Ukrainian Insurance Research Articles

ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ СТРАХУВАННЯ ТУРИСТИЧНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

The article discusses the types of insurance in tourism. Based on the analysis of the insurance market of Ukraine, it was established that the number of insurance companies decreased by almost three times during the years 2015-2022, and 25 insurance companies worked in the field of tourism in 2023. It was revealed that the following companies are the leaders in the travel insurance market: European Travel Insurance, ARX, VUSO, PZU Ukraine. The factors that hold back the development of tourism insurance are highlighted: military actions due to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, political instability; decrease in the number of tourists, low solvency of the population; imperfect legal framework; poor awareness of the population in the field of tourism insurance; public distrust of insurance companies; a narrow range of insurance services in the field of tourism insurance; incomplete and untimely fulfillment of obligations to policyholders; limited scope of insurance protection due to reduction of insurance prices by insurers; decrease in the quality of insurance products; insufficient professional level of insurance company specialists; overall low development of the country's insurance market. The main trends in the field of insurance in Ukraine are revealed: individual policies for certain tourist segments, use of artificial intelligence, transformation of products into the format of electronic policies, blockchain technologies. Directions for solving problems in the field of insurance in tourism are indicated: improvement of the regulatory and legal framework; ensuring political stability, increasing economic development in the state; training of highly qualified personnel in the field of insurance; improvement of insurance culture; creation of protective mechanisms for tourists; assistance from the state to the development of the insurance market in Ukraine; improvement of the risk management mechanism; increasing public trust in insurance companies; expanding the list of insurance services and improving their quality.

Risks and profitability of business models of insurance companies

Ukrainian insurance companies are steadily moving towards the European development framework, facilitated by the adoption of a series of radical regulatory documents by the National Bank of Ukraine (NBU) concerning the super­vision of their activities based on a risk-oriented approach. This, in turn, requires insurance compa­nies to make fundamental changes to their risk management processes and substantiate their choice of a viable business model capable of ensu­ring their long-term. The aim of the article is to determine the level of risks and the related profitability of business models of insurance companies of Ukraine, as well as to develop recommendations for their transfor­mation based on proactive risk management. The research is based on the use of a set of such methods as analysis, comparison, grouping, correlation. Various methodical approaches to distinguishing the business models of insurers are revealed and their brief description is given. An analysis of risks for business models of life and non-life insurance was carried out based on the system of selected indicators. An analysis of the correlation relationship between the ratio of insurance payments to insurance premiums (dependent variable) and independent variables was carried out. Proposals aimed at imple­menting innovative business models based on proactive risk management have been deve­loped. Formulated and empirically tested hypo­theses regarding the reduction of the scale of the insurance business under the influence of the unfavorable economic situation, the war in Ukraine and the strengthening of regulatory requirements for insurers; different levels of risks are inherent in the business models of non-life and life insurers; the introduction of innova­tive business models for insurers should be based on the conceptual principles of proactive risk management

The state of the property insurance market of Ukraine in the conditions of war

Introduction. The paper highlights the theoretical and methodological foundations of the functioning of the property insurance market in Ukraine. It was determined that property insurance is of crucial importance for raising the standard of living of the population and creating a strong system of protection of state finances, ensuring the stability of the country's economy. The purpose of the paper is to determine the essence of insured property and research the state of the property insurance market of Ukraine during the period of martial law. Results. The current trends in the development of property insurance in Ukraine are considered. The paper examines and analyzes the current state of the property insurance market of Ukraine and the main indicators of insurance activity for 2021-2023. It was determined that property insurance is the largest branch of the insurance market of Ukraine, and despite all the problems related to the war, the Ukrainian insurance market continued active recovery in 2023. The main problems of the property insurance market, which restrain its development, are identified, directions for its improvement and further development are proposed. In order to develop the insurance property of Ukraine after the war, it was proposed to soften the regulatory requirements for calculating contributions, reduce the tax burden on insurance activity, strengthen the control of insurance payments, and ensure the possibility of preferential lending. Conclusions. Analysis of the development of property insurance in Ukraine in recent years allows us to come to the disappointing conclusion that the war significantly affected the development of property insurance, there was a significant decrease in insurance premiums and insurance payments in 2020. But in 2023, the property insurance market of Ukraine began to grow, which indicates its readiness for adaptation and recovery in the post-war years.

