Insufficient Protein Intake Research Articles

The lower basal metabolic rate is associated with increased risk of osteosarcopenia in postmenopausal women

BackgroundThe goal of this study is to clarify clinical, functional, and biochemical features of postmenopausal women who are at risk of developing osteosarcopenia.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study undertaken to investigate the co-accordance of osteoporosis and sarcopenia and common risk factors on 305 postmenopausal Iranian women. Sarcopenia and osteoporosis were defined based on the European Working Group on sarcopenia in Older People guidelines and WHO criteria, respectively. Confounding factors including age, menopausal age, obesity, sun exposure, physical activity, macronutrient composition, and calcium and vitamin D supplementations were considered for all participants. A multivariate model was used to consider the common risk factors of both disorders; osteoporosis and sarcopenia.ResultsThe mean age was 57.9 years ± 6.0 SD (range: 48–78 years) and 37.4% of patients were 60 years or older. Among all participants, 35.7% were obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). Approximately 45% of all the study population had insufficient physical activity and at least half of participants had insufficient intake of protein. There was a significant correlation between bone density and muscle mass and basal metabolic rate (BMR) (p < 0.01). In multivariate-multivariable regression model, after Bonferroni correction for obesity, lower BMR was the only one associated with both lower muscle mass and bone density in lumbar and hip sites (p < 0.007).ConclusionsOur data suggest that low BMR might be an early predictor for concordance of osteoporosis and sarcopenia in postmenopausal women.

Prevalence of sarcopenia and its connection with nutritional and functional status in Asian countries: a scoping review

Muscle impairment is a common condition in elderly and a powerful risk factor for disability and mortality. Therefore, this study presents available evidence on the prevalence and its association with nutritional and functional status. An electronic database search on academic journals published from 2015 to 2020 was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Medscape. A total of 20 studies with 36,739 participants were identified and included in this review. The age range was 55 years and older. The overall prevalence of sarcopenia is in a range of 5.4% to 80.1%. The prevalence among Asian populations is in the range of 6.8% to 80.1%. Prevalence of sarcopenia was reported to be the highest in health care centre (5.4% to 80.1%), followed by nursing homes (28.8% to 41.4%) and community-dwelling (6.8% to 30%). Most studies reported that low body mass index (&lt;18.5kg/m2) was significantly associated with sarcopenia and a positive association was found between inadequate protein intake (&lt;0.8g/kg BW/day) and sarcopenia. However, sarcopenia was not associated with functional status (ADL). It can be concluded that sarcopenia is highly prevalent in older adults, especially with a low BMI and insufficient protein intake. Decline in functional status was an independent indicator for the presence of sarcopenia.

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis for the Assessment of Body Composition in Sarcopenia and Type 2 Diabetes.

Sarcopenia is emerging as a severe complication in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). On the other hand, it has been documented that nutritional aspects, such as insufficient protein or total energy intake, increase sarcopenia risk. The analysis of body composition is a relevant approach to assess nutritional status, and different techniques are available. Among such techniques, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is particularly interesting, since it is non-invasive, simple, and less expensive than the other techniques. Therefore, we conducted a review study to analyze the studies using BIA for body composition analysis in T2DM patients with sarcopenia or at risk of catching it. Revised studies have provided important information concerning relationships between body composition parameters (mainly muscle mass) and other aspects of T2DM patients’ conditions, including different comorbidities, and information on how to avoid muscle mass deterioration. Such relevant findings suggest that BIA can be considered appropriate for body composition analysis in T2DM complicated by sarcopenia/muscle loss. The wide size of the patients’ cohort in many studies confirms that BIA is convenient for clinical applications. However, studies with a specific focus on the validation of BIA, in the peculiar population of patients with T2DM complicated by sarcopenia, should be considered.

Applications of Plant Protein in the Dairy Industry.

