Insulin Profiles Research Articles

D-Tagatose Feeding Reduces the Risk of Sugar-Induced Exacerbation of Myocardial I/R Injury When Compared to Its Isomer Fructose.

It is known that fructose may contribute to myocardial vulnerability to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. D-tagatose is a fructose isomer with less caloric value and used as low-calorie sweetener. Here we compared the metabolic impact of fructose or D-tagatose enriched diets on potential exacerbation of myocardial I/R injury. Wistar rats were randomizedly allocated in the experimental groups and fed with one of the following diets: control (CTRL), 30% fructose-enriched (FRU 30%) or 30% D-tagatose-enriched (TAG 30%). After 24 weeks of dietary manipulation, rats underwent myocardial injury caused by 30 min ligature of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery followed by 24 h′ reperfusion. Fructose consumption resulted in body weight increase (49%) as well as altered glucose, insulin and lipid profiles. These effects were associated with increased I/R-induced myocardial damage, oxidative stress (36.5%) and inflammation marker expression. TAG 30%-fed rats showed lower oxidative stress (21%) and inflammation in comparison with FRU-fed rats. Besides, TAG diet significantly reduced plasmatic inflammatory cytokines and GDF8 expression (50%), while increased myocardial endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression (59%). Overall, we demonstrated that D-tagatose represents an interesting sugar alternative when compared to its isomer fructose with reduced deleterious impact not only on the metabolic profile but also on the related heart susceptibility to I/R injury.

Effects of supplementation with main coffee components including caffeine and/or chlorogenic acid on hepatic, metabolic, and inflammatory indices in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial

BackgroundNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is much more frequent and more severe, including cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with type 2 diabetes. Coffee is a complex beverage with hundreds of compounds whereas caffeine and chlorogenic acid are the most abundant bioactive compounds. The published epidemiological data demonstrating beneficial associations between all categories of coffee exposure and ranges of liver outcomes are rapidly growing; however, the main contributors and cause-effect relationships have not yet been elucidated. To address existing knowledge gaps, we sought to determine the efficacy and safety of 6 months chlorogenic acid and/or caffeine supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes affected by NAFLD.MethodsThis trial was carried out at two Diabetes Centers to assess the effects of supplementation with daily doses of 200 mg chlorogenic acid, 200 mg caffeine, 200 mg chlorogenic acid plus 200 mg caffeine or placebo (starch) in patients with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD. The primary endpoint was reduction of hepatic fat and stiffness measured by FibroScan, and changes in serum hepatic enzymes and cytokeratin − 18 (CK-18) levels. Secondary endpoints were improvements in metabolic (including fasting glucose, homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), hemoglobin A1c (HBA1C), C-peptide, insulin and lipid profiles) and inflammatory (including nuclear factor k-B (NF-KB), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), high sensitive- C reactive protein(hs-CRP)) parameters from baseline to the end of treatment.ResultsNeither chlorogenic acid nor caffeine was superior to placebo in attenuation of the hepatic fat and stiffness and other hepatic outcomes in patients with diabetes and NAFLD. Except for the lower level of total cholesterol in caffeine group (p = 0.04), and higher level of insulin in chlorogenic acid plus caffeine group (p = 0.01) compared with placebo, there were no significant differences among the treatment groups.ConclusionThese findings do not recommend caffeine and/or chlorogenic acid to treat NAFLD in type 2 diabetes patients.Trial registrationIRCT201707024010N21. Registered 14 September 2017.