Essence and stages of e-insurance development in Ukraine

The digitalization of all economic sectors, Ukraine's path to European integration, and the need for consumers to have fast, remote, and convenient insurance services highlight the relevance of implementing electronic insurance in the insurance market. This paper is dedicated to defining the essence of electronic insurance in the context of the digitalization of the insurance market and exploring the main stages of the development of electronic insurance in Ukraine, which has undergone rapid and technological changes since the first sale of an electronic compulsory civil liability insurance policy in 2018. Legislative and regulatory acts governing the process of electronic insurance have been studied. It has been found that the introduction of the electronic compulsory civil liability insurance policy, and later the electronic Green Card, has had a maximally positive impact on the development of the insurance market as a whole and has become an integral part of its innovative and technological breakthrough. It is emphasized that market participants have received additional technological tools for conducting their activities, which positively affects the development of their business and the insurance market as a whole. The further application of digital technologies, artificial intelligence, implementation of customer-oriented interface solutions, integration of all insurance products, and corresponding legislative groundwork will lead to the gradual increase of the share of electronic insurance in Ukraine, which will positively impact the entire financial market and economy in general. It is proven that the establishment of electronic insurance is an integral part of the development of the digital economy and innovative technologies in all areas of economic activity. E-commerce, electronic document management, 4-5G communication, the relentless shift of consumers to touchscreen phones, the use of technological and convenient mobile applications, the implementation of CRM systems, and various innovative solutions have allowed the provision of insurance services to reach a new level while optimizing costs.

Essence and stages of e-insurance development in Ukraine

The digitalization of all economic sectors, Ukraine's path to European integration, and the need for consumers to have fast, remote, and convenient insurance services highlight the relevance of implementing electronic insurance in the insurance market. This paper is dedicated to defining the essence of electronic insurance in the context of the digitalization of the insurance market and exploring the main stages of the development of electronic insurance in Ukraine, which has undergone rapid and technological changes since the first sale of an electronic compulsory civil liability insurance policy in 2018. Legislative and regulatory acts governing the process of electronic insurance have been studied. It has been found that the introduction of the electronic compulsory civil liability insurance policy, and later the electronic Green Card, has had a maximally positive impact on the development of the insurance market as a whole and has become an integral part of its innovative and technological breakthrough. It is emphasized that market participants have received additional technological tools for conducting their activities, which positively affects the development of their business and the insurance market as a whole. The further application of digital technologies, artificial intelligence, implementation of customer-oriented interface solutions, integration of all insurance products, and corresponding legislative groundwork will lead to the gradual increase of the share of electronic insurance in Ukraine, which will positively impact the entire financial market and economy in general. It is proven that the establishment of electronic insurance is an integral part of the development of the digital economy and innovative technologies in all areas of economic activity. E-commerce, electronic document management, 4-5G communication, the relentless shift of consumers to touchscreen phones, the use of technological and convenient mobile applications, the implementation of CRM systems, and various innovative solutions have allowed the provision of insurance services to reach a new level while optimizing costs.

Financial Capacity of Insurance Companies as a Factor of Stable Development of the Ukrainian Insurance Market

Abstract The relevance of the article is based on an in-depth study of the financial potential of insurers and its impact on the insurance market, which provides valuable information for the stakeholders of the insurance industry. Therefore, this study aims to determine approaches to revealing the essence of the financial capacity of insurers, based on the scientific tools of financial science. The leading approach to the study of this problem is the analysis of the dynamics of liabilities (raised and borrowed funds) and equity capital of insurers and the relationship between them, which enables a comprehensive look at the impact of these indicators on the development of insurance market and internal and external factors that have both an objective and subjective impact on the financial capacity of insurers and the insurance market. The article defines the stages and methodology of assessing the financial condition of insurers. In particular, the normative method, the comparative method, the static method, the formallogical method, the economic-mathematical method, the method of analysis and synthesis became the leading research methods. These assessment methods are crucial for the timely determination of the current state of financial capacity and its potential. Using a multivariate correlation-regression model, the authors demonstrate the importance of various components of financial capacity. The presented results will be useful to various stakeholders in the insurance industry as they provide a deeper understanding of their financial strength, including the dynamics of liabilities, equity and leveraged funds. First of all, it was established that financial resources are the basis of financial capacity. Secondly, the definition of the insurance company’s financial resources as a source and component of the company’s functioning is formulated. Thirdly, it is shown that the insurer’s financial capacity is logically dependent on its investment capacity, which is determined by the amount of financial resources. It was also determined that financial capacity is a dynamic quantity and is manifested only in the process of its use and ideally should be accompanied by its growth. Among them, it was proved that the main components that significantly affect the formation of the financial potential of insurers and the growth of the insurance market of Ukraine are insurance reserves and authorized capital. These conclusions can easily become the basis for the formation of further state insurance policy, which will be followed through legislative reforms, increased competition in the insurance market and will result in an increase in the level of trust among the population.

