Insurance Framework Research Articles

Examining Strategies Developed by Insurance Companies for Addressing Carbon Emissions in the Automotive Supply Chain in the UK

The automotive supply chain is one of the top eight value chains that cause 50% of global emissions. Despite its significance, limited literature has researched the role of insurance companies in addressing automotive supply chain emissions. This research explores strategies developed by insurance companies for addressing carbon emissions in the automotive supply chain in the UK. It employs a qualitative multiple case study approach and conducts in-depth analysis of main drivers, barriers, and strategies in four insurance companies in addressing automotive supply chain emissions. It finds that cost savings and competitive advantage, changing mindset, impending regulation, market changes, and increased connectedness are the main drivers. But further progress is slowed down by five main barriers: ‘the complexity of tracking and quantifying emissions’, ‘conflicts of interest in the supply chain’, ‘skill shortage’, ‘lack of accountability’, and ‘profit prioritisation’. To overcome this, the study establishes five main strategies for insurance companies to follow: ‘circular business model with green parts and repair-over-replace methodologies’, ‘supply chain collaboration’, ‘quantifying emissions and setting key performance indicators’, ‘higher weighting for ESG in tenders and policies’, and ‘education and awareness’. If followed correctly, businesses will be able to achieve ‘emission reductions’, ‘gain competitive advantage’, and ‘reduce costs in the supply chain’. Taking into account these findings and the academic literature, this study develops a framework for insurance companies to mitigate automotive supply chain emissions. This is one of the first papers to study carbon emissions in automotive supply chains from the perspective of the insurance industry. It provides practical implications for the insurance industry in developing carbon emission strategies in automotive supply chains.

Financial support for guaranteed medical care and indicators of the health capital of the Russian population

BACKGROUND: Financial support for medical care is one of the conditions for the implementation of the state’s social objectives and strategic provision of the required level of health capital for the population. Financial resources of compulsory health insurance account for more than 48% in the structure of sources of financing of guaranteed medical care. AIM: Analysis of the relationship between basic integral indicators of population health capital and the level of financial security of medical care within the framework of the compulsory health insurance program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out using the method of correlation and regression analysis, the method of constructing time series, comparative analysis of quantitative and qualitative indicators. RESULTS: Financial support for medical care within the framework of compulsory medical insurance in 2011-2022. was characterized by significant underfunding and a decrease in the coverage of the population with timely and high-quality medical care. Government expenditures within the framework of compulsory health insurance are determined by the dynamics of GDP per capita. The volume of expenses for the provision of guaranteed medical care does not directly determine the level of life expectancy, birth rate and disability of the population. The scale of financial support within the framework of compulsory health insurance only partially mediates the variation in such indicators of health capital as natural population growth and the level of general morbidity. CONCLUSION: The absence of a formalized positive correlation between indicators of the volume of state financial resources within the framework of compulsory medical insurance and indicators of health capital for 2011-2022, revealed in the framework of the study. can be considered as a direction for increasing the efficiency of the organizational and economic mechanism for using limited resources.

Cointegration Analysis of Crop Yields and Extreme Weather Factors Using Actuaries Climate Index with Application of Bonus–Malus System

This article analyzes the long-term temporal co-movement of the extreme weather variables in the Actuaries Climate Index (ACI) and crop yields, modeling their relationship using an error correction model (ECM). The analysis suggests that significant weather variables can serve as trigger parameters in the pricing framework of weather index crop insurance. To address the challenge of weather index crop insurance while preserving the advantages of a bonus–malus system (BMS), we propose a transition rule that distinguishes between damages caused by severe weather and those resulting from the policyholder’s decisions. Subsequently, we also explore the challenges of implementing such a new hybrid BMS for crop insurance where extreme weather outcomes are integrated into the classical BMS.