RETRACTED: Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem Cell and Vitamin D in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus Induced in a Rat Model: Pancreatic Tissues

Treatment with mesenchyme stem cells (MSCs) plays a significant role in the therapies of many diseases such as diabetics. Vitamin D plays a significant role in the development of insulin and can increase the insulin action sensitivity of peripheral tissues. Moreover, there is limited research concerning the mechanism of the therapeutic action of MSCs with the combination of vitamin D (vit. D). Therefore, we evaluated the effect of MSC intervention in a diabetic animal model. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) injection at a dose of 50 mg/kg in adult male rats The diabetic rats were injected with MSCs derived from bone marrow (2 × 106 per rat), either alone or in combination with vit. D through the tail vein for four weeks. Serum insulin, glucose, C-peptide, glycosylated hemoglobin, and lipid profile levels were determined. Pancreatic oxidative stress, histology, and electron microscopy were evaluated, and the gene expression of cytokines was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction PCR. MSC treatment suppressed pancreatic inflammatory cytokine secretion and oxidative stress in diabetic rats, resulting in improved pancreatic histology and cellular structure, and the complication of hyperglycemia was observed. Engrafted MSCs were found inside degraded pancreatic regions and regulated inflammatory cytokines. Our results demonstrated that treatment with MSCs and vit. D in combination prevented pancreatic injury via antioxidant and immune regulation in diabetic rats, contributing to the prevention of pancreatic dysfunction, improvement of lipid metabolism, and regulation of cytokine gene expression compared with each one separately. All these mechanisms also improved the histological structure of the pancreas based on transmission electron microscopy. The combination of MSCs and vit. D appears to have contributed to a greater improvement in the diabetic pancreatic complication of rats than was observed by each one separately. Therefore, this association can be used as antidiabetic therapy.

The Potential Anti-Obesity, Anti-Diabetic and Anti-Oxidant Effects of Vitamin a in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice

Background: Evidence suggests that there is a link between diabetes mellitus and Vitamin A. Moreover, it has been reported that diabetes induces oxidative stress. Lately, a wide attention has been developed to the protective biochemical function of natural antioxidants contained vitamins, which can reduce the oxidative damage caused by free radical species.
 Objective: To investigate the anti-obesity, anti-diabetic and anti-oxidative effects of vitamin A in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice.
 Methods: Male mice were randomly divided into three groups: Control- nondiabetic, received a normal diet and water; Control-diabetic, received STZ 45mg/kg once intraperitoneally; and Treated-diabetic, received both STZ as before plus Vitamin A (4-IU/day) orally daily for 16 weeks. Food intake, body weight, fat mass, fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, and lipid profile were estimated. Also, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPO), catalase (CAT), and malonaldehyde (MDA) were measured.
 Results: Treated diabetic mice with Vitamin A showed a significant improvement in their body weight, fat mass, lipid profile as well as SOD, GPO and CAT compared to Control-diabetic mice. However, Vitamin A caused no significant change on fasting blood glucose and insulin levels. Furthermore, plasma level of MDA was significantly elevated in diabetic mice compared to normal mice. Diabetic mice treated with vitamin A had a significantly reduced level of MDA, suggesting that vitamin A might have a vital role in the protection of tissues from damage by free radicals.
 Conclusion: Supplementation with vitamin A may be a useful treatment strategy for diabetic patients to reduce/prevent the pathological complications of diabetes.

Is Active Lifestyle Related to Autonomic Nervous System Function and Lipid Profile in People with Overweight? A Study Pilot

Autonomic nervous system function is an important predictor of physical fitness. The objective of this study was to find out the associations of autonomic activity parameters, lipid profile, insulin concentrations, and insulin resistance in overweight men with the level of physical activity. A descriptive and correlational study was carried out in 28 overweight men: 14 physically active (PA) and 14 physically inactive (PI). The following variables were assessed: Level of physical activity, HRV (heart rate variability), basal insulin, HOMA-IR index (Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin-Resistance), and lipid profile. The main results show a positive correlation between the spectral parameters of the HRV and total cholesterol (r = 0.24), LDL (r = 0.59), VLDL (r = 0.86), and insulin (r = 0.88) of sedentary people, evidencing a directly proportional correlation with BMI. We conclude that weight gain and a sedentary lifestyle are associated with an increase in sympathetic discharge, which, in turn, is associated with an increase in lipid profile and insulin levels.

