Intake Gate Research Articles

Research on the Development of a Dispatching Scheme for Maneuvering the Filling and Drawdown Water Intake Gates of the Kaparas Reservoir

Purpose: The research aims to explore the laboratory hydraulic characteristics of the "Kapa-ras" water intake facility, specifically focusing on devising a control strategy for maneuvering gates amidst fluctuating flow rates and water levels in both the upstream and downstream ar-eas. Methods: Laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the performance of the water in-take facility under different gate opening schemes. These experiments included determining the capacity of the "Kaparas" reservoir intake for various gate configurations and establishing the discharge coefficient dependencies on the relative gate openings. Additionally, a series of experiments were conducted to ascertain the maximum allowable downstream depth without causing erosion to the attachment bottom, considering all potential gate opening scenarios. Results and conclusion: The main results yielded insights into the hydraulic behavior of the "Kaparas" water intake facility, enabling the determination of optimal gate control strategies for maintaining efficient water intake operations. Results indicated varying capacities for the reservoir intake under different gate configurations, and the dependence of discharge coeffi-cient on gate opening relative to the flow rates. Moreover, permissible downstream depths were identified to prevent erosion, ensuring the structural integrity of the attachment bottom. Consequently, these findings contribute to the effective management of water resources at the "Kaparas" facility. Research implications: The research outcomes provide valuable insights for enhancing the operational efficiency and sustainability of water intake facilities similar to "Kaparas." The findings can inform decision-making processes regarding gate control strategies and down-stream depth management, ultimately optimizing water resource utilization and mitigating po-tential environmental risks. Originality/value: This study contributes novel empirical data and analytical insights into the hydraulic behavior of water intake facilities, particularly in the context of gate maneuvering and downstream depth management. The research fills a gap in understanding the operational dynamics of such facilities and offers practical implications for hydroelectric complex man-agement, facilitating informed decision-making and resource optimization.

Analysis of factors affecting the intake gate operations of Gerokgak Reservoir for command areas of Subak Gede

Subak Gede in Gerokgak Village, Buleleng, practices traditional irrigation in Bali based on Tri Hita Karana principles. Subak sources water from Gerokgak Reservoir, where intake gate operations depend on three factors: the recent ten-day discharge (item 1), rainfall in command areas (item 2), and crop type (item 3). Quantification Analysis I simulated the intake gate from 2019 to 2022, comprising Models A to D, each using yearly data for its respective year (2019, 2020, 2021, 2022), and Model E using four years of data. Items 1 and 2 had high, moderate, and low categories; item 3 had paddy, palawija, paddy-palawija, and fallow categories. The simulation exhibited strong correlations between predicted and recorded discharge of every quantification model, with R-total > 0.6, varying for each sample year. Based on the analysis, the three items showed a different impact every year, depending on the item-category distribution and variation. Notably, due to its sample, quantification Model E excelled in predicting intake gate operations for other yearly data, including its own sample year.

ANALISIS EFISIENSI SALURAN DAN EFEKTIVITAS DAERAH IRIGASI OONGAN PADA DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI (DAS) TUKAD AYUNG

The Oongan Irrigation Area, which is located in East Denpasar as part of the Tukad Ayung River Basin, has a potential land area of 1781 Ha, but only 617 Ha has been utilized. In March 2019, the average discharge reached 680 l/second, while the Oongan intake gate required a discharge of 880.7 l/s for the rice growing period. Based on these data, there is a need for in-depth research in the Oongan Irrigation Area regarding the efficiency and effectiveness of irrigation canals.. The research method used is the survey method. Based on the results of the analysis of the efficiency of the primary and secondary canals and the effectiveness of the Oongan Irrigation Area, the percentage results were 80.47%, 94.1% and 35% which showed that the primary canal was not efficient and irrigation that was not effective was below the standard value, namely 90% and 55%. There needs to be an improvement both in the water management system and the physical improvement of irrigation infrastructure. Meanwhile, secondary canals get an average yield with a percentage of 94.1% which is included in the efficient category so that it needs to be maintained and carried out maintenance through operational and maintenance activities on irrigation canals.