Реализация взаимного страхования «от огня» строений духовного ведомства в России в 1910–1917 годы (по материалам Усть-Сысольского уезда Вологодской губернии)

The paper deals with the study of the pre-revolutionary experience of mutual insurance against fires of real estate of the Russian Orthodox Church. Based on financial and office documents of the Ust-Sysolsk Uyezd of the Vologda province, the process of practical implementation of insurance of buildings of the ecclesiastical department on the principles of reciprocity is recreated. The regulatory framework for mutual insurance was based on the legislative act of 1904, but the insurance assessment of buildings was carried out only in 1910. Information is provided on the structure of insurance documents, cases of fires and payments for damage “from fire” from sources deposited in the funds of the Russian State Historical Archive. By January 1, 1911, diocesan buildings in the Russian Empire were insured for over 800 million rubles, in the Ust-Sysolsk Uyezd – for over 859 thousand rubles. Information on the number of insured buildings and their insurance assessment, the amount of annual premiums and compensations for insurance cases in the Ust-Sysolsk Uyezd is systematized. The analyzed materials made it possible to correlate insurance premiums and insurance business costs, to access both the negative aspects and the benefits of mutual insurance for policyholders. The author comes to the conclusion that the practices of mutual real estate insurance, organized by the Holy Synod, demonstrate valuable experience in finding solutions to eliminate material damage “from fire”, when fire losses were compensated through small contributions. Insurance on the principles of rerciprocity was most important for regional parishes, that did not have large incomes and were often unable to independantly restore destroyed buildings. Due to compensations, it was possible to repair and restore many buildings of the ecclesiastical department. Despite bureaucratic, travel, and clerical expenses for insurance business, the remaining funds allowed to form a “reserve capital”, that performed the function of a reserve fund.

Insurer hedging amidst the interplay of black and green swans toward SDGs 3 and 7

Amid regional conflicts and global warming, the interplay of catastrophic events (black swans) and sustainability issues (green swans) emerges, impacting sustainable insurance and environmental initiatives tied to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy). This paper develops a structure-break down-and-out option model to investigate insurer hedging strategies toward SDGs 3 and 7 in the context of sustainable insurance amidst the intertwined dance of black and green swans. There are several main results shown as follows. Enhancing hedging strategies bolsters an insurer's interest margin and mitigates default risk. As the impact of events like regional conflicts and global warming intensifies, the adverse effects of hedging on default risk become clearer, enhancing insurance stability. Both black and green swan events positively affect the insurer's interest margin and default risk. Strict capital regulations are vital for sustainable insurance, safeguarding policyholders and fostering stability during extreme events. In essence, employing robust hedging strategies and adhering to rigorous capital regulations within the framework of sustainable insurance, considering both black and green swan events, proves to be instrumental in advancing toward the achievement of SDGs 3 and 7.

Asses the Behaviour of Consumers for Enhancing Claims Processing and Fraud Detection in Insurance Through Blockchain Technology