Integration of European legislative practices in risk management and solvency in the domestic insurance industry

The insurance industry of Ukraine is on the verge of significant changes associated with the integration processes into the European legal framework. It has been identified that the adaptation of domestic insurance legislation to EU Directives requires insurers to form solvency capital, taking into account the minimum capital requirements, and implement a risk-oriented approach in managing their activities. It is noted that there is a need for a gradual implementation of the legislative norms of the European Union presented in the Solvency II Directive into the domestic legislation. This is because the Ukrainian insurance sector is in a turbulent state, primarily associated with military risks, and the key uncertainty currently lies in the liabilities of insurers. The paper employs methods such as analysis, comparison, logical inference formation, and generalization based on the materials of studies by domestic and foreign scholars, as well as legislative norms. These methods are used to investigate the main legislative requirements for risk and capital management in insurance companies. Differences in the sizes of the minimum required capital for domestic and foreign companies are identified, and recommendations are provided to reduce the review periods of its absolute regulatory values defined by Ukrainian legislation, taking into account new risks. The necessity of gradually introducing European legislative innovations is substantiated, considering the peculiarities of the domestic insurance market. This is because the provisions of the Solvency II Directive impose heightened requirements on the capitalization of insurers to cover risks. A conclusion is drawn that the implementation of a risk-oriented approach will not only allow for a prompt response to identified risks but also ensure commitments to clients and enhance the financial stability of insurance companies in Ukraine. The transformation of Ukrainian insurance legislation into the European legislative field provides many positive aspects for domestic insurers to conduct their activities on an efficient, risk-free, fair and stable insurance market.

Analysis of provision of insurance services from property types of insurance

Introduction. In today's world, property insurance plays a key role in the financial stability of both individuals and businesses. It is an important element in the country's economic security system, which ensures the protection of assets and minimizes financial losses in case of unforeseen events. In the conditions of growing economic uncertainty and increasing influence of various risks, the effectiveness of property insurance takes on special importance. In this regard, research and analysis of the dynamics of the development of property insurance, its current state and trends in Ukraine is relevant. The purpose of the article is to determine the essence and types of property insurance, assess the features and dynamics of property insurance, as well as the main problems and directions for improving and increasing the level of effectiveness of property insurance in Ukraine. Research methods. The following research methods are used in the scientific article: induction, deduction - to analyze and determine the economic essence of property insurance and the main approaches to its classification; the synthesis method - to determine the main problems and obstacles that affect the effectiveness of property insurance in Ukraine, as well as when determining directions for improvement and increasing the level of effectiveness of property insurance; comparison - when assessing the features and dynamics of property insurance, as well as the researched structures of the main types of property insurance; tabular method - for displaying statistical indicators of the dynamics of insurance premiums and payments in terms of types of property insurance; modeling method – for displaying property types of insurance and the dynamics of insurance premiums and payments. The results. The economic essence of property insurance and the main approaches to its classification have been studied. An assessment of the features and dynamics of property insurance is provided, as well as the structure of the main types of property insurance is investigated. The main problems and obstacles affecting the effectiveness of property insurance in Ukraine are identified, in particular macroeconomic, such as the volatility of the economy and legislative changes, and microeconomic - the quality of service provided by insurers, the level of consumer awareness and their trust in insurance products. Directions for improving and increasing the level of efficiency of property insurance are proposed, including the development of new insurance products, optimization of risk assessment processes and insurance payouts, as well as the implementation of advanced IT solutions to increase the efficiency of insurance companies. In particular, it is recommended to focus on increasing the financial literacy of the population, expanding reinsurance opportunities and improving state regulation.