Allele a of the rs16147 variant of neuropeptide Y predicts early metabolic improvements after bariatric surgery with biliopancreatic diversion in morbid obese subjects

Background and aimsFew studies have assessed the effect of rs16147 on metabolic response after weight loss interventions. We evaluated the effect of the genetic variant rs16147 NPY gene on biochemical changes after biliopancreatic diversion surgery in morbidly obese subjects during 4 years follow up.Material and methodsOne hundred and forty seven patients with morbid obesity without diabetes mellitus type 2 were enrolled. Biochemical and anthropometric evaluation were registered before and after 1, 2, 3 and 4 years follow up. Genotype of rs16147 NPY gene has been studied.ResultsFasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and lipid profile improved in both genotype groups. Although the improvement in glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR was significant in both genotypes, this change was earlier in the A allele carriers and as soon as 1 year after surgery, and we only detected the improvement at 3 years in non A allele carriers. So, basal glucose improvements the first year (non-A allele vs A allele carriers) (delta:-6.2 ± 2.1 mg/dL vs. −8.5 ± 0.8 mg/dL; p = 0.02) and the second year (delta: -9.0 ± 2.1 mg/dL vs. −15.4 ± 2.1 mg/dL; p = 0.01) were higher in A allele carriers than non-A allele carriers. The decrease of fasting insulin were better in A allele carriers the first year (delta:-2.0 ± 1.1 mUI/L vs. −4.8 ± 0.6 mUI/L; p = 0.03) and the second year (delta: -2.4 ± 0.2 mUI/L vs. −5.7 ± 0.2 mUI/L; p = 0.01). Finally, the improvement of HOMA-IR levels was earlier in A allele carriers than non-A allele carriers as reported; at year one (delta:-0.4 ± 0.2 mUI/L vs. −1.7 ± 0.2 mUI/L; p = 0.03), year two (delta: -1.1 ± 0.2 mUI/L vs. −1.8 ± 0.2 mUI/L; p = 0.02), too.ConclusionThe presence of A allele of rs16147 genetic variant produces an early metabolic response secondary to weight loss after bariatric surgery. Few studies have assessed the effect of rs16147 on metabolic response after weight loss interventions. We evaluated the effect of the genetic variant rs16147 NPY gene on biochemical changes after biliopancreatic diversion surgery in morbidly obese subjects during 4 years follow up. One hundred and forty seven patients with morbid obesity without diabetes mellitus type 2 were enrolled. Biochemical and anthropometric evaluation were registered before and after 1, 2, 3 and 4 years follow up. Genotype of rs16147 NPY gene has been studied. Fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and lipid profile improved in both genotype groups. Although the improvement in glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR was significant in both genotypes, this change was earlier in the A allele carriers and as soon as 1 year after surgery, and we only detected the improvement at 3 years in non A allele carriers. So, basal glucose improvements the first year (non-A allele vs A allele carriers) (delta:-6.2 ± 2.1 mg/dL vs. −8.5 ± 0.8 mg/dL; p = 0.02) and the second year (delta: -9.0 ± 2.1 mg/dL vs. −15.4 ± 2.1 mg/dL; p = 0.01) were higher in A allele carriers than non-A allele carriers. The decrease of fasting insulin were better in A allele carriers the first year (delta:-2.0 ± 1.1 mUI/L vs. −4.8 ± 0.6 mUI/L; p = 0.03) and the second year (delta: -2.4 ± 0.2 mUI/L vs. −5.7 ± 0.2 mUI/L; p = 0.01). Finally, the improvement of HOMA-IR levels was earlier in A allele carriers than non-A allele carriers as reported; at year one (delta:-0.4 ± 0.2 mUI/L vs. −1.7 ± 0.2 mUI/L; p = 0.03), year two (delta: -1.1 ± 0.2 mUI/L vs. −1.8 ± 0.2 mUI/L; p = 0.02), too. The presence of A allele of rs16147 genetic variant produces an early metabolic response secondary to weight loss after bariatric surgery.