In recent years, a variety of double protein dairy products have appeared on the market. It is a dairy product made by replacing parts of animal protein with plant protein and then using certain production methods. For some countries with limited milk resources, insufficient protein intake and low income, double protein dairy products have a bright future. More and more studies have found that double protein dairy products have combined effects which can alleviate the relatively poor functional properties of plant protein, including solubility, foaming, emulsifying and gelling. In addition, the taste of plant protein has been improved. This review focuses on the current state of research on double protein dairy products. It covers some salient features in the science and technology of plant proteins and suggests strategies for improving their use in various food applications. At the same time, it is expected that the fermentation methods used for those traditional dairy products as well as other processing technologies could be applied to produce novelty foods based on plant proteins.

Relationship between Low Muscle Strength, and Protein Intake: A Preliminary Study of Elderly Patients with Hip Fracture.

BackgroundThe purpose of the present study was to assess the daily protein uptake and its relationship with sarcopenia, as defined by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS), among elderly patients with hip fractures.MethodsForty-seven elderly patients with hip fractures were enrolled in this retrospective observational study. The main outcome measures included protein uptake, muscle mass, and grip strength for sarcopenia in elderly patients. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to AWGS. Whole-body densitometry was used to measure skeletal muscle mass, and muscle strength was evaluated using handgrip testing.ResultsOf 47 patients with hip fractures (12 men and 35 women), 37 (79%) patients exhibited insufficient protein intake (range, 0.01–0.588 g/kg/day), and 10 (21%) patients exhibited excessive protein intake (range, 1.215–2.121 g/kg/day). The mean daily protein intake was 56.5 g (range, 7.2–136.0 g). Prevalence of low muscle strength (handgrip strength <18 kg in women and <26 kg in men) was detected in 13 (37%) women and 8 (67%) men (P=0.076). Sarcopenia (lower muscle mass and lower muscle strength) was detected in 9 (26%) women and 6 (50%) men (P=0.119). Although lower protein intake was marginally associated with sarcopenia (P=0.189), it was significantly associated with lower grip strength (P=0.042).ConclusionsThe present study demonstrated that insufficient protein intake in elderly patients with hip fractures was common, and lower protein intake was significantly associated with lower muscle strength.

Research Progress and Treatment Status of Liver Cirrhosis with Hypoproteinemia

Liver cirrhosis is the 14th leading cause of death in adults worldwide. The liver is an important organ for the metabolism of sugar, protein, and fat. Liver cirrhosis with hypoproteinemia (LCH) can lead to metabolic disorders of the nutrients such as sugar, protein, and fat, as well as insufficient protein intake, digestion and absorption disorders, and continuous leakage of plasma protein into the abdominal cavity. Severe hypoproteinemia leads to a poor prognosis in patients. For every 10 g/L decrease in peripheral blood albumin, the risk of secondary liver disease complications will increase by 89% and the mortality rate increased by 24%–56%. Therefore, it is necessary to take urgent measures to treat liver cirrhosis with hypoalbuminemia and effectively treat and reverse the deterioration of the disease caused by hypoalbuminemia, so as to reduce the burden of secondary liver disease. Emerging evidence suggests that protein balance disorders, auxin resistance, and hyperleptinemia are key steps in the development of cirrhosis and hypoproteinemia. This study comprehensively analyzed the common complications, pathogenic mechanisms, and treatment status of cirrhosis caused by hypoproteinemia and proposed research prospects for dealing with this increasingly serious problem.