УПРАВЛІННЯ ПОДАТКОВИМИ РИЗИКАМИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА ЧЕРЕЗ ІНСТРУМЕНТ СТРАХУВАННЯ

The introduction of the newest tax risk management approaches has become more and more critical for Ukrainian enterprises. This paper analyzes and summarizes international experience in tax risk management and defines trends in this area. The author presents several recommendations for improving fiscal relations using an insurance coverage mechanism. The article also emphasizes the changes in tax relations determined by the development of information technology, as well as new opportunities and challenges associated with these processes. The methods used worldwide to manage these processes are analyzed in order not only to mitigate tax risks but also to implement necessary changes required to make tax function more efficient in a company. Given the complexity of tax regulations and the development of new instruments for managing tax risks, the author proposes to consider and put into practice the US experience, where, as a way of providing transparency and consistency in accounting for income tax liabilities, Interpretation No. 48 "Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes" (FIN 48) was adopted in 2006 by the FASB. Practical foreign experience of insurance coverage for tax risks, uncertain tax positions, and the potential development of such insurance in Ukraine are outlined. It is noted that the essence of tax risk insurance is to cover possible financial losses incurred by a business entity as a result of changes in tax legislation or an unformed approach of court practice. It is determined that there are certain inconsistencies in the sectoral legislation regarding the absence of rules governing tax risk insurance. At present, the national legislation does not define tax risk insurance as an independent class of insurance (or its component), which reduces its effectiveness. The development of tax risk insurance in Ukraine could become an effective tool to help minimize business risks of monetary liabilities to the budget. The authors argue that there is a need for high-quality transformation in the transparency of business, accounting, financial, and tax reporting within relationships with tax authorities. In addition, it is determined how the implementation of the Standard Audit File (SAF-T) could affect the taxpayer's cooperation with the government and insurers in assessing tax risks.

Детермінанти низького рівня розвитку ринку страхування життя в Україні

The aim of the study is to find a correlation between indicators such as average wages and gross insurance premiums in the life insurance industry. The purposes of the research are: determination of the main determinants that affect the development of the life insurance market over a twenty-year period, search for the main reasons for the low level of life insurance in Ukraine. The methods of research in this publication are the methods of scientific abstraction, induction and deduction for a comprehensive consideration of the reasons for the low level of development of life insurance in Ukraine, individual provisions of the research are supplemented by methods of economic and correlational analysis. It is found that during the period of its formation, the insurance market of Ukraine in the field of life insurance went through several stages of its formation and continues to be formed and improved. It is determined that in 2022, the share of gross life insurance premiums in GDP equaled 0.09%, which is a very low indicator compared to developed foreign markets. This indicates the weak development of this type of insurance due to a number of reasons. A retrospective analysis of scientific publications and research over a twenty-year period showed that one of the reasons for the low level of development of life insurance is the low income of potential customers of the insurance company, which was indicated by a large number of publications. Since the salary is the main type of income of our compatriots, it is assumed that its level affects the volume of gross insurance premiums. To test this hypothesis, a correlation coefficient of 0.965 was defined. This indicates a direct relationship between wages and gross insurance premiums. The correlation coefficient is determined based on statistical information on average wages and gross life insurance premiums over a twenty-year period. Therefore, it can be predicted that the determinant of the growth of the life insurance market will be the increase in wages of potential consumers of insurance services in real terms. Further research in the field of the life insurance market will concern the forecasting of the salary level of potential consumers of insurance services, at which the volumes of life insurance will be growing.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ КОРПОРАТИВНОГО МЕДИЧНОГО СТРАХУВАННЯ В УКРАЇНІ В СУЧАСНИХ УМОВАХ

The article examines the evolution of the health insurance system in Ukraine, and also analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of using corporate insurance to expand voluntary health insurance programs. It is noted that the Ukrainian health care system is at the stage of reform, and mandatory health insurance has not yet been implemented. The main participants of voluntary health insurance are corporate clients. The purpose of medical insurance is to provide guaranteed medical care in the event of an insured event at the expense of accumulated funds. In addition, the insurance system is aimed at financing preventive measures and improving the quality and expanding access to medical services. A significant outflow of labor from Ukraine and, as a result, increased competition for qualified personnel forces companies to use new strategies to ensure employee loyalty. This is especially relevant for those who have survived the crisis in recent years and intend to strengthen their positions in the market. The successful management experience of companies, their practices, including personnel management, serve as an example for other participants in Ukrainian business. The medical reform that began in the country is the subject of active discussions in social networks and mass media, it is difficult to assess its direct impact on market growth indicators. In our opinion, while waiting for the changes, employers are showing much more interest in paying for medical treatment for their employees, and more and more employees are getting an insurance policy from their employer. The purpose of medical insurance is to provide guaranteed medical care in the event of an insured event at the expense of accumulated funds. In addition, the insurance system is aimed at financing preventive measures and improving the quality and expanding access to medical services. In connection with the ambiguity of the legislation regarding the mandatory form of health insurance in Ukraine, within the framework of our study, we will focus on its voluntary form. Thus, voluntary medical insurance is a type of insurance designed to provide the policyholder with a guarantee of full or partial reimbursement by the insurer of additional costs associated with contacting a medical institution for a service provided in accordance with the voluntary medical insurance program. Demand for voluntary health insurance products in Ukraine is very low. Insureds are mainly corporate clients, namely employers who insure their employees. Thus, it is possible to consider corporate health insurance as a separate segment of health insurance, which is part of the system of ensuring the human right to health.