The rapid advancement of blockchain technology presents a transformative opportunity for the insurance industry, particularly in claims processing and fraud detection. This paper explores the impact of blockchain technology on consumer behavior and its potential to enhance the efficiency and security of insurance operations. We begin by providing a comprehensive overview of blockchain technology, outlining its decentralized nature, immutability, and transparency. We then delve into the current challenges faced by the insurance industry, including prolonged claims processes and prevalent fraudulent activities. Through a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews, we analyze how consumers perceive and interact with blockchain-based insurance solutions. The findings suggest that while there is general awareness about blockchain, its understanding remains limited among consumers. However, our study indicates a positive correlation between blockchain adoption and increased trust in insurance processes, driven by the technology's inherent characteristics of security and data integrity. Furthermore, we discuss several blockchain implementations, such as smart contracts that automate claims adjudication, and decentralized applications that ensure transparency and reduce opportunities for fraud. Finally, we propose a framework for insurance companies to effectively integrate blockchain technology, emphasizing consumer education, stakeholder engagement, and regulatory compliance. This study not only highlights the transformative potential of blockchain in reshaping consumer behavior and operational processes in insurance but also provides strategic insights for stakeholders aiming to harness these innovations for improved service delivery and fraud mitigation. The study titled "Assess the behavior of consumers for enhancing claims processing and fraud detection in insurance through blockchain technology" aims to explore how blockchain can revolutionize the insurance sector by influencing consumer behavior, improving claims processing, and enhancing fraud detection mechanisms. The focus of this research involves several key areas. This study explores the behavior of consumers in the context of enhancing claims processing and fraud detection in the insurance sector through the adoption of blockchain technology. Blockchain, known for its decentralized and transparent nature, holds promise for revolutionizing traditional insurance processes by improving transparency, efficiency, and security. However, successful integration relies heavily on consumer acceptance and adoption. This research aims to investigate consumer attitudes, perceptions, and intentions towards blockchain-based insurance solutions. Drawing upon established theories of technology acceptance and consumer behavior, the study examines factors influencing consumer trust, privacy concerns, and perceived benefits of blockchain in insurance. Additionally, demographic variations in consumer behavior and the impact of cultural and regulatory factors are explored. Through a comprehensive literature review and empirical research methods such as surveys and interviews, this study seeks to provide insights into how insurers can effectively engage consumers, address concerns, and leverage blockchain technology to enhance claims processing efficiency and fraud detection capabilities. The findings aim to inform strategic decision-making for insurance companies, regulators, and policymakers, facilitating the successful adoption and implementation of blockchain solutions in the insurance industry.

The world's experience of introducing prophylactic programs in dentistry

Relevance. The oral health of the global population is fundamentally influenced by the incidence and severity of dental caries and periodontal diseases. To combat these issues, developed nations devise and execute preventive programs, tailoring their efforts to address the DEF (Decayed, Extracted, and Filled teeth) index across various age demographics. This approach signifies a paradigm shift, with governments now prioritizing the support of oral health through the introduction of comprehensive preventive strategies aimed at combating prevalent oral diseases. The efficacy of these programs, however, hinges on the occurrence of dental caries and, by extension, the availability of oral health professionals. This availability, in turn, shapes the landscape of health facilities—whether public or private—determining their ability to cater to community needs for oral health services. Consequently, the capacity to implement preventive measures is gauged against these dynamics. Furthermore, the nature and scope of preventive actions within these programs vary from one country to another, influenced primarily by the allocation of healthcare budgets by respective governments.Materials and methods. Analysis of scientific articles and original research from the PubMed, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect for the last 10 years. The search was carried out by keywords: dental prevention programs in the world, prevention of dental health, organization of preventive care in the world. An examination of research articles and original papers was conducted, drawing from databases such as PubMed, ResearchGate, and ScienceDirect over the last decade. The search employed specific key phrases, including "dental prevention programs worldwide", "dental health prevention", and "global organization of preventive dental care".Results. The initial advancement towards the creation and implementation of fluoride prophylaxis programs occurred following the discovery of fluoride's presence in water. A pivotal moment occurred in 1949 at Indiana State University when J.C. Muhler introduced the idea of fluoride toothpaste (specifically sodium fluoride) as a means to combat dental caries in children. Subsequent innovations included the use of silver fluoride for argentation. European countries took a holistic approach, emphasizing oral hygiene, fluoride toothpaste usage, and balanced nutrition. Meanwhile, the US and EU shifted towards a preventive approach within health insurance frameworks. A critical factor influencing the effectiveness of these preventive care programs is the availability of oral health professionals per 10,000 people in the population, alongside social workers advocating for healthy living and oral health. The engagement of more oral health professionals in preventive efforts correlates with a reduction in the incidence and severity of common oral diseases.Conclusion. The six stages of preventive care development and transformation highlight the evolving trends in global dentistry, which are crucial for ensuring the quality of oral health care across different countries. The effectiveness of these programs in individual nations is contingent upon the specific preventive care.

ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ЗДОРОВЬЯ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ САМАРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, ОБРАТИВШИХСЯ В СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПОЛИКЛИНИКИ ЗА ПЕРИОД 2020-2022ГГ. ДЛЯ ПЛАНОВОЙ САНАЦИИ ПОЛОСТИ РТА

Dental health is an important part of a person's overall health, providing a certain level of quality of life. Dental health depends on three main parameters: social, biological and medical, just like health in general. We examined 100 people (59 men and 41 women) of various age groups (group 1 - 35-44 years 11%, group 2 - 45-59 years 34%, group 3 - 60-74 years 38%, group 4 - 75 years and older 17%). Age groups are identified according to WHO criteria. The number of remaining teeth in the oral cavity per person examined, the structure of the CP, the number of cervical defects of non-carious origin (CD), and the number of teeth with pathological abrasion were determined. Hygiene status was analyzed using the Green-Vermilion index. Periodontal condition - according to the CPITN index. The chewing function of natural intact teeth was also assessed and taken as a total of 100%. The results of the study showed that the number of preserved teeth per examinee ranged from 3 to 28, median – 21.0, lower quartile – 17.0, upper quartile -24.0, which corresponds to the minimum number of preserved natural teeth in the oral cavity necessary to maintain optimal functional activity of the dental system according to WHO criteria (20 teeth). The structure of the cpu is dominated by extracted teeth. Cervical non-carious defects (CD) and pathological abrasion (PA) are approximately equally common among applicants. In the structure of periodontal morbidity according to the CPITN median 2 index, forms with code 2 are common. Loss of dental function (LDF) from 0 to 100%, median 50.0, chewing function index (MIF) from 0 to 100%, median 50.0. These data indicate that chewing efficiency is only half preserved in the majority of patients. Thus, the dental health indicators of the population of the Samara region applying for routine dental sanitation within the framework of compulsory medical insurance are at the lower level of the standards recommended by WHO. No statistically significant differences were found between the comparison groups by gender. Significant differences are determined only by age, by the number of remaining teeth, by the need for tooth extraction, and by loss of chewing function. These problems intensify with age. All patients need correction and training in oral hygiene.

A Mutual Catastrophe Insurance Framework for Horizontal Collaboration in Prepositioning Strategic Reserves

Improving Disaster Preparedness Through Mutual Catastrophe Insurance In “A Mutual Catastrophe Insurance Framework for Horizontal Collaboration in Prepositioning Strategic Reserves,” H. Zbib, B. Balcik, M.-È. Rancourt, and G. Laporte present an innovative approach to collaborative disaster preparedness. The novel framework considers a risk-averse mutual insurer offering multiyear insurance contracts with coverage deductibles and limits to a portfolio of risk-averse policyholders. It is designed to foster horizontal collaboration among policyholders for joint disaster preparedness by effectively integrating operational and financial functions. The problem is modeled as a large-scale nonlinear multistage stochastic program and solved by using an effective Benders decomposition algorithm. The framework is validated with real data from 18 Caribbean countries focusing on hurricane preparedness. Given the predicted impacts of climate change, the proposed multiyear mutual catastrophe insurance framework promises to reshape global disaster preparedness and make a profound societal impact by providing a transparent disaster financing plan to protect vulnerable regions. The study’s findings stress the importance of long-term cooperation, prenegotiation of indemnification policies, and strategic setting of deductibles and limits by taking into account the correlation between policyholders.

Prevalence of malocclusions requiring treatment according to the KIG classification : Amultipart cross-sectional study over a20-year period in the district of Viersen/North Rhine.

