Insurance Beneficiary Research Articles

방문구강보건사업 대상 노인의 현존 자연치아 수에 영향을 미치는 요인

ABSTRACT Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the number of re maining natural teeth in elderly people visiting dental care services and the f actors affecting dental visit. This study will contribute the development of oral health promotion programs for the elderly people.Methods : Subjects were 172 elderly people recruited from 217 senior ci tizens visiting public Corresponding Author oral health care services in 16 districts in Busan. They comple ted self-reported questionnaires. Eun-Kyoung Lee Departments of Dental HygieneBusan Womens CollegeJinnam-ro, 506, Busanjin-guBusan 614-734, Korea.Tel : +82-51-850-3181 +82-10-3419-6669Fax : +82-51-850-3210E-mail : mallgum@hanmail.netResults : Elderly people had less remaining natural teeth (p<0.001). T he remaining natural teeth (15.07±8.75) of the health insurance beneficiary were maj ority than those of the medicaid (8.78±8.45)(p<0.001). The respondents with better oral health c ondition had more remaining natural teeth (r=0.317, p<0.001), and those who were more worri ed about oral health had less remaining natural teeth (r=-0.599, p<0.001). Aging accelerates loss of natural teeth (p<0.001) of 3.203. Approximately 2.188 remaining teeth w ill be preserved by oral health care improvement (p=0.009).Conclusions : Frequent dental clinic visit will pr event natural teeth loss in the elderly people. Toothbrushing is the most efficient method of oral health care in the elderly people. Awareness towards oral health care is the motivation to preserve natural teeth in the elderly people.Key Words : influential factor, remaining natural teeth, visiting oral h ealth services 색인 : 방문구강보건사업, 영향요인, 현존 자연치아

의사결정나무기법을 이용한 노인장기요양보험 등급결정모형 개발

National long-term care insurance started in July, 2008. We try to make up for weak points and develop a long-term care insurance system. Especially, it is important to upgrade the rating model of the category of need for long-term care continually. We improve the rating model using the data after enforcement of the system to reflect the rapidly changing long-term care marketplace. A decision tree model was adpoted to upgrade the rating model that makes it easy to compare with the current system. This model is based on the first assumption that, a person with worse functional conditions needs more long-term care services than others. Second, the volume of long-term care services are de ned as a service time. This study was conducted to reflect the changing circumstances. Rating models have to be continually improved to reflect changing circumstances, like the infrastructure of the system or the characteristics of the insurance beneficiary.

Socioeconomic differentials in cause-specific mortality among 1.4 million South Korean public servants and their dependents

BackgroundA growing number of investigations have explored the contribution of cause of death to socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in Europe and North America, but few such studies have been performed...

Die ambulante vertragsärztliche Versorgung aus der Perspektive der Versicherten – Methodik und Ergebnisse der KBV-Versichertenbefragung 2006: Inanspruchnahme, Versorgung beim Hausarzt, Bereitschafts- und Notdienstpraxen

The aim of this study was to obtain valid information on the delivery of ambulatory medical care from the point of view of the health insurance beneficiaries. The National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians (NASHIP) conducted in 2006 for the first time a nationally representative telephone survey. The survey set out to gather information on health care utilisation, patients' experiences and satisfaction with care delivery, and to provide an indication for the further development of the services offered. Between 22 May and 8 June 2006, a random sample of 4 315 inhabitants from 18 to 79 years of age was interviewed using a computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI). The questionnaire included 51 questions relating to six topics, and consisted of a core set of questions and supplementary questions dealing with further details or special issues. One section of the 2006 survey focused on emergency medical services. In the analysis, samples were weighted to reflect the distribution of the population by age and sex. 82% of survey participants have visited a doctor's office in the last 12 months, and 93% indicated to have a regular general practitioner (GP) they consult for medical problems or health advice. Referring to all respondents, the mean number of consultations in a doctor's office was about 5 per year. Over 90% of respondents having a regular GP arrive at the office within 20 min, and for 61% home visits by their regular doctor are very important or important. 90% of respondents having seen the GP during the last 12 months assess the medical care received as very good or good. The places contacted when the regular office is closed are clearly varying by region and respondent's age. Whereas younger people primarily consult the hospital emergency department, the importance of the general practitioner in the case of an emergency increases with age. Overall, 29% preferentially turn to a hospital or hospital emergency department, another 25% to outpatient emergency medical services, and scarcely 16% to their regular GP. 61% of survey participants or their close relatives have already utilised emergency medical services (EMS). Regarding the last case of a medical emergency, in 3 out of 5 cases patients went themselves to the emergency service. A total of 74% of patients assess the care received by the emergency medical service as very good or good. Evaluations are less favourable in the event of prolonged waiting time for the emergency medical doctor at home or in the EMS office. The NASHIP health insurance beneficiary survey reflects a broadening patient and service orientation and provides valid information on ambulatory medical care through the eyes of the insurance beneficiaries. The survey depicts high overall satisfaction with primary care, a high degree of trust in the doctor's medical competence, and easily accessible services. Patient evaluations of outpatient emergency medical care are mainly positive, but still show room for improvement.