On the centenary of the insulin discovery

The discovery of insulin and the beginning of its use in 1921–1922 made a revolution in endocrinology and in medicine in general. This significant event gave millions of patients with diabetes not only the opportunity to live, but also the hope that their life with this disease would be full.The article examines the history of insulin discovery, as well as the evolution of several generations of insulin preparations and the advantages of each of the generations that have radically changed not only life expectancy, but also its quality.The first generation — insulins of animal origin and the solution of the first tasks of their sufficient production and purification. The next generation is human insulins, the purification of which was also a problem. The third generation is insulin analogues, the action of which became closer to the action profile of natural insulin. And the last generation — insulin analogues, most closely mimicking the action of endogenous insulin.Along with the development of insulin preparations, the article traces the evolution of the devices of its administration.

Prevalence of Insulin Resistance in Urban Indian School Children Who Are Overweight/Obese: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Limited data are available for insulin resistance (IR) in over-weight/obese children from the Indian subcontinent. Identifying predictors of IR in this population is important, as they may be used as a screening tool for future metabolic complications.Materials and Methods: This school-based cross-sectional study was conducted in an Eastern Indian city. Anthropometry and blood pressure measurements were carried out as per the published guidelines. Venous blood samples were taken in a fasting state to measure plasma glucose, insulin, and lipid profile. IR was measured quantitatively by a homeostatic model of assessment (HOMA-IR).Results: A total of 545 (28.2%) children who were overweight or obese were included. The male:female ratio was 1:1.27. The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in these children was 21.8%. Around 32.3% of children had HOMA-IR of ≥2.5, and 22.2% had HOMA-IR of ≥3.16. The mean HOMA-IR in children with MS was 5.46 compared to 2.18 in those without MS. An increased risk of IR with low HDL, high triglyceride, increased waist circumference, and increased BP (both systolic and diastolic) was found. This means that insulin resistance was more common in children who were overweight or obesity and had underlying MS.Conclusions: The present school-based study found a high prevalence of insulin resistance among children who were overweight or obese. This could predict an increased risk of future adverse cardio-vascular events in the studied children. The findings of this study would help in planning and implementing primary prevention programs targeting weight management and lifestyle change in schoolchildren.

Cardiometabolic health during early adulthood and risk of miscarriage: a prospective study.

Background: Several studies have found that women who are overweight or obese have an increased risk of miscarriage. There is also some evidence of associations of other aspects of cardiometabolic health, including blood pressure and lipids, with miscarriage risk, although these have not been examined to the same extent as body-mass index (BMI). Methods: Our objective was to investigate the risk of miscarriage according to pre-pregnancy cardiometabolic health. We examined pre-pregnancy levels of BMI, blood pressure, fasting insulin and metabolites profile at age 18 and risk of miscarriage by age 24. The study included adult female offspring in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children with a pregnancy between 18 and 24 years of age (n=434 for BMI and blood pressure; n=265 for metabolites). We used log-binomial regression to calculate adjusted associations between cardiometabolic health measures and miscarriage. Results: The overall risk of miscarriage was 22%. The adjusted relative risks for miscarriage were 0.96 (95% CI: 0.92-1.00) for BMI (per unit increase), 0.98 (0.96-1.00) for systolic blood pressure, and 1.00 (0.97-1.04) for diastolic blood pressure (per 1 mmHg increase). Total cholesterol, total lipids and phospholipids in HDL-cholesterol were associated with increased likelihood of miscarriage, but none of the p-values for the metabolites were below the corrected threshold for multiple testing (p-value ≤0.003). Conclusions: Our findings indicate no strong evidence to support a relationship between pre-pregnancy cardiometabolic health and risk of miscarriage in young, healthy women who became pregnant before age 24. Future studies are necessary that are able to evaluate this question in samples with a wider age range.