Analysis of Irrigation Water Requirement in Batang Sanipan 2 Irrigation Area Limapuluh Kota Regency

Limapuluh Kota Regency is one of the rice producing districts in West Sumatra Province, so an irrigation network is needed to meet water requirement for agricultural productivity. The problem that occurs in the Batang Sanipan 2 irrigation area is the inability of water to flow through the service area to the end point of the irrigation area. Based on observations from e-PAKSI data from the Limapuluh Kota Regency Public Works Office, water can only flow up to a distance of 3.175 km from the intake gate and experience water loss along 1.445 km to the end of the canal. Therefore, it is necessary to study the analysis of irrigation water requirement in the irrigation area of Batang Sanipan 2, Limapuluh Kota Regency. This type of research is descriptive with a quantitative approach. Research methods carried out directly in the field. Based on data analysis, the results obtained from the manual calculation of KP – 01 the maximum irrigation water requirement with a value of 0.139 m3/second which occurred in March, while in the Cropwat software the maximum irrigation water requirement with a value of 0.149 m3/second which occurred in July. The results of measuring the discharge at the intake of the Batang Sanipan 2 weir obtained a discharge of 0.378 m3/second. Based on this, water is sufficient to flow through the entire agricultural area of the Batang Sanipan 2 irrigation area, but the current conditions are that water is not able to flow through parts of the Batang Sanipan 2 irrigation service area.

Influence of chemicals contained in drinking water on the formation of the risk of health disorders in the population of an industrial city

Introduction. The state of drinking water supplied to consumers through centralized water supply systems is an important factor affecting health.
 The study aims to assess the risk to the health of the population of an industrial city associated with the content of chemicals in tap water.
 Materials and methods. Scientists conducted a study in Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo region, which is a major industrial center of Siberia. They analyzed the average annual values of chemical, microbiological and parasitological indicators of surface waters at the intake gates, as well as the results of studies of drinking water samples. The authors also assessed non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to public health associated with contamination of tap water.
 Results. The surface water supplied to the consumers of Novokuznetsk is taken from the Tom River by the Dragoon and Left-Bank water intakes. The main pollutants of water in the intake gates are suspended solids, iron, common coliform bacteria, thermotolerant coliform bacteria and coliphages. The most dangerous impurities contained in drinking water are silicon, chloroform, bromodichloromethane, boron and formaldehyde. The risk of immediate action associated with contamination of drinking water for the city's population was 0.903, which significantly exceeds the acceptable level (0.05). We identified the risk of chronic intoxication associated with water pollution at the level of 0.0176, which does not exceed the permissible level (0.02). The risk of oncological morbidity associated with the content of carcinogenic substances in drinking water was 1.41×10–5, which is 1.41 times higher than the permissible risk (1×10–5).
 Limitations. The limitations of the study were to conduct only an assessment of the health risk from the effects of chemicals.
 Conclusion. The probability of occurrence of environmentally caused diseases persists at concentrations of pollutants in drinking water at a level below the accepted hygienic standards.
 Ethics. This study did not require the conclusion of the Ethics Committee.

Increasing Efficiency and Capacity Expansion and Computer Monitoring Reformation of Aibu III Hydropower Station

The main problems and potential safety hazards of Aibu III Hydropower Station after extended service are analyzed. In view of the serious waste of hydraulic resources and low equipment efficiency of the power station, the expansion and reconstruction scheme of hydraulic turbine generator units is proposed, and the supporting design and implementation are carried out from all aspects of power station buildings, electrical engineering, calculation monitoring system, etc., which makes full use of hydraulic resources and completely solves the potential safety hazards of the power station, It has received good social and economic benefits. For the hydropower station after technical transformation, the operator on duty can monitor and control the operation status of main electromechanical equipment such as water turbine generator units, main transformers, transmission lines, high-voltage switches, station power, intake gates, unit main valves, and auxiliary equipment of the power station on the operator workstation in the central control room of the power station.