Formulation of Adequate Complementary Food for Children 6–24 Months Using Local Staple Foods in the South-west Region of Cameroon

Background: Malnutrition is still among the leading causes of death in children &lt;5 years, contributing to about 50% of infant deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa. Undernutrition is the more common form of malnutrition in developing countries, and results from insufficient intake of protein and/or energy, and may sometimes result from poor breastfeeding and/or complementary feeding practices. WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of the baby’s life, followed by gradual introduction of complementary foods, with continuous breastfeeding till baby is at least two years. Most babies are not exclusively breastfed for six months, and even more not breastfed till 24 months. Most complementary foods in developing countries are homemade, with plant-based ingredients, using improper processing techniques, making them low in nutrient content.&#x0D; Aims: This work aimed at formulating Complementary foods from ten different proportions of local staples; yellow maize, rice, potatoes, egg whites, soybeans, pawpaw, watermelon, pineapple and oranges, using standard processing techniques.&#x0D; Methodology: The blends (A to J) were formulated and were evaluated for colour, taste, flavor and consistency using nine scaled hedonic point, and the preferred five were evaluated for proximate composition, some vitamins and minerals, functional properties, and for microbes using standard Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods. The results were statistically analysed using Microsoft excel, SPSS and Graphpad Instat softwares.&#x0D; Results: Results from sensory analysis showed that the preferred formulas were B, H, A, C, G, respectively. Moisture contents ranged from 4.6 - 10.5%, ash content ranged from 2.65 - 3.70%, fibre content ranged from 6.43 - 9.27%, protein content ranged from 17.72 - 37.72%, fat content ranged from 9.5 - 14%, carbohydrate content ranged from 38.74 - 63.58%, and energy content ranged from 394.9Kcal - 433.2Kcal. Micronutrient analysis revealed that all the formulas had no vitamin C, while they had vitamin A contents ranging from 95.85 - 2340IU. Calcium content ranged from 378 - 632mg/100g, iron content ranged from 4.73 - 8.59mg/100g, phosphorous ranged from 109.04 - 136.49mg/100g, and Zinc content ranged from 1.47 - 2.35mg/100g. Magnesium content ranged from 53.32 - 85.19mg/100g, sodium ranged from 2.42 - 189.41mg/100g, while potassium ranged from 319.2 - 728.82mg/100g. For functional properties, water absorption and oil absorption capacities ranged from 1.5 - 4.4 and 1.5 - 1.95 respectively, Loose and packaged bulk densities ranged from 0.51 - 0.54 and 0.78 - 0.92 respectively. The swelling index ranged from 1.03 - 1.11, foaming capacity and foam stability ranged from 2.0 - 18.0 and 0.0 - 0.7 respectively, while the dispersibilities ranged from 52.5 - 92.5%. Microbial analysis revealed that none of the formulas contained yeast, C had no coliform while formula B had highest coliform (620 CFUs), while C had highest TBC (31000CFUs).&#x0D; Conclusion: Formula C, with sweet potatoes as main starch source, looked most promising as a complementary food.

Analysis of the football players’ actual nutrition

Objective: to assess the actual nutrition of football players according to their personal daily energy expenditures.Materials and methods: the study of the actual nutrition of the athletes of the division II football team was carried out at the training camp. A total of 23 athletes participated in this study, including 3 goalkeepers, 3 attackers, 7 defenders, and 10 midfielders. The average age of the team is 24.2 ± 0.3 years. The collection of information on actual nutrition was carried out in two ways: using a 24­-hour dietary recall method for at least 2 days and frequency meal analysis method. The amount of food consumed was determined using lists that include information on portions and meals. The chemical composition and energy value of the diets were evaluated using two databases of Russian food composition tables. Energy expenditures were calculated using the heart rate monitoring.Results: study results show that the energy value of football players’daily ration averaged 2560.6 ± 150.6 kcal, while the average energy expenditure was 4100.0 ± 51.3 kcal/day. The study revealed high levels of fat (42 %) and EFA (14,8 %) consumption in terms of dietary intake, while the proportion of energy from carbohydrates was insufficient, only 43.1 %. Moreover, the athletes obtain 17.5 % of their energy intake from added sugar. In addition, the study revealed insufficient intake of vitamins A and B1 among 86 % of athletes, B2 — 79 %, niacin — 65 % and vitamin C — 72 %. Analysis of the daily intake of minerals revealed an insufficient calcium content in the 38 % of football players’ diets, magnesium — in 62 %, and low calcium to phosphorus ratio — in 44 % of diets.Conclusion: the data obtained showed a nutritional imbalance of the football players, both in intake of calories and in the nutrient consumption. 50 % of the athletes surveyed have insufficient protein intake, 80 % of those surveyed had high levels of fat and EFA consumption. The study revealed a high prevalence of genetic polymorphism associated with impaired bone mineralization. Considering that high performance sport requires a special approach to each athlete, taking into account his individual needs, the functional state of the body, genetic characteristics, the training phases, each athlete needs a personal diet, which will include certain products, vitamin and mineral supplements, and will definitely be adjusted in the future.