Cardiometabolic Factors in Pediatric Patients with Chronic Diseases

The prevalence of chronic diseases (CDs) in the pediatric population has increased due to technological advances that decrease mortality and increase survival. To compare the frequency of cardiometabolic factors (CFs) among pediatric patients with CDs with those among children with obesity and overweight without CDs. This study was a cross-sectional study. Pediatric patients from 6-17 years of age were included. A total of 333 patients with CD were studied, and of these patients, 77 had difficult-to-control epilepsy, 183 had chronic kidney disease (CKD), and 73 underwent kidney transplants; in addition, a comparison group was included, consisting of 286 overweight and obese children without any other pathologies. We performed anthropometry, blood pressure, glucose, insulin, and lipid profiling on all of the patients. Statistical analysis was conducted as follows: Chi2 tests were used to compare the CFs between the groups. We included 619 patients from 6-17 years old. Patients with CDs had a low frequency of obesity (12.4%) but a high frequency of the remaining CFs. Hypertriglyceridemia (65%), hypoalphalipoproteinemia (49%) and systemic arterial hypertension (46.5%) were the most common CFs, particularly among subjects with CKD and kidney transplantation. When comparing the frequencies of these CFs with those in the obesity/overweight group, hypertriglyceridemia (p <0.05) was more common in patients with CDs. In patients with CDs, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia occur at frequencies that are the same as or higher than those in overweight/obese children, but when the CD patients are overweight/obese, it increases their frequency.

A Review of the Effects of Gold, Silver, Selenium, and Zinc Nanoparticles on Diabetes Mellitus in Murine Models.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease that presents great challenges for healthcare systems worldwide, and the identification of alternative therapies for the treatment of this disease is of vital importance. Metallic nanoparticles (gold, silver, and selenium) and metallic oxide (ZnO) have been studied in different areas such as medicine, biotechnology, the environment, and the food industry with promising results. In medicine, current research has revealed these nanoparticles' anti-diabetic properties thanks to the implementation of animal models. This review will address the existing antecedents and the effects of gold, silver, selenium, and zinc oxide nanoparticles in diabetes administered alone, functionalized with other molecules, or combined with drugs that have shown promising therapeutic effects. The anti-diabetic effects of these nanoparticles are related to the regulation of glucose, insulin, and lipid profiles. In addition, oxidative stress markers, liver and kidney markers, the reduction of inflammation, apoptosis of the pancreas, and the restoration of normal liver and kidney histology are also reported in the literature after using these nanoparticles. However, the therapeutic effects that these nanoparticles provide are limited due to the lack of specific protocols dictated by international organizations to evaluate the risks of using these nanoparticles.

Effects of Tarragon Powder on Glucose Metabolic Changes, Lipid Profile and Antioxidant Enzyme Levels in Type 2 Patients with Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial

Background: The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of tarragon make it known as an antidiabetic plant. Diabetes mellitus, an endocrine, metabolic disease, is a leading global health emergency and associated with serious complications. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effects of tarragon powder supplementation on glucose metabolism, lipid profile, and antioxidant status in the diabetic population. Methods: Patient screening and selection for this clinical trial lasted one month. Tarragon supplement consumption by patients lasted 2 months (8 weeks); meanwhile, they were followed up. Sixty male and female patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to the tarragon receiver group (n = 30) and placebo receiver group (n = 30). The intervention group received a tarragon capsule (500 mg) 3 times a day, and the control group received placebo capsules. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), two-hour postprandial glucose (2-hpp), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin, lipid, and antioxidant profile were evaluated at the start and the end of the research. Results: In the tarragon receiver group, FBG, 2-hpp, HbA1c%, insulin resistance, lipid, and antioxidant profile significantly improved, compared to the placebo group, after adjuvant therapy with tarragon (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Supplementation with tarragon powder in type II patients with diabetes for 2 months exerts a beneficial effect on improving the glycemic profile, lipid profile, and antioxidant status.

Quantification of Insulin Vesicle Dynamics, Fusion Events and Calcium Activity in Intact Mouse Islets