Building a Digital Twin Simulator Checking the Effectiveness of TEG-ICE Integration in Reducing Fuel Consumption Using Spatiotemporal Thermal Filming Handled by Neural Network Technique

Scholars seek to recycle wasted energy to produce electricity by integrating thermoelectric generators (TEGs) with internal combustion engines (ICE), which rely on the electrical conductivity, β, of the thermal conductor strips. The TEG legs are alloyed from iron, aluminum and copper in a strip shape with specific characteristics that guarantee maximum thermo-electric transformation, which has fluctuated between a uniform, Gaussian, and exponential distribution according to the structure of the alloy. The ICE exhaust and intake gates were chosen as the TEG sides. The digital simulator twin model checks the integration efficiency through two sequential stages, beginning with recording the causes of thermal conductivity failure via filming and extracting their data by neural network procedures in the feed of the second stage, which reveal that the cracks are a major obstacle in reducing the TEG-generated power. Therefore, the interest of the second stage is predicting the cracks’ positions, Pi,j, and their intensity, QP, based on the ant colony algorithm which recruits imaging data (STTF-NN-ACO) to install the thermal conductors far away from the cracks’ positions. The proposed metaheuristic (STTF-NN-ACO) verification shows superiority in the prediction over [Mat-ACO] by 8.2% and boosts the TEGs’ efficiency by 32.21%. Moreover, increasing the total generated power by 12.15% and working hours of TEG by 20.39%, reflects reduced fuel consumption by up to 19.63%.

DEPENDABLE DISCHARGE OF MOLEK IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT RELATED TO THE PARTICIPATION PERSPECTIVE OF IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT

The natural or artificial water supply into soil with the aim of giving the moisture that is necessary for crop growth is called irrigation. An irrigation structure is the water structure system from upstream to downstream that consists of the weir (intake gate), the channel, and the division box. The weir has the function of raising the water level by opening and closing the gate that controls water flow into the channel; the division box divides the water to fulfill the need for water of the crop in the paddy. Irrigation is very important for supplying water for agriculture. Irrigation management generally only includes the participation perspective or qualitative condition; however in this research, the dependable discharge is analyzed mainly for its quantitative support of irrigation management. To fulfill the need for water for agriculture, the irrigation water has to be proportionally given; otherwise, the crop growth will be disrupted, and this will have implications for agricultural production. For this reason, this research is intended to investigate and analyze the dependable discharge as to the water availability and crop water needed for the agriculture production yield in the Molek S irrigation area, Jatigui Village, Sumber Pucung District, Malang Regency, Indonesia, which is related to the participation perspective in managing the Secondary S Molek irrigation management. For an area of 160 ha, the paddy utilizes irrigation water from the Molek main channel, which is sourced from the weir at Blobo. The results of the analysis can give an illustration of the potency of the water supply that can be carried out continuously without falling to the ratio of the lowest mean crop water requirement of 60.44%; the ratio of the highest mean crop water requirement is 69.85%.

KAJIAN NERACA AIR DAERAH IRIGASI CIHERANG KABUPATEN BANDUNG PROVINSI JAWA BARAT

Ciherang Irrigation Area in Bandung is the location of the study. Based on data obtained, it showed water deficiency in the planting season 1 on October and in the planting season 2 on August. Thus, the study aimed to analyze the comparison between the availability of water and the need of water to get a proper cropping pattern implemented in the irrigation area. The availability of water was obtained from water debit that analyzed using the Weibull method while the need of water was determined by the availability of water for rice and palawija.. The results revealed that requirement of irrigation water in an existing cropping pattern of rice/palawija – rice/palawija – rice/palawija using the highest value of water demand at the weir intake gate (DR), 2,255 1/sec/ha, produced the total availability of water in an amount of 4,832 m3/sec while using the unit number for the implementation of operations in the field obtained the highest irrigation requirement value of 3,449 m3/sec. The alternative cropping pattern of rice – rice – palawija using the total value of water demand at the weir intake gate (DR), 2,436 1/sec/ha produced the availability of water in an amount of 5,261 m3/sec while using the unit number for the implementation of operations in the field obtained the highest irrigation requirement value in amount of 4,154 m3/sec.