Protein intake after the initiation of chemotherapy is an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer: A prospective cohort study

This study was conducted to investigate the nutritional status and longitudinal dietary intake during the course of chemotherapy, and their relationships with the survival in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer. A prospective cohort study was conducted in 38 patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer receiving chemotherapy between January 2018 and November 2019. Subjective global assessment was used to assess the nutritional status, and the dietary intake was assessed monthly, for up to 12 months, using a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire. The primary outcome was overall survival, and the secondary outcome was progression-free survival. Cox regression analysis was performed to identify independent prognostic factors. Moderate or severe malnutrition was found in 34.2% of the participants. Daily protein intake was significantly higher in the survivor group than in the deceased group at one month after the initiation of chemotherapy (1.4±0.7g/kg/day vs. 0.9±0.5g/kg/day, p=0.019), while the baseline nutritional intakes were similar between the two groups. Univariate analysis identified weight loss >3.5%, energy intake <25kcal/kg/day, protein intake <1.1g/kg/day, and malnutrition as possible poor prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis identified protein intake <1.1g/kg/day (hazard ratio [HR]: 9.03, 95%CI: 1.45-56.32, p=0.018) as an independent poor prognostic factor. Insufficient protein intake was identified as an independent poor prognostic factor in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer receiving chemotherapy. Improving the dietary protein intake could be a useful therapeutic approach in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer receiving chemotherapy.

Energy and macronutrient intakes of employees at different levels of work intensity in China from 2010 to 2012

To analyze the intake of energy and macronutrients of employees at different levels of work intensity in China. Based on the data of National Nutrition and Health Survey in 2010-2012, this paper analyzed the energy and macro nutrients intakes of employees at three levels of working strength. The energy intake of employees in China was 1952. 7 kcal/d, the intakes of protein, fat and carbohydrate were 62. 7 g/d, 76. 6 g/d and 254. 0 g/d, respectively, the energy supply ratios were 13. 1%, 34. 9% and 52. 4%, respectively. From food sources of energy, the percentage of total energy provided by cereals and animal foods was 47. 7% and 18. 2%, respectively. The percentage of protein from cereal, legumes and Animal food was 39. 8%, 6. 7% and 37. 5%, respectively. The percentage of fat from animal food was 34. 8%. From the age and work intensity groups, the energy intake was lower in the low age group and the light work intensity of employees. There was the lowest intake of protein and fats in high age groups with heavy work intensity. Energy levels form protein and fat were highest in the light intensity group. Energy supply from cereal food was the highest in the group with heavy work intensity and energy supply from animal food was the highest in the group with low age group and light work intensity. The intake of high quality protein and animal food fat decreased with the increase of age and work intensity. The energy intake of employees in China is lower than the recommended energy intake for Chinese residents, and fat provides a higher proportion of energy. Employees with high age and heavy work intensity have insufficient protein intake, and the unreasonable dietary structure was particularly prominent with them, and their nutritional status needs to be paid more attention.