Current state of legal regulation of social insurance in Ukraine

Current state of legal regulation of social insurance in Ukraine

Сучасні тренди розвитку загальноєвропейського ринку аграрного страхування: можливості та перспективи для України

Under martial law on the territory of Ukraine, insurance of agricultural products becomes particular relevance, since the danger of losing future crops is scaled not only due to the traditional hazards (agronomic, natural and climatic, financial and economic, etc.), but also due to the presence of wartime risks. The scientific novelty of the presented article lies in the substantiation of the expediency of further development of agrarian insurance in Ukraine, taking into account the global experience and European experience in particular. The article identifies the key problems that impede the functioning of the agrarian insurance market in Ukraine. Based on the results of the study, a comparative analysis of the existing models of functioning of agrarian insurance markets in the countries of the European Union is carried out, their advantages and disadvantages are substantiated. The importance of insurance for a sustainable development of agribusiness and ensuring the country’s food security is emphasized. Summarizing the current trends in the pan-European agrarian insurance market, the authors of the article emphasize the expediency of diversification of insurance protection of agricultural producers by expanding the range of insurance services (microinsurance, index and classic insurance). On the basis of a generalization, an analysis of the key parameters of the development of the agrarian insurance market in Ukraine for 2019–2022 is carried out, the authors’ proposals aimed at forming a model of public-private partnership are formulated, the expediency of strengthening social responsibility and increasing the stability of communication links between stakeholders of the agrarian insurance market, as well as ensuring comprehensive digitalization of the insurance process, is substantiated. The implementation of these measures is considered in the context of adaptation of the national agrarian insurance market to the pan-European insurance space.

Innovations in analytics as a marketing tool, as an example of car insurance

The article is devoted to the study of the current state and trends in the development of innovations in analytics as a marketing tool in the context of global digitalization. The development of digital technologies allows companies to use more opportunities to conduct their activities, improve their products and offers. Significant interest in innovations in analytics is revealed by high scientific interest in this topic among researchers. The current state of the car insurance market, the influence of analytical innovations in marketing on the processes of market functioning, products and offers of companies are considered. The main areas of digitization of the industry were identified: the implementation and use of Big Data for risk reduction and detailed study of service consumers, monitoring of the actual use of insurer services by customers using IoT devices and the help of artificial intelligence for data processing and ideas for implementing changes. A detailed description of the essence of each of these innovations is given and the practical use of some of these methods of digitization of the industry by foreign and Ukrainian companies is indicated. The activities of the best examples of the use of Big Data, IoT technologies, work with artificial intelligence by the world's leading insurers and compared with the current set of innovative, analytical tools used by Ukrainian companies are considered. It has been studied that foreign insurers use more innovative measures in analytics than Ukrainian ones. The strengths and weaknesses of insurtech innovations in analytics, in the field of auto insurance, are determined. Taking into account the conducted analysis, practical recommendations are provided regarding possible ways to expand innovation methods for use by Ukrainian insurance companies, possible options for cooperation with enterprises of other fields are determined for a more detailed market analysis and study of consumer requests. As a result of applying the recommendations presented in the work, Ukrainian insurers will be able to better analyze potential and existing customers, reduce possible risks, adapt their products to the received data and personalize, improve offers, which will help to be competitive in the market.