Calculating method of gating system parameters during die casting of thermoplastic slips for MIM-technology

Method for calculating of the die casting parameters system of a thermoplastic slip for MIM-technology is described. Three main elements of the system are considered: the central gate, the spreading channels, the intake gate. A method of analogies for choosing of the location of the supply of a thermoplastic slip to the casting is proposed.

Hidroituango Intake Gate Closure - Emergency Conditions

This article presents the investigation, analysis, and results of the intake gate closure of two vertical fixed-wheel gates at the hydroelectric project Ituango in Colombia (2400 MW) under free- flow conditions. This atypical operation was considered successful notwithstanding adverse conditions, and therefore, it can be classified as a unique operation in the field of hydraulic gates. In this article, some relevant parameters, such as the hydraulic force of the servomotor during the operation of the gate, were measured before and after the operation and analyzed, and the results were presented. A new chart is proposed for the downpull coefficient based on the collected data, which could be implemented in the closure of gates against the free flow. Considering the abovementioned factors, the authors propose some recommendations and present drawn conclusions contributing to state of the art on design, manufacturing, and operation of this type of hydraulic gates and structures for large and small dams under adverse and extreme conditions.

COMPARISON OF FOUR PARTICLE DEPOSITION RATE FORMULAE IN LAMINAR FLOW

This research aimed to obtain the deposition rate in laminar flow for sediment traps. There are two essential variables related to the performance of the sediment traps for irrigation systems, namely the deposition rate and the efficiency of flushing. This research examines the rate of sediment deposition in laminar flow in a sediment trap. The fall velocity is a fundamental parameter in the modeling and interpretation of the deposition rate. As a rice-producing country, paddy fields with irrigation are many in Indonesia. The case study in this research is on the Macan weir in Subang district - West Java. The data of sediment properties in the Macan river obtained by field investigation from August to December 2019 are sediment concentration, water temperature, grain particle gradation, and the maximum discharge that enters the intake gate. The sediment transport rate that passes through this Macan weir was calculating in 2020. Non-cohesive type of sediment to be an exam in this study. A limitation of the sediment gradation to be captured >0.06cm and neglect <0.06cm and allowed to enter the irrigation system. The method of this research, to determining the sedimentation rate through various literature and formulae methods. Comparing deposition rates are the Stokes-Newton, Farag, Fergusson-Church, and Dietrich law equations. Compare it visually with the plots of equations for laminar conditions of non-cohesive sediment settling in the water at 20°C. As the first step in further research, the result is to determine the appropriate equation for the case that applies to this study.

Kinerja Jaringan Irigasi Tingkat Tersier untuk Wilayah Pertanian Daerah Irigasi Kenconorejo UPTD-P2PU Wilayah II Subah

Irrigation is an important factor in the world of agriculture, Batang Regency is one of the regencies where the majority of the population is farmers. There are several sources or uses of water in agricultural irrigation, including by making a weir or dam. Batang Regency has several technical weirs including the Kenconorejo weir. Kenconorejo Weir Building has several complementary buildings including the weir lighthouse, weir drain door, intake gate, drainage gate and tertiary channel. The tertiary network of the Kenconorejo Irrigation Area has a total length of 8,050 m and a total agricultural area of 712 ha. With quite a long tertiary channel in the tertiary network of the Kenconorejo Irrigation Area, some of the tertiary buildings were damaged, including in the Jrakahpayung Village and Karanggeneng Villages. The results of the calculation of the discharge of tertiary channels in Kenconorejo are obtained, Jrakahpayung Village 36 l/sec with a land area of 18 ha, Kedungsegog 320 l/sec with a land area of 210 ha, Kenconorejo1 212 l / sec with an area of 150 ha, Kenconorejo2 260 l/sec with an area of 148 ha, Ponowareng Village 185 l / sec with an area of 120 ha, and the last is Karanggeneng Village with a total discharge of 94 l / sec and an area of 66 ha. And with the existence of several damaged small complementary buildings, this is of course homework for the PSDA Office which has the authority to manage irrigation systems in a government agency.