Proper regulation of glucose homeostasis requires the controlled secretion of insulin and glucagon by β- and α-cells, respectively, in the pancreatic islets. The secretion profiles of insulin and glucagon track in opposition to each other with respect to glucose stimulation. These two hormones work as counterregulatory partners to maintain blood glucose homeostasis and the misregulation of both is implicated in the onset of diabetes. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanistic pathways that drive the regulation of both insulin and glucagon release in pancreatic islets. For this, we adopt a multi-pronged approach to investigate the dynamics and fusion events of insulin vesicles, and intracellular Ca2+ activity in β- and α-cells of mouse pancreatic islets. The dynamics of insulin vesicle motion and release were monitored by 2D confocal and 3D dual-view inverted selective plane illumination microscopy (diSPIM) time-lapse imaging on c-peptide-EGFP labeled MIN6 cells and intact islets of transgenic ins1 promoter driven c-peptide-superfolder GFP (c-peptide-sfGFP) expressing mice under different glucose conditions. insulin vesicle fusion events were also quantified with pH-sensitive Vamp2-pHluorin labeled vesicles in MIN6 cells using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. Quantification of α- and β-cell Ca2+ activities under glucose stimulation and various conditions were conducted in intact islets of transgenic GCG-iCre and INS-Cre-GCaMP6 mice, respectively, utilizing confocal and diSPIM imaging. in addition, we examine the effects of Complexin 2, a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent SNARE binding protein, on the regulation of glucagon secretion, along with α-cell intracellular Ca2+ activity, in Complexin2 knockout mice islets. by stepwise delineation of the various mechanistic pathways, we aim to decipher the intricate coordination between the intrinsic, paracrine and juxtacrine mechanisms within individual islet cells for proper islet function.

Cardiometabolic health during early adulthood and risk of miscarriage: a prospective study

Background: Several studies have found that women who are overweight or obese have an increased risk of miscarriage. There is also some evidence of associations of other aspects of cardiometabolic health, including blood pressure and lipids, with miscarriage risk, although these have not been examined to the same extent as body-mass index (BMI). Methods: Our objective was to investigate the risk of miscarriage according to pre-pregnancy cardiometabolic health. We examined pre-pregnancy levels of BMI, blood pressure, fasting insulin and metabolites profile at age 18 and risk of miscarriage by age 24. The study included adult female offspring in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children with a pregnancy between 18 and 24 years of age (n=434 for BMI and blood pressure; n=265 for metabolites). We used log-binomial regression to calculate adjusted associations between cardiometabolic health measures and miscarriage. Results: The overall risk of miscarriage was 22%. The adjusted relative risks for miscarriage were 0.96 (95% CI: 0.92-1.00) for BMI (per unit increase), 0.98 (0.96-1.00) for systolic blood pressure, and 1.00 (0.97-1.04) for diastolic blood pressure (per 1 mmHg increase). Total cholesterol, total lipids and phospholipids in HDL-cholesterol were associated with increased likelihood of miscarriage, but none of the p-values for the metabolites were below the corrected threshold for multiple testing (p-value ≤0.003). Conclusions: Our findings indicate no strong evidence to support a relationship between pre-pregnancy cardiometabolic health and risk of miscarriage in young, healthy women who became pregnant before age 24. Future studies are necessary that are able to evaluate this question in samples with a wider age range.

Prevalence of Insulin Resistance in Urban Indian School Going Children with Overweight/Obesity: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: Limited data are available for insulin resistance (IR) in children with over- weight/obesity from Indian subcontinent. Identifying predictors of IR in this population is important, as they may be used as a screening tool for future metabolic complications. Materials & Methods: This school based cross-sectional study was conducted in an Eastern Indian city. Anthropometry and blood pressure measurements were carried out as per the published guidelines. Venous blood samples were taken in a fasting state to measure plasma glucose, insulin, and lipid profile. IR was measured quantitatively by a homeostatic model of assessment (HOMA-IR). Results: A total of 545 (28.2%) children with overweight/obese were included. Male:Female ratio was 1:1.27. The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in these children was 21.8%. Around 32.3% of children had HOMA-IR of ≥2.5, and 22.2% had HOMA-IR of ≥3.16. The mean HOMA-IR in children with MS was 5.46 compared to 2.18 in those without MS. An increased risk of IR with low HDL, high triglyceride, increased waist circumference, and increased BP (both systolic and diastolic) was found. This means, the insulin resistance was commoner in children with over-weight/obesity and underlying MS. Conclusions: The present school based study found a high prevalence of insulin resistance among children with over-weight/obesity. This could predict an increased risk of future adverse cardio-vascular events in the study children. The findings of this study would help in planning and implementing primary prevention programs targeting weight management and life-style change in the school going children.