Effect of the Protein Cunsumption Over the Immune System Responses Given During Covid-19

It has long been known that insufficient intake of quality dietary protein or amino acids impairs immune function and increases susceptibility to infectious diseases&#x0D; Nutritional status in people infected with SARS-CoV-2 is a crucial factor for optimal prognosis and can determine the clinical severity of COVID-19. Insufficient energy and protein intake to reduce weight gain due to inactivity during the pandemic is a common mistake people make. Insufficient intakes of energy, protein and specific micronutrients; It is associated with suppressed immune function and increased susceptibility to infection.&#x0D; The morbidity and mortality of the disease is higher, especially in low immune function people. It is known that increasing protein intake is a priority in order to reduce catabolism due to inflammatory mediators&#x0D; Eating healthy before, during and after the illness is the main key to the immune system and health. Patients who can eat during illness should be advised to consume sufficient and high quality protein despite the loss of their sense of taste. In order to prevent muscle loss and strengthen respiratory muscles, 1.5 g / kg / day protein and branched chain amino acid would be a good decision for this pandemic periods.

Nutritional support for patients in the neurosurgical and neurological intensive care unit: are special guidelines necessary?

The nutritional support for patients in the intensive care unit is an integral component of intensive care. Patients of a neurological and neurosurgical profile who are in the intensive care unit are a special group of patients, whose treatment differs both in the used intensive therapy methods and nutritional support provision.&#x0D; Indirect calorimetry should be used to determine the energy requirements in neurosurgical and neurological patients. The use of calculation equations, such as the Harris-Benedict equation, is impossible due to its large discrepancy with indirect calorimetry data. The need for protein in patients of this category should be made at the rate of 1.22.0 g/kg of body weight per day. The urinary nitrogen loss data should not be used as a routine method for determining protein requirements in these patients. Insufficient energy and protein intake in neurosurgical and neurological patients can lead to increased infectious complications, mechanical ventilation duration, and length of intensive care unit stay, and rehabilitation potential deterioration. Excessive energy intake can lead to increased carbon dioxide production and intra-abdominal pressure, thereby increasing the intracranial pressure and aggravating secondary brain damage.&#x0D; The central nervous system damage leads to increased intestinal permeability, worsens motility, and even changes the microbiota, which requires constant monitoring of the gastrointestinal tract functions to provide adequate nutritional support in neurological and neurosurgical patients who are in the intensive care unit.&#x0D; In modern guidelines, both on intensive care and nutritional support, recommendations for its implementation in these patients are unclear.

Effect of the protein diet over the immune system responses given during COVID-19

It has long been known that insufficient intake of quality dietary protein or amino acids impairs immune function and increases susceptibility to infectious diseases Nutritional status in people infected with SARS-CoV-2 is a crucial factor for optimal prognosis and can determine the clinical severity of COVID-19. Insufficient energy and protein intake to reduce weight gain due to inactivity during the pandemic is a common mistake people make. Insufficient intakes of energy, protein and specific micronutrients; It is associated with suppressed immune function and increased susceptibility to infection. The morbidity and mortality of the disease is higher, especially in low immune function people. It is known that increasing protein intake is a priority in order to reduce catabolism due to inflammatory mediators Eating healthy before, during and after the illness is the main key to the immune system and health. Patients who can eat during illness should be advised to consume sufficient and high quality protein despite the loss of their sense of taste. In order to prevent muscle loss and strengthen respiratory muscles, 1.5 g / kg / day protein and branched chain amino acid would be a good decision for this pandemic periods.

Association of First-Week Nutrient Intake and Extrauterine Growth Restriction in Moderately Preterm Infants: A Regional Population-Based Study.

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of first-week nutrition intake on neonatal growth in moderate preterm (MP) infants. Data on neonatal morbidity and nutrition intake on day of life 7 (DoL7) were prospectively collected from 735 MP infants (320/7–346/7 weeks gestational age (GA)). Multivariable regression was used to assess the factors associated with extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) defined as a decrease of more than 1 standard deviation (SD) in the weight z-score during hospitalization. Mean (SD) gestational age and birth weight were 33.2 (0.8) weeks and 2005 (369) g. The mean change in the weight z-score during hospitalization was −0.64 SD. A total of 138 infants (18.8%) had EUGR. Compared to adequate growth infants, EUGR infants received 15% and 35% lower total energy and protein intake respectively (p < 0.001) at DoL7. At DoL7, each increase of 10 kcal/kg/d and 1 g/kg/d of protein was associated with reduced odds of EUGR with an odds ratio of 0.73 (95% CI, 0.66–0.82; p < 0.001) and 0.54 (0.44–0.67; p < 0.001), respectively. Insufficient energy and protein intakes on DoL7 negatively affected neonatal growth of MP infants. Nutritional support should be optimized from birth onwards to improve neonatal weight growth.

