority (60.8%) were aged 13-16yrs with average age of respondents as (15.75±1.11) and BMI range (17.4-18.37). Stunting (4.2%) and malnutrition prevalence (28%) were low with the majority of adolescents recorded as normal HFA(95.4%). Protein and energy sources were largely plant based, however, carbohydrates made up (28.03%-31.3%) of daily value which was lower than the RNI for adolescents per day. Protein (53.9% – 83.6%) and Fats (65.6%-158.02%) exceeded the RDA for population consumption and Energy (1070±196.7 (Kcal) intake was less than required. However, individual rations for daily consumption of protein, Energy and Fibre fell short of RNI. Moisture content (54.2-58.3%), ash (3.5-5.1%), fat (9.6-15.15%), protein (5.38-8.0%), crude fiber (0.8-1.3%), and carbohydrate (18.9-21%). Meals contained calcium (57.4-65.0mg), potassium (290-460mg), sodium (1030-1500 mg), iron (10.9-12mg), zinc (6.12-7.72mg), Mg (56.5-58.7mg) vitamin A (2.56-6.5 RAE), and vitamin C (0.024-0.041mg) Vitamin D (8.14-11.63mg) per 100 g of the school meals. Calcium, Vitamin A, Vitamin C and Potassium were recorded as low for Recommended Nutrient Intake. Essential Amino acid (EAA) levels were quite higher than required per 100g of meal assessed for all nine EAA. In conclusion, dietary diversification of meals can be improved upon, to meet intricate adolescent nutrient needs.

Nutrition and dietary intake of adolescent girls in Indonesia: A systematic review

Adequate food and nutrient intake in adolescence is key to optimising adolescent nutritional status. Previous systematic studies that have been conducted on adolescents have generally found that Indonesian adolescents consume inadequate amounts of protein, fruits and vegetables. Aim of this study was to analyse most recent nutritional status in Indonesian adolescent girls analysed by region (urban-rural). The study was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method. Two hundred thirty-nine articles were found, then 15 articles met the inclusion criteria and narrative analysis. Articles were assessed against a critical appraisal tool. Adolescent girls had varied energy and macronutrient intakes of calories (908.25 - 2125 kcal), protein (24.16 - 55.7 g), fat (21.89 - 64.29 g), carbohydrate (128.89 - 258.6 g) and fibre (3.88 - 4.9 g). The intake of adolescent girls based on residents (urban and rural) was found to be different. Urban adolescents had higher energy intake (1398.77 - 1815.57 kcal) with protein (41.42 - 80.81 g), fat (64.29 g) and carbohydrate (231.26 g). Rural adolescents had energy intake (1250.2 - 1365.8 kcal) with protein (36.21 - 65.42 g), fat (46.49 g) and carbohydrate (207.15 g). Micronutrient intake of adolescent girls found iron 2.64 mg, zinc 2.09 mg and vitamin C 71.75 mg intake in urban adolescent girls and 979.65 mg in rural adolescent girls. Snacks and fast food were frequently consumed, with frequency > 4x/week for urban (37.7 % snacks, 98.5 % fast food) and rural (46.2 % snacks, 93.5 % fast food) adolescents. Twenty-eight percent of adolescent girls tended to skip breakfast. Macronutrient and micronutrient intakes of adolescent girls were less than the nutritional adequacy of 70 % energy, 50 % protein, < 50 % fat and 86 % carbohydrate and were found to differ between adolescent girls in urban and rural areas.

The association between dairy intake in adolescents on inflammation and risk markers of type 2 diabetes during young adulthood: results of the DONALD study.