Private Pension Funds in Hungary

The new pension system launched in Hungary in 1998 is epoch-making for having introduced a mandatory private pension scheme (MPPS). However, the political decision-making on pension reform and the scheme operations have been greatly influenced by conflicts of interests among ministries, political conflicts between parties, and the presence of special interest groups, including trade unions and financial institutions. This situation may have had a certain negative influence on the legal framework of the MPPS and on the management performance of private pension funds. In order for the MPPS to be sustainable in the future and to make insurance beneficiary profits a top priority, the corporate governance reform of pension funds and reinforcement of the monitoring system over them, and political neutralisation of the public pension system are necessary.

Recent Court Decisions

UNDER FEDERAL EMPLOYEES INSURANCE PROGRAM, CHANGE OF BENEFICIARY FORM INEFFECTIVE ABSENT SIGNATURE OF INSURED; WITNESS AFFIDAVITS INMATERIAL Hightower v. Kirksey, __ F.3d __, 1998 U.S. App. LEXIS (7th Cir. Oct. 8, 1998) Pink Kirksey, a U.S. Postal Service employee, obtained a life insurance policy from Metropolitan Life under the Federal Employees' Group Life Insurance Act (FEGLIA). FEGLIA is a group life insurance program available to federal employees administered by the U.S. Office of Personnel Management, which purchases private life insurance policies under the program for the employees. Pursuant to FEGLIA and his coverage under the Metropolitan Life policy, Mr. Kirksey named his wife Maude beneficiary a 1978 designation of beneficiary form. Maude Kirksey died June 1989. Under the terms of the policy, if a designated beneficiary predeceased the insured, the proceeds of the policy belong to any children of the decedent insured. When Pink Kirksey died 1995, his daughter Charlene Hightower sought benefits but was opposed by Lessie Kirksey, sister of Pink Kirksey. To support her claim for benefits, Lessie Kirksey relied on a designation of beneficiary form dated July 19, 1989 naming her beneficiary replacement of Mr. Kirksey's widow, Maude. Although two witnesses had the form, Mr. Kirksey himself had not. The Court ruled this omission to absolutely bar any effect of the form. The Court consequently upheld Ms. Hightower's claim as daughter-beneficiary. According to the Court, the statute establishing the FEGLIA program requires that any beneficiary change form be by the insured. The statute, 28 U.S.C. [section] 8705(a), provides that a beneficiary designation be in a and writing received before death the employing office, and expressly provides that beneficiary designations wills or other documents have force or effect. See 1998 U.S. App. LEXIS 24897 at *5. The Appeals Court enforced the language literally, stating that both signature and witnessing were required to designate a beneficiary. In the absence of a change of beneficiary from the deceased wife to the sister, the policy was to be paid to the insured's children by default as provided the statutory scheme. The Court further ruled that the insured's intent to designate a beneficiary could not be legally established by affidavits of the witness or other extrinsic evidence of insured intent. Without a signature, the beneficiary change was a nullity. In addition to basing its decision on the literal language of the statute, the Appeals Court noted that the current language of Section 8705(a) was enacted a 1966 amendment to the FEGLIA statute. Prior to the amendment, the statute did not specifically require that insurance policies issued to federal employees covered by FEGLIA be and witnessed. (see 1998 U.S. App. LEXIS at * 6). Prior to the 1966 amendment, courts had found substantial compliance with beneficiary designation procedures to be sufficient, a view accord with the common law of life insurance beneficiary designation most states. According to the 7th Circuit, the substantial compliance precedents of FEGLIA were no longer valid because of the express language of the 1966 amendment. The Court reasoned that if Congress had wanted to adhere to the pre-1966 precedents, it would not have added the relatively clear words signed and witnessed to the statute. Other recent federal court decisions support this aspect of the Kirksey holding. See, e.g., Thomas v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 921 F. Supp. 810 (D.D.C. 1996), aff'd, 324 U.S. App. D.C. 204, 111 F.3d 963 (D.C. Cir. 1997), cert. denied, _____ U.S. _____, 118 S.Ct. 167, 139 L.Ed. 2d 111 (1997) (partially completed beneficiary change form ineffective absent insured's signature); Ward v. Stratton, 988 F. 2d 65, 67 (8th Cir. 1993)(by adding requirement of signature 1966 amendment, Congress intended to eliminate practice of permitting beneficiary change by less formal documentation such as unwitnessed holographic note); Metropolitan Life Ins. …