Nutrition in the prevention and healing of chronic wounds. Importance in improving the diabetic foot

Nutrition plays an essential role in chronic wound healing as extra nutrients are needed for tissue repair and to restore losses through wound exudate. Insufficient intake of energy, protein, antioxidants (vitamin C, A, and zinc) and vitamin D are common in patients with chronic wounds and have been linked to delayed wound healing and dehiscence. Other risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, advanced age, corticosteroid use, and dehydration can also reduce or impede the healing process, and nutritional screening is important to identify patients with malnutrition. Proteins, amino acids (arginine, glutamine and methionine), vitamins C and A, and zinc have been used as pharmacological nutrients in pressure ulcer healing; however, omega-3 fatty acids, although they appear to slow progression, do not show improved healing rates. In patients with diabetic foot, supplementation with vitamins D, C, A, and E, magnesium, zinc, omega-3 fatty acids, and probiotics reduces ulcer size and improves glycemic control, although they have not been associated with complete healing; however, supplementation with arginine, glutamine, and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate does show wound healing, although further evidence is needed to confirm these results.

Mealtime care and dietary intake in older psychiatric hospital inpatient: A multiple case study.

To investigate the energy and protein adequacy of meals and dietary intake of older psychiatric inpatients and describe patient and mealtime factors potentially influencing intake. Multiple case studies. Psychiatric inpatients aged 65years and older, admitted to a single mental health ward during the 6-week study period (April-May 2019) were eligible for inclusion. Dietary intake was observed for two consecutive days each week (minimum four observation days). Visual plate waste methods were used to estimate patients' dietary intake at mealtimes, with energy and protein intake calculated using known food composition data and compared with estimated requirements. Medical records were reviewed weekly to collect information on potential factors related to intake and mealtime care. Data from all sources were first summarized in a case record for within-case analysis using descriptive statistics, followed by cross-case analysis. Eight participants (five men, age 67-90years, two underweight and one overweight, and four requiring some mealtime assistance) had 5-12days of observation data recorded. Three met their estimated daily energy and protein requirements throughout the study period, while the remaining five participants did not. The main barriers identified as contributing to insufficient energy and protein intake were as follows: missing meals (asleep and treatment); inadequate food provided (insufficiency of the standard hospital menu); and need for increased mealtime assistance. Poor dietary intake may be common among older psychiatric patients, suggesting that they may also need nursing and multidisciplinary nutrition care interventions shown to effectively prevent and treat malnutrition in other older inpatient groups. Older psychiatric patients experience similar nutrition and mealtime issues to other older inpatients. This study highlights the need for nurses and the multidisciplinary team to ensure patients order and receive adequate food, especially when they miss meals and that they receive proactive mealtime assistance.

Individualised physical exercise training and enhanced protein intake in older citizens during municipality-based rehabilitation: protocol for a randomised controlled trial

IntroductionSuccessful rehabilitation of the growing number of older citizens receiving healthcare services can lead to preservation of functional independence and improvement in quality of life. Adequate intake of dietary protein...

Low Physical Activity in Patients with Complicated Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Low Muscle Mass and Low Protein Intake.