The aim of this analysis was to investigate whether habitual intake of total dairy (TD) or different dairy types (liquid, solid, fermented, non-fermented, low-fat, high-fat, low-sugar and high-sugar dairy) during adolescence is associated with biomarkers of low-grade inflammation as well as risk factors of type 2 diabetes in young adulthood. Multivariable linear regression analyses were used to investigate prospective associations between estimated TD intake as well as intake of different types of dairy and a pro-inflammatory score, based on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, IL-6, IL-18, leptin and adiponectin, and insulin resistance assessed as Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance in an open-cohort study. Dortmund, Germany. Data from participants (n 375) of the DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study were included, for whom at least two 3-d weighed dietary records during adolescence (median age: 11 years) and one blood sample in young adulthood (>18 years) were available. There was no statistically significant association between TD intake or intake of any dairy type and the pro-inflammatory score (all P > 0·05). TD intake as well as each dairy type intake and insulin resistance also showed no association (all P > 0·05). The habitual intake of dairy or individual types of dairy during adolescence does not seem to have a major impact on low-grade systemic inflammation and insulin resistance in the long term. There was no indication regarding a restriction of dairy intake for healthy children and adolescents in terms of diabetes risk reduction.

Dietary intake and cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents after cancer treatment

Dietary intake and cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents after cancer treatment

Caffeine: Benefits and Risks for Health and Wellbeing

Background: Tea contains a variety of compounds, including caffeine, which have a range of health impacts. The presence of caffeine in tea often raises questions about the benefits of its consumption, including potential effects on cognition, behavior, mood and exercise performance as well as areas of concern such as anxiety, stress, hydration and heart health. The aim of this review is to evaluate the benefits and risks of caffeine consumption with a focus on tea and other compounds present in tea, which may interact with caffeine. Methods: Evidence was considered from Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) published over the last 15 years investigating the effects of caffeine on cognition, alertness, behavior, hydration and mood. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses and expert panel reviews were included in the wider discussion. Results: Evidence suggests that caffeine intakes of 3-6mg/kg/bw/(body weight)/day may benefit cognitive function and exercise performance in adults. Many expert bodies state that there are no safety concerns with daily intakes of ≤ 200mg caffeine in pregnant women and ≤ 400mg in other adults. Evidence indicates that children and adolescents should limit their daily caffeine intake to 2.5mg/kg/bw. Tea contains a lower concentration of caffeine than most other caffeinated drinks as well as providing fluid for hydration and polyphenolic compounds for health, particularly cardiovascular health. L-theanine in tea moderates the potential negative impact of caffeine on stress and anxiety whilst improving attention and speed of mental performance. Conclusion: On balance, moderate amounts of caffeine provide benefits in terms of cognitive function, alertness and exercise performance in adults with minimal risk of adverse effects. Further research is required to determine safe, beneficial intakes in children and adolescents. Tea, with its lower caffeine content, in combination with flavonoid polyphenols, fluoride and L-theanine, may provide an acceptable benefit/risk ratio for people aged 4 years and over, assuming age-appropriate intakes of 1-8 daily servings.

Place of Residence Is Associated with Dietary Intake and BMI-SDS in Children and Adolescents: Findings from the DONALD Cohort Study.

We aimed to determine whether place of residence in the German urban food environment is associated with habitual dietary intake (energy, macronutrients, and food groups) and body mass index (standard deviation score of BMI and BMI-SDS). Our hypothesis was that place of residence may explain some variation in dietary intake and nutritional outcomes. For the cross-sectional analyses of DONALD study data, we grouped participants according to their geocoded residence in the north or south of Dortmund. We applied robust multi-level mixed effects regression models using residence as a predictor and (1) BMI-SDS or (2) dietary data (daily intake of energy (kcal), macronutrients (energy percentage), or food groups (g/1000 kcal)) as the outcome. Models were adjusted for age, sex, and household socio-economic status. An analysis was carried out on 1267 anthropometric measurements collected annually from 360 participants aged 6-18 years (935 3-day weighed dietary records from 292 participants) between 2014 and 2019. In the fully adjusted models, residence in the south was associated with a lower BMI-SDS (β = -0.42, p = 0.02), lower intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (β = -47.00, p = 0.04), and higher intake of vegetables (β = 11.13, p = 0.04). Findings suggest that the place of residence, beyond individuals' socio-economic statuses, may be a contributing factor to dietary quality.