In Germany, the reimbursement of orthodontic treatment costs within the framework of the statutory health insurance (GKV) was restricted on 01January2002 by the introduction of the orthodontic indication groups (KIG). The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of findings requiring treatment in aspecialist practice over a20-year period. The results were then compared with data from existing older studies. The distribution of treatment-eligible KIG (KIG classifications grades 3-5) among patients with statutory health insurance in an orthodontic practice in North Rhine was determined over a20-year period (2002-2021) after the introduction of the KIG system. This period was additionally scrutinized in four 5‑year periods according to the operating cycles of the practice. Findings were classified into the highest of 19 possible KIG treatment needs levels. Multiple classifications were not made. Orthodontic treatment was indicated in a total of4537 (2393 female, 2144 male) patients according to current statutory health insurance guidelines. The KIG classification "D" (increased overjet) was the most frequent within the observed 20years with 24.3%. Among 11 KIG classifications, 86.1% of the 6 most frequent and 13.9% of the 5 rarest findings were observed constantly over all periods. Of 19 possible indications, "D4" was the most frequent with 19.6%. Of 4537 patients, 20.7% had KIG grade3, 63.6% KIG grade4 and 15.7% KIG grade5. The prevalence of sagittal deviations "D" and "M" was 35.0%, transverse "B" and "K" 17.9% and vertical "O" and "T" 3.7%. Tooth position anomalies "E" and "P" had ashare of 24.6%. The present study confirms existing findings as well as the nationwide data of the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Dentists (KZBV) from 2020: The sagittal deviations "D" (increased overjet) and "M" (negative overjet) represented the most frequent findings with KIG D4 as the most common classification. The prevalence and age distribution of KIG grades 3-5 requiring treatment corresponded to nationwide comparative data.

Examining Ghana's National Health Insurance Act, 2003 (Act 650) to Improve Accessibility of Artificial Intelligence Therapies and Address Compensation Issues in Cases of Medical Negligence

Objective: Examine Ghana’s National Health Insurance Act (Act 650) to identify coverage gaps limiting artificial intelligence (AI) therapy access and address medical negligence liability issues surrounding automated healthcare systems. 
 Methods: Legal and regulatory analysis of Act 650 were conducted, review of academic literature on global uptake of AI interventions and medical negligence principles were elucidated, examination of case studies implementing pilot AI therapy programs under insurance schemes were considered.
 Results & Conclusions: Act 650 lacks clear provisions for funding innovative AI treatments with proven efficacy and undefined negligence determination guidelines involving AI systems, contributing to accessibility and accountability issues. Proposed amendments to reimburse certain AI therapies through the National Health Insurance Scheme, expand certified provider eligibility, and institute transparent negligence compensation formulas.
 Recommendations: Reform Act 650 to support increased appropriate use of AI healthcare services, protect patients undergoing automated diagnosis/treatment, and clarify liability rules for medical negligence incidents relating to AI.
 Novelty & Significance: First extensive analysis focused on opportunities for Ghana’s health insurance framework to catalyze equitable diffusion of advanced AI therapeutics and address emerging legal challenges and safety risks as automated medicine advances.

Health damage caused as a result of adverse environmental impacts: civil compensation mechanisms

The subject of research in this article is the regulations and theoretical ideas about compensation for harm caused to a citizen’s health as a result of adverse environmental impacts. The purpose of the study is to create doctrinal conditions and develop proposals for the development of civil legislation aimed at ensuring compensation for harm caused by damage to health in the environmental sphere. As a result of the study, it was proved that in order to ensure real compensability of harm to health in the environmental sphere, the presumption of environmental danger of certain types of economic activity should be accompanied by the legal establishment of an irrefutable presumption of the origin of physical harm from adverse environmental impacts, based on available knowledge about the causes and symptoms of environmentally caused diseases (medical criterion), whether the victim belongs to a risk group based on living or working in the contaminated area (legal criterion). However, the author does not limit himself to justifying the need to introduce this presumption, but proposes a set of measures for the accompanying development of legislation. It is noted that the irrefutable presumption of the origin of physical harm from adverse environmental impacts must be accompanied by the establishment of an obligation of business entities to create conditions for the implementation of non-tort forms of compensation, alternative to insurance compensation within the framework of liability insurance. In this capacity, agreements on the distribution of risks can act, the terms of which provide for the creation of a quasi-insurance public benefit fund, payments from which will repay obligations to victims in an amount that allows taking into account the loss of ability to do paid work, the need for outside care, etc.