Unemployment Insurance: Survey and Extensions

employment, and they are generally viewed as programmes of social insurance wherein the costs of financing UI benefit payments are shared by all workers and firms in the covered (insured) sector. As is common in such situations, however, problems of moral hazard may arise: the frequency and severity of periods of unemployment are to an important degree products of the employment decisions of workers and firms, and these may be affected by the provision of benefits. There may therefore be important causal links between the provision of UI benefits and the magnitude of unemployment. In this paper, we survey some of the major theoretical and empirical issues relating to causal links between UI and unemployment, with particular emphasis on the role played by systems of UI financing. It has long been recognized that the flow of UI benefit payments to unemployed individuals will affect job search decisions and hence their probability of leaving unemployment. More recently, following the work of Joseph Becker (1972), methods of financing UI benefit payments have found a prominent place in the literature. The issues in this area focus primarily on the behaviour of firms in influencing an individual's probability of entering unemployment, and are related to methods of experience rating (or the lack thereof) in determining Ul tax rates. This practice, which is meant to alter UI tax liabilities on the basis of a firm's history of generating unemployment, is unique to UI systems in the United States, although its policy implications are quite applicable elsewhere.2 We believe that the effects of experience rating represent the most important set of unresolved empirical issues in the analysis of UI, and we therefore devote a large portion of our discussion to the theoretical implications of this practice and to potential methods of measuring its effects. By way of introduction, it is worthwhile to consider some simple empirical background, including the magnitude of UI programmes relative to other social insurance and welfare programmes, and the types and sources of potentially compensated unemployment. While these data are for the United States, we expect that the thrust of the argument applies to other UI systems as well. Table 1 gives the percentage distribution of benefit payments by social insurance beneficiary, and each category's benefits as a percentage of total personal income, for the United States over the period 1973-1976. All categories other than UI are dominated by programmes under the Social Security Act, and hence it is clear that UI is small relative to social security. As one might expect, UI's share of social insurance benefits and of personal income moves counter-cyclically, being

The Effect of Assignment upon the Interest of a Life Insurance Beneficiary

The Effect of Assignment upon the Interest of a Life Insurance Beneficiary

Federal Taxation: Transferee Liability of Insurance Beneficiary

Federal Taxation: Transferee Liability of Insurance Beneficiary

Inheritance Taxes. Collection and Enforcement. Commissioner May Compel Contribution by Insurance Beneficiary to Estate Tax in Order That Income Tax Claims against Decedent May Be Satisfied

Inheritance Taxes. Collection and Enforcement. Commissioner May Compel Contribution by Insurance Beneficiary to Estate Tax in Order That Income Tax Claims against Decedent May Be Satisfied

Taxation. Life Insurance Beneficiary Held Transferee of Cash Surrender Value of Policy at Taxpayer's Death but, under State Law, without Liability to Pay Decedent's Taxes

Taxation. Life Insurance Beneficiary Held Transferee of Cash Surrender Value of Policy at Taxpayer's Death but, under State Law, without Liability to Pay Decedent's Taxes

Life Insurance Beneficiary's Liability for Unpaid Income Taxes of Insured

Life Insurance Beneficiary's Liability for Unpaid Income Taxes of Insured