Nutritional status and dietary intake in children and adolescents with spinal muscular atrophy types II and III on treatment with nusinersen

Nutritional status and dietary intake in children and adolescents with spinal muscular atrophy types II and III on treatment with nusinersen

Fat Intake in Overweight Adolescents with Health Belief Model Approach

Obesity in childhood is associated with early mortality, psychiatric, and cardiometabolic comorbidities, and is likely to remain into adulthood. One of the most often utilized models in health-related research to describe and predict behavioral health is the Health Belief Model. The current research aims to ascertain the link between adolescent fat intake and all HBM components. The design of this study was cross-sectional. Purposive sampling was the sampling method, and 110 participants from 4 secondary schools were included. The research data were analyzed using SPSS 27. Measurement of fat intake using a 24-hour food recall interview with two repetitions on non-consecutive days. HBM measurement using questionnaires with 59 questions representing 6 HBM constructs. The bivariate test was performed with the Spearman and Pearson tests. Variables significantly related to fat intake are cues to action and self-efficacy. The higher the cues to action, the lower the adolescent fat intake. Likewise, the higher the self-efficacy, the less fat intake in adolescents. HBM-based education is needed to increase adolescents' perceptions and beliefs regarding health problems, especially overweight, to support handling overweight issues in adolescents.

Reducing dietary intake of added sugars could affect the nutritional adequacy of vitamin A in adolescents: the Costa Rica case

BackgroundIn countries where sugar fortification with vitamin A is mandatory, strategies to reduce the prevalence of overweight/obesity in adolescents that involve lowering added sugar intake could lead to vitamin A inadequate intakes, since vitamin A-fortified sugar for home consumption contributes to a high proportion of this vitamin intake in the adolescent diet.MethodsThe study employed a hierarchical linear model to perform a mediation analysis on a cross-sectional sample of adolescents (13–18 years old) in the province of San José, Costa Rica.ResultsLowering the total energy intake derived from added sugars to less than 10% significantly increases the prevalence of vitamin A inadequate intake in adolescents by 12.1% (from 29.6% to 41.7%). This is explained by the mediation model in which, the reduced adequacy of vitamin A intake is mediated by a reduction in total energy intake derived from added sugars fortified with vitamin A.ConclusionsThe vitamin A fortification of sugar for household consumption should be reassessed according to the current epidemiological profile in Costa Rica to promote strategies that reduce the prevalence of overweight/obesity in adolescents by lowering the consumption of added sugars without affecting vitamin A intake.

Food consumption and adherence to dietary guidelines among Jordanian children and adolescents.

Early-life food consumption patterns may affect children's health by increasing susceptibility to developing non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) in adulthood. To evaluate Jordanian children and adolescents' energy and macronutrient intake and how closely they adhere to dietary recommendations. This cross-sectional study used data from Jordan's Population-based Food Consumption Survey, a household population-based study conducted in Jordan between 2021 and 2022 (561 children and adolescents 8-19 years). Dietary intake was assessed using the two non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recall methods (24-h DR). The estimated food group and nutrient intakes were compared to nutritional recommendations, including MyPlate dietary guidelines. The prevalence of overweight/obese individuals based on body mass index (BMI) was 44%, and the average waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was 24.7%. Compared to MyPlate dietary guidelines, children and adolescents had a higher added sugar intake (57g/day). Also, consuming vegetables, fruits, and dairy fell short of MyPlate dietary guidelines. The total discretionary calorie intake in children and adolescents was approximately one-third of the total energy intake. The food consumption of Jordanian children and adolescents includes high intakes of discretionary calories, with a low intake of fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was elevated compared to international norms.