Navigating the legal complexities of telesurgery in China: An assessment of tort liability and the path forward.

This study investigates the legal challenges posed by telesurgery, an emergent healthcare modality facilitated by advancements in 5G and Artificial Intelligence. It highlights the urgent need for a comprehensive legal framework reconciling the complexities of healthcare delivery and technology integration. The paper examines the Chinese adjudication of negligence and the evidentiary hurdles in telesurgery, interrogating the application of the 'reasonable doctor' standard, the intricate causation-negligence nexus and the distribution of evidentiary burdens. The analysis contends that current statutes require revision to apportion telesurgery-induced damages fairly. Further, it proposes the formation of multidisciplinary committees to oversee medical technology, calls for systemic reforms, more reasonable liability differentiation and fortifying medical insurance frameworks.

Contemporary Legal Problems of Sharia Insurance Regulation in Indonesia

Objective: This study aims to examine the evolving structure of the insurance industry in Indonesia, particularly its transition from traditional insurance to dual insurance systems, highlighting the presence of the Sharia insurance sector within the national legislative framework.
 
 Theoretical framework: In the realm of Islamic economic studies, fundamental principles such as justice, mutual assistance, the avoidance of oppression, prohibition of riba (interest), and the elimination of gharar elements are central. Sharia-compliant insurance institutions are expected to adhere to these principles while also developing an independent, integrated, and professionally managed insurance framework that aligns with Islamic Shariah. To ensure compliance, each insurance company must establish a Shariah Supervisory Board (Dewan Pengurus Syariah).
 
 Method: This research adopts a normative legal research approach, analyzing primary, secondary, and tertiary legal resources sourced from academic papers and libraries to address the legal challenges of establishing Sharia insurance under existing positive legislation.
 
 Results and conclusion: The findings of this study include First, there is no specific law that governs Sharia insurance, there are no implementation rules for Law No. 40/2014, which governs Sharia insurance, and there is no regulation regarding the typical Sharia policy. These current legal issues make it difficult to set up Sharia insurance under positive law. Second, the specialized arrangement in a Law (lex specialis) of Law No. 40 of 2014 is the optimum Sharia insurance arrangement model following the favorable legal prospects.
 
 Originality/value: This research contributes to the understanding of the legal challenges and intricacies of Sharia insurance regulation in the context of Indonesia's insurance industry transformation. It provides valuable insights into the intersection of Islamic economic principles and contemporary insurance practices, offering a basis for further exploration and policy development in this critical area.

Equivalence and Insurance

The concept of equivalence is present in various forms in the Solvency II framework, the EU prudential regulatory framework for insurance and reinsurance. While equivalence in Solvency II does not grant, or should not be equated to, market access for market participants that make use of the equivalence instruments within Solvency II, equivalence plays an important role in insurance, in particular in the solvency capital calculation at group level, in group supervision and for the recognition of reinsurance under Solvency II. The conclusion can be drawn that equivalence is an essential building block of the current framework. The application of equivalence in the framework and in practice is discussed in this contribution, and while the application might be complex, it is indispensable. At the same time, other mechanisms, either within the Solvency II framework or more broadly at international level, influence the current state and might affect the evolution of equivalence going forward. While, inherently, there is a political component to equivalence as well, the instruments remain firmly based in (detailed) Solvency II rules and are applied accordingly in practice.