Страховий ринок, ринок страхування і ринок страхових послуг: наукові погляди, нове розуміння і визначення

Educational programs need to be updated and improved, taking into account the latest legislative changes to correctly reflect the transformations of financial services markets and the evolution of the main concepts of financial science. This affects the quality of educational training, the scientific component in higher education institutions of Ukraine, and the professional competence of future practitioners and scientists. The article aims to reveal, improve the essence and formulate the definition of the concepts of the market of insurance services, insurance market, and market of insurance, taking into account the new legislation in the insurance field and achievements of financial science. The methodological basis of the research is the position of the theory of open economy, as well as the methods of system analysis. The study includes four sections: the first section provides a brief review of scientific works on the definition of the insurance market; the second section contains the analysis of Ukrainian insurance legislation regarding the insurance market; the third section presents the quantitative calculations and a new understanding of basic concepts; in the last subsection, the authors explain how the concepts of the insurance market and the market of insurance services differ, highlight the activities of the regulatory bodies of the insurance market, and show the unresolved problem of insurance guarantees in the market. The analysis points to the still unsolved problem of state guarantees of returning insurance premiums to clients if the insurer ceases insurance activity. In this regard, the expediency of creating the Insurance Guarantee Fund, which should become a participant in the insurance market, is argued. It was found that the concepts of the market of insurance services and the market of insurance are identical. The concept of the insurance market covers the market of insurance and is distinguished by the fact that there are regulatory bodies in the insurance market. Based on the provisions of the open economy theory and the analysis of behavioral aspects of market participants, the work proposes new definitions of the concepts of the market of insurance services and the insurance market.

Financial Capacity of Insurance Companies as a Factor of Stable Development of the Ukrainian Insurance Market

Financial Capacity of Insurance Companies as a Factor of Stable Development of the Ukrainian Insurance Market

Формування конкурентних переваг і конкурентного потенціалу компаній зі страхування життя

The article defines the competitive advantages and competitive potential of life insurance companies (LICs). It is noted that the insurance business is an important part of the financial and credit system, and the insurance market is an ideal place for the development of this industry. Attention is focused on the fact that the life insurance market in Ukraine is at the stage of formation. The current unstable socioeconomic situation, the military aggression of the russian federation, and the peculiarities of the cultural and historical traditions of Ukrainians are the main obstacles and problems for its development. Based on the carried out SWOT analysis, it is concluded that there are certain problems in the activities of LICs. Along with the spread of global trends in globalization and integration of national markets, automation of operational processes, increased competition, trends that are characteristic features of the Ukrainian insurance market are manifested. It is determined that the management of the competitive potential of LICs depends on the adoption of the right managerial decisions in the formation and use of its competitive advantages. The measures are presented in the form of program-target blocks that will provide the basis for creating a mechanism for managing the competitive potential of LICs. In addition, each of the blocks can be considered as a separate subsystem that consists of different components. The components of management of the competitive potential of LICs are defined. It is determined that the assessment of the insurer’s competitive advantages and competitive potential will be possible only with the help of a systematic assessment, which has a clear basis of comparison. This assessment should take into account not only the financial aspect, but also the results of management, the effectiveness of the use of marketing tools, the quality of insurance services and the service of the insured. Measures to increase the competitive potential of insurance services are presented. It is concluded that one of the important conditions for effective management of the competitiveness of life insurance companies is to determine the competitive advantages and competitive potential of LICs, which in the long run allows to assess the level of competitiveness of an insurance company and develop certain measures to adapt to the needs of the insurance market at all stages of operational activities and management links for a quick and prompt response to external threats.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ILLNESS AMONG HEALTHCARE EMPLOYEES

The aim of the work is to characterize and assess the state of health of health care workers and to find out which diseases are most common among health care workers and which list of diseases requires treatment on the basis of social health insurance.
 Materials and methods. In the course of the research, 550 health care workers were interviewed and surveyed regarding the feasibility of implementing social insurance for health care workers in the city of Kyiv and medical and preventive institutions in the Kyiv region. Evaluating the classification of commercial and social insurance in Ukraine, the authors noted that 9% of them do not support any type of insurance at all, 5% support commercial insurance, and 85% support social insurance, 1% refrained from answering.
 The results. As of January 1, 2022, the number of insured persons in the Social Insurance Fund of Ukraine was 4,236,285, of which: legal entities – 2,548,964, individuals – 1,714,321, voluntarily insured persons – 52. In 2021, the fund's income amounted to UAH 17,753.1 million, or 99.3% of the plan, including insurance contributions of policyholders and insured persons – UAH 16,858.8 million, which is 99.2% of the plan [1].
 The article provides a thorough characterization of statistical information, which includes the processing of the primary documents "Occupational Disease Record Card (Occupational Injury)", compiled for all cases of occupational diseases first detected and registered in Ukraine for the specified years; conducted questionnaires and interviews of health care workers (employees of health care institutions in the city of Kyiv and Kyiv, Khmelnytskyi, Odesa, Cherkasy, and Sumy regions).
 The number of appeals for qualified specialized medical care and issuance of disability certificates was studied. The formation of occupational diseases of health care workers was also determined and their statistical information was provided.
 Conclusions. For the high-quality functioning of the health care sector and the reduction of mortality among medical workers, it is necessary to implement the proposed model of social insurance for health care workers. It is this kind of insurance that will ensure the proper life of health care workers, preserve and restore their working capacity, reduce the rate of deaths among them with a low financial loss for them and their family members.