Effect of UNAGI (Nutrition Snakes and Ladders Game) on Knowledge of Balanced Diet and Nutritional Intake in Adolescents in Bekasi

Indonesia still faces the Triple Burden of Malnutrition, which can impact the dietary choices of adolescents to balance their nutritional intake and, simultaneously, emphasize the need for effective nutrition education. This study aimed to determine the effect of nutrition education delivered through the UNAGI game and videos on knowledge and nutritional intake of high school students. This quasi-experimental study was conducted with students from Public Senior High School 12 in Bekasi City, where the participants were divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention was provided once a week for two consecutive weeks. Knowledge was measured using a questionnaire, and food intake was assessed through 24-hour food recall. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test for the difference between groups and paired t-test/Wilcoxon for pre-post comparisons, with α significant level of 5%. Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in knowledge and dietary intake between the two groups. Post-intervention, a significant improvement in nutrition knowledge (p-value of 0.000) was noted in the intervention group exposed to the snake and ladder nutrition game. However, there were no significant changes in energy intake (p-value of 0.162), fat intake (p-value of 0.144), sugar consumption (p-value of 0.066), and salt consumption (p-value of 0.944). The findings support the recommendation of utilizing UNAGI games for nutrition education in the digital era as a valuable alternative to visual media, effectively contributing to enhanced nutritional understanding among adolescents.

Beef Intake Is Associated with Higher Nutrient Intake and Nutrient Adequacy in U.S. Adolescents, NHANES 2001-2018.

Nutrient adequacy among adolescents is of concern due to higher nutrient requirements for their developing bodies as well as the gap between the current nutrient intake and the recommendations. The objective of this study was to determine beef intake and assess the relationship between beef consumption and nutrient intake and nutrient adequacy in male and female adolescents, 14-18 years of age. Dietary recalls collected during the What We Eat in America (WWEIA) portion of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles 2001-2018 were utilized to determine beef intake. Usual nutrient intakes were determined with the National Cancer Institute method in conjunction with day 1 and day 2 total nutrient files. Nutrient adequacy was assessed by calculating the percentage of the population below the estimated average requirement (EAR) or above the adequate intake (AI). The average beef intake of male and female adolescent beef consumers was 57.9 ± 2.4 and 46.8 ± 2.2 g with a 90th percentile of 82.3 ± 4.3 and 67.8 ± 3.5 g, respectively. Compared to non-consumers, beef consumers had a 10% or higher intake of calcium, iron, phosphorus, potassium, total choline, vitamin B12, and zinc. Over 50% of the adolescent population (regardless of beef consumption) had intakes below the EAR for calcium, magnesium, and vitamins A, C, D, and E. The percentage of the beef-consuming population below the EAR was lower for calcium, copper, folate, iron, phosphorus, zinc, and vitamins B12 and B6 as compared to non-consumers. Additionally, the portion of the population above the AI for sodium was higher in female beef consumers as compared to non-consumers. We estimate approximately 900,000 to 1,400,000, 400,000-700,000, 200,000-600,000, and 200,000-400,000 fewer adolescents to be below the EAR for zinc, phosphorus, vitamin B12, and iron, respectively if beef non-consumers were to consume beef. This study suggests beef can help increase the nutrient intake and nutrient adequacy in the diets of adolescents, helping to close important gaps for this nutritionally vulnerable population. While recommendations to reduce beef intake are widely prevalent, this could result in unintended nutritional consequences regarding under-consumed nutrients including those of public health concern important for adolescent health.

Vitamin D and Calcium and Bioavailability of Calcium in Various Calcium Salts.

The active form of vitamin D, 1,25D3, plays an important function in the metabolism of calcium. The recommended daily INTAKE of Calcium varies from 1300 mg/day during adolescence to 1200 mg/day after the age of 50 years. Similarly, for vitamin D, the recommended daily intake varies from 400 IU/day during adolescence to 1000 IU/day after the age of 70 years. There is an intricate inter-play of homeostasis of calcium led by vitamin D and PTH at various sites like intestine, kidney, and bones. The increased fracture risk due to bone loss and osteoporosis creates a burden on the patient, healthcare provider as well as the health system. As the population grows old worldwide gradually, the long-term sequelae like pain, loss of independence, and institutionalized care will become more pervasive. Behavioral change to incorporate a healthy lifestyle, including optimal calcium and vitamin D intake and physical exercise in adolescence, form the important foundation in the program for osteoporosis prevention. Increased emphasis on lifestyle modification and nutrition should be given during times of increased bone loss in old age and after menopause.