Objective: In order to promote physical activity (PA) in patients with complicated type 2 diabetes, a better understanding of daily movement is required. We (1) objectively assessed PA in patients with type 2 diabetes, and (2) studied the association between muscle mass, dietary protein intake, and PA. Methods: We performed cross-sectional analyses in all patients included in the Diabetes and Lifestyle Cohort Twente (DIALECT) between November 2016 and November 2018. Patients were divided into four groups: <5000, 5000–6999, 7000–9999, ≥ 10,000 steps/day. We studied the association between muscle mass (24 h urinary creatinine excretion rate, CER) and protein intake (by Maroni formula), and the main outcome variable PA (steps/day, Fitbit Flex device) using multivariate linear regression analyses. Results: In the 217 included patients, the median steps/day were 6118 (4115–8638). Of these patients, 48 patients (22%) took 7000–9999 steps/day, 37 patients (17%) took ≥ 10,000 steps/day, and 78 patients (36%) took <5000 steps/day. Patients with <5000 steps/day had, in comparison to patients who took ≥10,000 steps/day, a higher body mass index (BMI) (33 ± 6 vs. 30 ± 5 kg/m2, p = 0.009), lower CER (11.7 ± 4.8 vs. 14.8 ± 3.8 mmol/24 h, p = 0.001), and lower protein intake (0.84 ± 0.29 vs. 1.08 ± 0.22 g/kg/day, p < 0.001). Both creatinine excretion (β = 0.26, p < 0.001) and dietary protein intake (β = 0.31, p < 0.001) were strongly associated with PA, which remained unchanged after adjustment for potential confounders. Conclusions: Prevalent insufficient protein intake and low muscle mass co-exist in obese patients with low physical activity. Dedicated intervention studies are needed to study the role of sufficient protein intake and physical activity in increasing or maintaining muscle mass in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Intake of protein-containing foods by patients with a chronic kidney disease and a healthy control group

Introduction: The slowed down progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is related to the application of restrictive diets and insufficient protein and energy intake. That is why the authors’ goal is to research the prerequisites for the appearance of protein deficiency in those patients. Aim: The aim of this article is to research the prerequisites for the appearance of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in patients with CKD undergoing replacement therapy. Materials and Methods: The received data about the intake of fruit and vegetables is collected with the help of a questionnaire survey of 140 patients divided into two groups: the first group is comprised of patients with a concomitant kidney disease on chroniohemodialisys with a different prescription, and the second - a healthy control group. Results: The results show that almost half of the patients with CKD (47.10%) have a reduced protein intake. A significant statistical dependence was established between the affiliation of the group and the frequency of protein food consumption (P<0.01). Conclusion: As a result of the study establishes a tendency for a reduced intake of protein foods in patients with CKD has been established.

A Scientific Review on Kuposhanajaya Vikara W.S.R. to Protein Energy Malnutrition and its Treatment in Children

The preservation of children’s health is the prime duty of humanity. In every country, children constitute a priority group. Current Indian population according to a survey is 1.21 billion. (2011census) and about 37.3% of total populations are children. Among which 158.8 million children are of 0-6 year’s age group (13.12 % of Indian population). The health status of adult population is a continuation of health status of children in terms of Growth, Nutrition and Development. Health of a child is a growing concern all over, with rapid economic growth and social changes both in developed and developing parts of the world. Therefore, vital importance towards these children is felt in need. Malnutrition mainly arises from inadequate diet and frequent infection, leading to insufficient intake of calories, protein, vitamins and minerals. Malnourished children suffer more frequent and severe infectious illnesses; furthermore, even mild under-nutrition increases a child’s risk of morbidity and mortality. Chronic under-nutrition in children can also lead to long-term developmental problems. Ahara Dosha is the main predisposing factor of this disorder and Alpasana and Vishamasana (false habits of intake) especially results in the development of Karshya. Meaning of Balasosha is “Emaciation of child”. According to Ayurvada it originates from nutritional deficiency in children, which is called as protein energy malnutrition . Although exact correlation of Balasosha with any specific disease of modern medicine is not possible but keeping in view the various clinical signs and symptoms of P.E.M., it can be equated with karshaya, phakka roga, parigarbhika, to some extent.