Studi Simulasi Pola Operasi Bukaan Pintu Bendung Gerak Mrican (Waru Turi) Kecamatan Gampangrejo Kabupaten Kediri Jawa Timur

The Mrican Weir (Waru Turi) is one of the largest motion weirs that dam the Brantas River. The weir irrigates the Waru irrigation area of 12,710 hectares and the Turi irrigation area of 16,444 hectares. The main function of the weir is to needs of irrigation water (flow control) and flood control structures. From a total of nine spillway gates, only eight gates are operating optimally. With the need for irrigation water that must be fulfilled, a new operating pattern is needed to continue to support this irrigation. The door opening operation pattern refers to the Normal Water Level at an elevation of +57.3 meters as the ideal reference. The water level receded at an elevation of +57.2 meters, and the Flood Water Level at an elevation of +58.28 meters. The simulation method for door opening (intake and spillway door) is based on irrigation requirements. With the gate opening simulation method, the maximum discharge of the spillway door (+57.3 m) is 63.67 m3/s, with an opening of 2.73 meters per door (a total of eight functioning gates). While at the Waru intake the discharge is 6.211 m3/s and Turi with a discharge of 7.936 m3/s, the maximum gate opening is 0.3 meters per door. With the new operating pattern, the discharge that flows at each intake gate still meets the needs of irrigation discharge.

Regulation of the flow in the area of the damless water intake

The article discusses the results of numerical studies of the flow of the Amudarya river above the point of the damless water intake to the head structure of the damless water intake to the Karshi Main Canal-KMC. The system of two-dimensional equations of hydrodynamics-Saint-Venant is used as the basis of the mathematical model. In this work, a series of calculations of the field of currents in the river channel during low-water periods is carried out. Below are the main research results and proposals for ensuring the stable operation of the damless water intake in low-water conditions. The applicability of a numerical model composed of the equations of shallow water -the vector equation for the conservation of momentum and the scalar equation for the conservation of mass, has been proved, when describing a flow with the presence of circulation zones, which is typical when the water flow is constrained by blind dams. In this case, the solution pulsates around a certain average value, and the average length of the circulation zone behind the sudden expansion of the open flow is in good agreement with laboratory experiments. Numerical studies have shown that the device of a jet-guiding dam 150 m above the water intake gate in the CMC is more effective than when the dam is located 250 m above. In essence, dam № 2 with a length of 65 m does not affect the conditions at the water intake in the KMC at all, and dam № 2 with a length of 120 m is almost equivalent in its impact on the flow to dam №1 with a length of 50 m. Analysis of the results shows that the placement of an additional threshold in the Amudarya river bed improves the situation by raising the water level at the water intake. The threshold is flooded even at low water levels, which reduces the speed load on its body. At the same time, the threshold is located directly at the beginning of the channel, in part to protect the intake from incoming sediment, and high enough speed water glistening over the threshold in line, ensure the transit of sediment that can reduce enters the intake. Such measures will reduce the turbidity of water entering the channel. This, in turn, reduces the intensity of the silting process.

Study of rehabilitation plan of bottom outlet service and emergency gates of Karun 1 dam

Rehabilitation and renovation of damaged tunnels and hydro-mechanical equipment of dam and power plant projects in Iran is a major challenge and has to be seriously planned for now. Considering that Karun 1 dam has been in service for more than 50 years, the service and emergency gates of this project showed extensive damage and needed to be replaced. In the absence of a maintenance intake gate in front of this tunnel and the impossibility of emptying the upstream reservoir – whose dependent power plants must work non-stop – the redesign and installation of new gates must be made under a water head of 110 m. Primarily, four solutions are investigated to repair or replace the damaged parts of service and emergency gates and casing to seal the tunnel; of which one is selected as the final procedure. Then the recommended method of installation of the gates under the water head of 110 m is examined.