Macronutrient Intake in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes and Its Association with Glycemic Outcomes

Macronutrient Intake in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes and Its Association with Glycemic Outcomes

Associations between High Protein Intake, Linear Growth, and Stunting in Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Childhood and adolescence are critical periods for linear growth and preventing stunting. Current evidence indicates that dietary protein intake in children and adolescents is often two to three times higher than the recommendations in many regions worldwide. However, few studies have focused on the association between high protein intake and linear growth and stunting in this population. We aim to investigate this association in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years in a population with relatively high protein consumption. We conducted a large cross-sectional study involving 3299 participants from Shenzhen, a modern metropolis of China. Protein intake, including total protein, animal protein, and plant protein, was evaluated by a food-frequency questionnaire and expressed as grams per kilogram of body weight per day (g·kg-1·d-1) and as a percentage of total energy intake (%E). The primary outcomes were body height and height-for-age Z score (HAZ). Generalized linear models and logistic regression analyses were employed to examine the associations between protein intake and outcomes. We also conducted stratified analyses across different genders and pubertal stages in the aforementioned associations. The mean protein intake was 1.81 g·kg-1·d-1 (17% E). After adjusting for serum calcium, zinc, vitamin D3, vitamin A levels, birth outcomes, lifestyle, and parental characteristics, each standard deviation increase of 1 in protein intake (0.64 kg-1·d-1) is found to be associated with a -5.78 cm change in body height (95% CI: -6.12, -5.45) and a -0.79 change in HAZ (95% CI: -0.84, -0.74). Consistent results were observed when protein intake was expressed as %E or specifically as animal or plant protein. Moreover, the relationship between protein intake and linear growth remained consistent across genders in different pubertal stages, similar to that of the overall participants. Our findings highlight the potential hazards of high protein intake on linear growth in children and adolescents. Caution should be exercised when promoting increased protein consumption in children and adolescents who already have a high intake of protein.

Food Intake and Sleep Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Obesity.

Over the last few decades, numerous scientific studies have investigated the possible association between sleep duration and adiposity during childhood, since it has been reported that sleep deprivation causes a related increase in caloric intake. Even though the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms are still under study and not completely known, the effect of dietetic habits and nutrient intake on sleep quality and patterns has been reported. The aim of this study is to explore the intricate interplay between food intake/diet patterns and pediatric sleep disturbances in children and adolescents with obesity, emphasizing the importance of not underestimating this aspect in the prevention and treatment of this complex disease. Recent evidence supports a high correlation between specific diet patterns and foods with sleep disturbances in children at all ages. Diets rich in fiber, fruit, vegetables, and anti-inflammatory nutrients and low in saturated fats seem to promote better sleep quality. Sleep disturbances are, in turn, risk factors for the development of obesity. Therefore, food strategies should be applied to counteract this harmful process. Unraveling the complex links between dietary habits, sleep patterns, and obesity is essential for developing effective strategies to combat this critical public health issue.

Water intake and oral disease symptoms in adolescents: a cross-sectional study conducted in Korea in 2021

Objectives: Water constitutes a majority of the human body and is essential for health. In addition, water intake can prevent dental caries by improving salivary lubrication and self-cleaning. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the amount of daily water intake and the symptoms of oral disease in Korean adolescents. Methods: We used data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS), conducted in Korea in 2021, and identified the relationship between daily water intake and oral disease symptoms in Korean adolescents. KYRBS is a nationwide cross-sectional survey conducted by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), and a total of 54,848 participants were included in this study. Results: After adjusting for confounding factors, logistic regression analysis showed that tooth pain was more often experienced by those who drank less than two cups of water per day (odds ratio [OR]: 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.30) than those who drank five or more cups of water per day. Conclusions: A low daily water intake is associated with tooth pain, a symptom of dental caries. The results of our study suggest that increasing water intake may reduce dental caries. Therefore, adequate water intake may help prevent dental caries.