Early Detection of Insulin Resistance and Assorted Metabolic Dysfunctions through MicroRNA-141

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs. Previously we worked to investigate level of miRNA-141 in experimental animal model that were exposed with graded doses of nicotine as well we also found genetic variation among PPAR-γ , FTO, and ABCC8 genes with 25%, 24%, and 20% genetic variations in cardiometabolic smokers. Objective: present study was aimed to investigate level of miRNA-141 in human subjects designated as diabetic smokers and non-diabetic smokers. We further intended to explore conceivable interplay of miRNA-141 expression alteration with adipokine homeostasis and incidence of insulin resistance in participants. Methods: Serum was used to measure cotinine level and levels of leptin, adipokines, IL-6, MDA, HbA1c, insulin, G6PDH, hexokinase, and lipid profile. miRNA-141 expression level was determined in plasma. It was found that higher level of cotinine, higher glucose level were observed. Results: Interestingly this was found to be related with insulin resistance in smokers along with significantly increased HbA1c, leptin, IL-6, MDA and lipids levels, while, adiponectin, G6PDH, hexokinase and HDL levels were significantly lowered.

Can Metabolite and Hormone Profiles Provide a Rationale for Choosing Between Bariatric Procedures?

There are no formal guidelines for choosing among different bariatric surgery procedures for obesity treatment. So, our aim was to evaluate whether post-absorptive metabolite and hormone profiles could aid the surgeon decision when considering bariatric surgery interventions. Subjects (N=38) previously submitted to biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS, n=9), single anastomosis duodenal-ileum bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S, n= 9), long biliopancreatic limb Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB-M, n= 11), and classic RYGB (RYGB-C, n= 9) underwent a mixed meal test to evaluate post-absorptive glucose, total amino acid (AA), insulin, and GLP-1 profiles. Glucose, AA, insulin, and GLP-1 excursions were lower after BPD-DS when compared to other surgeries. SADI-S resulted in lower glucose but similar AA and insulin excursions when compared to RYGB-M. The highest GLP-1 excursion was observed after RYGB-M. There were no significant differences in glucose or AA post-prandial excursions between RYGB procedures, yet insulin excursion was higher after RYGB-C when compared to RYGB-M. Post-prandial metabolite excursions diverge across bariatric procedures being lowest after BPD-DS, intermediate after SADI-S, and highest after RYGB, in parallel with the anti-diabetic efficacy and malabsorption risk reported for each type of intervention. SADI-S and RYGB-M seem to elicit similar post-prandial hormonal profiles, with potentially lower risk of protein malnutrition when compared to BPD-DS. Post-absorptive metabolite and hormone profiles could provide a rationale as decision-aid when choosing among bariatric surgery interventions, as long as these findings are validated in future trials.

Incidence of Thyroid Dysfunction Facing Metabolic Syndrome: A Prospective Comparative Study with 9 Years of Follow-Up

Background: Studies assessing thyroid hormones in metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients are contradictory. Also, the effect of MetS on thyroid function over time is not yet evaluated. This study investigated the prevalence and incidence of thyroid dysfunction (TD) as well as time trends of thyroid hormones in subjects with and without MetS, during a 10-year follow-up in Tehranian adult population. Methods: This is a prospective cohort study conducted in the framework of Tehran Thyroid Study on 5,786 subjects aged ≥20 years: 4,905 eligible participants entered the study after excluding those with corticosteroid or radioactive iodine use, pregnancy, thyrotropin (TSH) <0.1 and >10 mU/L, and missing data. Physical examinations were performed and serum concentrations of TSH, free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and lipid profile were assessed at baseline and 3-year intervals during the follow-up. MetS was defined according to the Joint Interim Statement Definition. Results: At baseline, there were no difference in median serum concentrations of FT4 and TSH between MetS and non-MetS group after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, smoking, and TPOAb positivity. Although there was higher risk of overt (42%) and subclinical hypothyroidism (16%) in MetS compared with non-MetS subjects, no significant difference was observed in adjusted ORs for any TD between 2 groups. There were also no significant differences in time trends of TSH, FT4, TPOAb positivity, and incidence rates of TDs between MetS and non-MetS groups during 10 years, after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, and TPOAb positivity. Conclusion: MetS is not associated with thyroid hypofunction considering other important confounders such as age, sex, smoking, BMI, and TPOAb positivity. There is also no difference in the trend of thyroid hormones and incidence of TD between MetS and non-MetS subjects during a 10-year follow-up.