Evaluasi Kinerja Daerah Irigasi Cikeusik Berdasarkan Petunjuk Pelaksanaan Gabungan Penilaian Kinerja Irigasi Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat (PUPR) Tahun 2017

Daerah irigasi (D.I.) Cikeusik dibangun pada tahun 1883 dan mulai beroperasi pada tahun 1884, namun saat ini sudah tidak beroperasi secara optimum. D.I. Cikeusik terletak di Kecamatan Cikeusik, Kabupaten Pandeglang, Provinsi Banten. Sektor pertanian yang terdapat di daerah tersebut memiliki potensi yang sangat baik. Kecamatan Cikeusik mempunyai lahan pertanian seluas 650 ha. Jaringan irigasi di D.I. Cikeusik mencakup jaringan irigasi teknis yang memiliki sembilan buah pintu sadap. Saat ini irigasi Cikeusik mengalami perubahan dalam pemasokan air ke petak tersier, air yang dipasok tidak tercukupi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja D.I. Cikeusik. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan petunjuk pelaksanaan gabungan penilaian kinerja sistem irigasi utama dan tersier kementerian PUPR 2017. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Nilai Kinerja Sistem Irigasi (NKSI) sebesar 64.86% termasuk kategori kinerja irigasi masih kurang.

Air pressure drop in a penstock during the course of intake-gate closure

In urgent situations, the intake gates of a hydroelectric power generating station must be closed to stop the inflow of water to the station’s penstock. During the course of gate closure, the air p...

Salinity intrusion and rice production in Red River Delta under changing climate conditions

This study was carried out to identify the vulnerability of rice production to salinity intrusion arising from climate change in Giao Thuy, a coastal district of Nam Dinh Province, located in Red River Delta in Vietnam. From the analysis of historical climate data at Nam Dinh city, both mean maximum and minimum temperatures increased by about 0.3 and 0.1 °C per decade, respectively, during the period of 1961–2010. Salt concentration of the river water was higher at the irrigation gate closer to river mouth (Con Nhat) than at the upstream gate (Ha Mieu), which generally increased from 2003 to 2012, with the average maximum concentration up to 2.13 % at Con Nhat gate in 2010. The salt water concentration in the riverside field outside the dyke reached 3.6 %, while among the fields within dyke the salinity was only 0.7 % at maximum in January 2013, and the values were higher in paddy fields close to the dyke than far from the dyke. Average yield among the selected 27 fields from 2011 summer to 2013 spring rice was higher in spring rice (748 g m−2) but lower in summer rice (417 g m−2) mainly due to unfavorable weather such as cold spell at flowering and flood at harvesting time. Rice yield was lowest in general in the most downstream commune Giao Thien, and was significantly lower in field located close to the dyke than those far from the dyke. This spatial variability of rice yield may not be directly attributable to salinity, but to the other factors such as shift of irrigation intake gate to further upstream and/or different management such as less input of N fertilizer and use of traditional local variety.

開水路流中の気泡に対するアユ魚群の忌避特性

Fish sometimes enter into an intake gate of weirs and dams, so that a lot of released larval ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis) are lost. Some techniques with air bubbles, electricity and transmitted light have been developed to avoid fish from the intake gate. However, a lot of fisheries co-operative associations pointed out that the most of such techniques have no effect. It is not known that fish avoid the area which is included air bubbles or not. In this study, the air bubbles are injected from the bottom of channel with changing the flow velocity, and trajectories of fish are recorded. It was found that air bubbles almost effect on the swimming behavior of ayu. The swimming distance and the swimming speed of ayu are decreased in air bubble area.