Food and Nutrient Intake in Children and Adolescents with or without Overweight/Obesity.

To explore the food and nutrient characteristics of children and adolescents with or without overweight/obesity and to provide scientific basis for the development of prevention strategies on overweight/obesity. This study included children and adolescents aged 6-17 years who participated in provincial nutrition surveillance which included 90 counties (cities and districts) in Zhejiang Province with a provincial representative. Food consumption was assessed using three consecutive days of 24 h dietary recall, and nutrient intake was calculated using dietary recall in conjunction with the China Food Composition Table. Overweight/obesity was also investigated. Associations were evaluated using ordinal regression models. The analysis included a total of 1827 children and adolescents. The overweight prevalence was 14.0% and the obesity prevalence was 10.1%. Children and adolescents with overweight/obesity were observed to have a higher intake of carbohydrates, iron, sodium, potassium, and magnesium (F = 3.464, 5.232, 5.619, 3.469, 3.934, p < 0.05), as well as having a higher intake of the food group of cereals, tubers and beans, snacks, and salt (F = 7.348, 6.797, 3.413, p < 0.05) compared to children and adolescents without overweight/obesity. After adjusting for potential confounders via ordinal regression models, children and adolescents with overweight/obesity were observed to have a higher intake of carbohydrates (Wald χ2 = 4.325, p < 0.05). There were significant differences concerning the daily energy provided by snacks, the daily carbohydrate intake provided by snacks, the daily sodium intake provided by snacks, and the proportion of snacks to the food group of cereals, tubers, and beans (F = 8.305 6.316, 13.955, 3.692, p < 0.05). Children and adolescents with overweight/obesity have presented a high consumption of carbohydrates, which is associated with the food group of cereals, tubers, and beans. Snacks are the main factor leading to the high intake of the food group of cereals, tubers, and beans among children and adolescents with overweight/obesity.

Questionable advisability of vitamin and mineral dietary supplement use in adolescents

ObjectivePresent study aimed to assess potential health risk in Slovenian adolescents due to inadequate diet and/or dietary supplement (DS) use.MethodsData on DS use, micronutrient intake (24-h recall), eating habits (FFQ), body height and mass were collected within ACDSi (Analysis of Children’s Development in Slovenia) cross-sectional study conducted in 2014. Adolescents enrolled in first year of 15 secondary schools (average (SD) age: 15.4 (0.7) years, N = 342) were included in the sample.ResultsAdolescents’ use of DS (especially multivitamins ingested as a popular drink (60%), magnesium (16%), and vitamin C (10%)) significantly contributed to their absolute intake of vitamins/minerals, resulting in higher percentage of DS users meeting reference values proposed by the nutrition societies of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland (D-A-CH recommendation). Simultaneously, DS users did not exceed the upper tolerable level proposed by the European Food Safety Authority for daily intake. With diet alone, adolescents consumed less than recommended amounts of the following vitamins/minerals: the intake was lowest for fat-soluble vitamins A, D, and E; water-soluble vitamins folate, biotin, and pantothenic acid; and minerals fluoride, iodine, chromium, and molybdenum. Suboptimal intake was due to the fact that around ¾ of adolescents consumed less than 54% of the recommended amounts (according to Optimized Mixed Diet (OMD) recommendations) for fruits, vegetables, milk/dairy products, fish, and cereals/cereal products. In contrast, the diet contributed to the consumption of 200–300% of D-A-CH minimum value for sodium. Furthermore, almost ¾ of adolescents exceeded the recommended amount for meat/meat products (320% of OMD) and sweet/salty snacks (453% of OMD).ConclusionsAlthough DS use improved micronutrient intake in adolescents (especially vitamin C and magnesium), activities on public-health interventions should be focus to improve their diets, especially to achieve increased intakes of fruits, vegetables, cereals/cereal products and milk/dairy products, and to reduce consumption of sweet/salty snacks and meat products.