Swimming exercise improves gene expression of PPAR-γ and downregulates the overexpression of TLR4, MyD88, IL-6, and TNF-α after high-fat diet in rat skeletal muscle cells.

Exercise training with anti-inflammatory effects can improve insulin sensitivity in muscle tissue. This study investigated the effects of eight-week swimming exercises on lipid profile, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) in gastrocnemius muscle of rats fed with high-fat diet (HFD). Thirty-two healthy male Wistar rats (8weeks, 200±20g) were randomly divided into four groups (n=8 each group): the control (C), aerobic exercise (E), HFD, and HFD+aerobic exercise (HFD & E). The exercise training protocol consisted of swimming 60min/day, 5days/week for eight weeks. Serum levels of glucose, insulin, and lipid profile were measured at end of the study. Protein expressions of TLR4, TNF-α, and IL-6 were determined by immunohistochemical method. Gene expression of TLR4/MyD88, TNF-α, IL-6, and PPAR-γ was evaluated by a real-time polymerase chain reaction in gastrocnemius muscle. HFD fed rats showed higher levels of cholesterol and LDL-c that were similar in weight gain. Meanwhile, the HFD group had a higher gene expression of TLR4, MyD88, TNF-α, IL-6, and lower gene expression of PPAR-γ compared to the control group (p<0.05). Muscle protein expression of TLR4, TNF-α, IL-6 was lower in the E and HFD&E groups (especially when compared to HFD group, P<0.05). We also showed a decrease in TLR4/MyD88 mRNA and an increase in PPAR-γ mRNA in gastrocnemius of E and HFD&E groups (compared to HFD group, p<0.05). Insulin resistance in HFD&E groups show a significant decrease compared to the HFD group (p<0.05). It seems that swimming aerobic exercise for eight weeks controlled the destructive effects of HFD on muscle inflammatory pathways along with the down-regulation of the TLR4/MyD88, inflammatory cytokine, and up-regulation PPAR-γ mRNA. It appears that the down-regulation in the expression of TLR4/MyD88 mRNA reduces the muscle pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, whose action may be caused by the adaptation of swimming aerobic exercise (an increase of PPAR-γ). Therefore, local and systemic inflammatory changes due to HFD and obesity may be affected by metabolic adaptations of aerobic exercise training, which requires further studies.

Normal Levels of TSH Affect the Metabolic Profile Differently in Physically Active Males and Females

Our study was aimed at the evaluation of relationships between thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) within the normal range and metabolic risk factors (glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and lipoprotein profile) in physically active male and female students. In 219 students circulating TSH, glucose, insulin and lipoproteins were measured in blood under fasting conditions. Insulin resistance was expressed as HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance). For further procedures 99 males and 97 regularly menstruating females with TSH 0.4–4.0 μIU/ml were accepted. In male students no correlations between circulating TSH, anthropometric and biochemical variables were noted. In females TSH within the normal range was slightly but significantly correlated with the triglyceride (TG) level (p < 0.03). However, step-wise multiple regression analysis revealed that the effect of TSH was small (p < 0.046) in relation to that found for HOMA-IR ( p < 0.0009). No relationships between biochemical variables and normal levels of TSH were noted in male students. However, surprisingly normal range TSH in males was slightly but significantly correlated with the percentage of body fat and this issue needs further studies concerning measurements of different fat depots. The above data suggests that in active females TG synthesis and export from the liver is more sensitive to TSH action than in active male counterparts.