Unmasking inadequate healthcare: Laser hair removal for transfemme adults in Germany

Background Facial and body hair alterations are crucial for some transfemme individuals. To date, no data on the healthcare quality of permanent hair removal for transfemme adults are available for Germany. Aims To analyze the financial and psychological distress, treatment satisfaction, and health service situation of transfemme individuals in Germany seeking laser hair removal. Methods This study was designed as a prospective cross-sectional clinical trial including adults from the routine cohort of the Laser Department at the University Medical-Center Hamburg. The Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18) and a self-developed, structured questionnaire were applied. Results In total, 80 transfemme people were included with a mean age of 30.3 years (SD 8.5; range: 19–56). Among respondents, 96.3% identified as female and 3.7% as nonbinary. Participants experienced significant burden in daily life, relationships, and work due to facial hair. BSI-18 results indicate great psychological distress. Laser hair removal was received with high satisfaction. The time from referral for laser hair removal to the initial consultation at the Laser Department was 4 months (IQR 4). Approval for cost coverage from health insurance after the first consultation took 4 months (SD 4.3). 40.0% received direct cost coverage approval by the health insurance, 34.5% received approval after opposition, with over 20% not receiving any cost coverage approval. Conclusion Unwanted facial and body hair has a massive impact on transfemme adults’ psychosocial and mental well-being. The current insurance framework indicates an insufficient healthcare situation of those individuals in Germany.

Providing “over-volume” medical care within the framework of compulsory medical insurance: penalties or criminal liability

Providing “over-volume” medical care within the framework of compulsory medical insurance: penalties or criminal liability

How does agricultural insurance induce farmers to adopt a green lifestyle?

This study is dedicated to exploring and establishing a theoretical framework for the impact of agricultural insurance on farmers' green lifestyles. By thoroughly analyzing existing literature, this paper reveals the dual pathways through which agricultural insurance influences farmers' behavior: one affects production activities, and the other affects lifestyle choices. Drawing on the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) theory, the study elaborates in detail the incentive mechanisms of agricultural insurance, farmers' cognition of green practices, and how these elements work together to guide a transformation in farmer behavior. This process systematically demonstrates the theoretical logic and pathways through which agricultural insurance promotes the transition to green lifestyles among farmers. Additionally, the study provides a preliminary description of the questionnaire design and its role in supplying foundational data for empirical analysis. The paper posits that agricultural insurance harbors an intrinsic mechanism to induce farmers toward greener lifestyles. We anticipate that this research will bring new perspectives to the field of agricultural insurance and contribute new dimensions to the theoretical framework of behavioral insurance.

A Bonus-Malus framework for cyber risk insurance and optimal cybersecurity provisioning

A Bonus-Malus framework for cyber risk insurance and optimal cybersecurity provisioning

Availability and quality of primary health care in the compulsory health insurance system in Kazakhstan

<p><strong>Aim</strong> <br />To evaluate patient satisfaction with primary healthcare services and determine effectiveness indicators within Kazakhstan's compulsory health insurance system.<br /><strong>Methods</strong> <br />An analytical observational study with cross-examination was conducted in Kazakhstan's primary healthcare (PHC) organizations. Patient satisfaction was assessed through a 35-item closed-question questionnaire. An analysis of stimulating component result indicators for per capital standard financing in PHC organizations based on their achieved outcomes was performed.<br /><strong>Results</strong> <br />Among surveyed patients, 54.0% (1.80±1.108) expressed complete satisfaction with medical care, while 59.4%<br />(1.82±1.269) perceived laboratory tests as readily accessible. Notably, males exhibited higher satisfaction levels with medical care and the availability of laboratory tests compared to females. The city polyclinics № 3 and № 14 in Almaty, Kazakhstan, achieved significant performance indicators, resulting in a 1.1-fold increase in the incentive component of per capital funding.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong> <br />Within the framework of compulsory health insurance, primary healthcare organizations in Kazakhstan offer affordable and effective medical care, as attested by surveyed patients and the final result indicators of the polyclinics.</p>