THE DYNAMICS OF THE COLLECTION OF THE MANDATORY STATE PENSION FUND CONTRIBUTION (WITH THE EXAMPLE OF THE FORMATION OF JUDICIAL PRACTICE)

The subject of the study is the conceptual, theoretical, methodological and applied provisions of mandatory state pension insurance in Ukraine through the lens of its regulatory framework and judicial application. Methodology. General scientific methods were used in the research process. The method of comparison was used to generalise the judicial approaches of different levels of courts to the main dominants of law enforcement regarding the payment of state pension insurance contributions. Analysis was used to determine the quantitative and qualitative parameters of current and previous legislation and court practice. Synthesis was used to determine the main features of court practice. The historical-legal method was used for the purpose of researching the historical retrospective of the development of legislation and judicial practice on the given problem. The aim of the article is to analyse the past and current judicial practice regarding the application of exemptions from mandatory state pension insurance contributions in Ukraine, comparing the approaches to the regulatory framework before and after the normative reform of the relevant institution. The results of the study have shown that in order to ensure the effectiveness of the benefit from the payment of the mandatory state pension insurance contribution, it is necessary to transform the current judicial practice and change its vector from a pro-fiscal orientation to the creation of foundations for ensuring the legal rights and interests of private individuals. Conclusion. The recent case law of the Supreme Court regarding the application of the relevant exemption for first-time home purchases is not consistent. In fact, the burden of proof for the first-time purchase of housing is placed solely on the private individual, while the state itself has access to the necessary data to establish the priority of the purchase of housing. Furthermore, the very possibility of refunding funds paid in error (without justification) by a person entitled to the exemption is disputed. In summary, the highest court in the system of general jurisdiction has taken a purely fiscal position on this issue. As for the legal innovations in the regulation of the payment of the mandatory state pension insurance contribution, they are of a somewhat inconsistent nature. In practice, there is an attempt to place the burden of proof for the initial acquisition of a dwelling on the parties to civil legal relations, i.e. the person who acquires the dwelling and the notary who formalises such a legal transaction, despite the fact that the state also has effective mechanisms for establishing the existence of relevant legal facts. As a result, the effective mechanism for the implementation of the exemption under consideration is reduced.

Assessing the impact of the russian invasion on the competitiveness in the Ukrainian insurance market

The full-scale russian invasion and war in Ukraine have inflicted substantial damage on the Ukrainian economy across various sectors. During crises, a common phenomenon is a decline in market competitiveness. This paper seeks to investigate whether the war in Ukraine has resulted in a reduction of competitiveness in the Ukrainian insurance market. To assess this, a range of traditional measures of market concentration, as well as various statistical tests, were applied to three crucial indicators from the Ukrainian insurance market, namely, assets, insurance premiums, and insurance payments for the period from January 1, 2022 to July 1, 2023. The findings suggest that, despite substantial losses incurred by the Ukrainian insurance market due to the invasion, the competition in the market did not experience significant degradation. However, the existing trends indicating a propensity for increased market concentration are cause for concern and demand immediate attention from regulators to prevent the deterioration of the market. To prevent market degradation stemming from current trends, regulatory bodies like the National Bank of Ukraine should carefully monitor adverse developments. They ought to integrate commitments to ensure market competitiveness, complemented by specific quantitative metrics for oversight, into their strategic plans and concepts for the development of the insurance market. Given the persistent threat of russian bombing in Ukraine, a viable and promising direction involves the proactive adoption of digital services and products. AcknowledgmentsAlex Plastun gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (0121U100473).