Valid Instrument Research Articles

Investigating the psychometric properties of pathological concern questionnaire in Indian emerging adults

Background: The Pathological Concern Questionnaire (PCQ) measures thoughts, emotions, and actions based on attitudes, including repression of personal needs and overinvestment in satisfaction of others’ needs. The PCQ is widely used in the literature, but its psychometric properties are not well-established in the Indian population. Aim: The current study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of PCQ among emerging adults in India. Materials and Methods: The data were collected from 252 emerging adults, aged between 18 and 29 years using PCQ. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to analyse the data. Internal reliability was computed using Cronbach’s alpha and correlational analysis was conducted to examine the convergent and discriminant validity. Results: The statistical findings supported an acceptable goodness of fit for PCQ in India. PCQ showed an adequate internal consistency (α = 0.903). In addition, correlational analyses supported the convergent and discriminant validity of the PCQ. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the PCQ is a valid and reliable instrument to measure pathological concern among Indian emerging adults.

Cross cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Indonesian version of the depression anxiety stress scales for youth (IDASS-Y)

Depression and anxiety represent significant global health concerns, with a particularly high prevalence observed in economically disadvantaged developing countries. The availability of reliable and culturally relevant assessment instruments is crucial for the effective diagnosis and intervention of mental health issues, particularly among adolescents. The objective of this study was to adapt the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales for Youth (DASS-Y) into an Indonesian version (IDASS-Y) and to evaluate its psychometric properties among Indonesian adolescents. A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in West Sumatra Province and Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. The study entailed a cross-cultural adaptation of the DASS-Y into the IDASS-Y through a five-step process and a psychometric evaluation. The study sample consisted of 255 adolescents between the ages of 16 and 18, recruited from two public senior high schools. The psychometric assessment comprised content validity testing, construct validity testing through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and reliability testing. The IDASS-Y has demonstrated robust psychometric properties. The content validity was found to be high, with an overall S-CVI/Ave of 0.95. The EFA demonstrated a consistent three-factor structure corresponding to depression, anxiety, and stress, with no alterations to the item dimensions. The CFA results yielded a good model fit, as indicated by the following values: χ2/df ratio = 2.553; RMSEA = 0.022; CFI = 1.000; SRMR = 0.083. The internal consistency of the scale was satisfactory, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 0.897 for depression, 0.893 for anxiety, and 0.884 for stress, and an overall alpha of 0.948. Additionally, McDonald's omega coefficients were notably high, at 0.897 for depression, 0.894 for anxiety, and 0.874 for stress, with an overall omega of 0.949. The Indonesian version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales for Youth (IDASS-Y) is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing depression, anxiety, and stress among Indonesian adolescents. It retains the original conceptual framework of the DASS-Y and demonstrates strong psychometric properties, making it suitable for both research and clinical use.

Development and validation of the self-report symptom inventory of immune-related adverse events in patients with lung cancer

ObjectivesThis study aims to develop and validate the Self-Report Symptom Inventory of immune-related Adverse Events in Patients with Lung Cancer (SRSI-irAEs-LC) to allow for systematic assessment of symptomatic irAEs in lung cancer patients treated with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). MethodsA sequential two-phase mixed-methods study was conducted. In phase Ⅰ, a draft version of the SRSI-irAEs-LC was constructed through item generation and draft inventory construction. Delphi expert consultation, cognitive interviews and a pilot study were conducted to evaluate the content validity and refine the scale. In phase Ⅱ, psychometric testing was performed on 512 lung cancer patients treated with PD-1/PD-L1 ICIs using item analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), criterion validity, discriminant validity, and reliability evaluations. ResultsThrough 5 sequential steps in phase Ⅰ, the preliminary version of the SRSI-irAEs-LC comprised 10 dimensions with 41 items. Through EFA, the final version of the SRSI-irAEs-LC included 8 dimensions and 26 items that explained 62.33% of the variance. The CFA model showed that the 8-factor model fitted the data well. Good criteria validity and known-groups discriminant validity were demonstrated. Cronbach's alpha, split-half reliability, and test-retest reliability of the scale were 0.824, 0.725, and 0.851, respectively. ConclusionsPreliminarily, the SRSI-irAEs-LC is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing symptomatic irAEs in lung cancer patients treated with PD-1/PD-L1 ICIs. Further research is needed to confirm its generalizability to a broader population as well as its validity and reliability.

New Normative Values for the German Short Version of the Resilience Scale (RS-13)

In a representative survey conducted in Germany, normative values for the German short version of the RS-13 resilience scale were updated and compared with the data from a previous representative survey conducted in 2001. In a representative study conducted by the social science research institute USUMA GmbH in 2021, people aged 16 to 95 years (N=2,505) were randomly selected and interviewed by telephone. Data were compared to representative data collected in 2001 (N=2,045), and the influence of demographic variables on resilience was examined. The internal consistency of the RS-13 was α=0.92. Current norm data of the RS-13, differentiated by gender and age, were generated. Access to these data is provided by an online tool, which can be used for the norm-oriented interpretation of individual resilience values (http://rs13.shinyapps.io/RS13). In the current 2021 sample, the mean resilience score was significantly higher than in 2001 (d=0.28, 95% CI [0.22-0.34]). Age was significantly negatively associated with resilience, education and net household income showed a significant negative correlation. The RS-13 has good psychometric properties. Providing updated normative values of the RS-13 is justified due to the significantly higher scores in 2021 compared to 2001. The updated normative values allow for the comparison of future data with those of the German general population. In addition, the online tool can be used for the norm-oriented interpretation of individual resilience scores as part of diagnostic procedures. The RS-13 is a reliable, valid and economical instrument for assessing resilience in its theoretical understanding of a stable personality trait. Future studies investigating resilience should consider age, education and income as relevant influencing variables.

Turkish Adaptation of Health Literacy Sensitive Communication Scale: A Validity and Reliability Study

PurposeThe objective of this study is to adapt the Health Literacy Sensitive Communication Scale (HL-COM) for Turkish society and to evaluate its validity and reliability. MethodThe scale's psychometric properties were evaluated including reliability and construct validity, through measures such as internal consistency, item-total correlation coefficients and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), respectively. A sample of 221 patients with diabetes was selected to participate in the study. FindingsThe HL-COM displayed satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha values.95) and time based stability (ICC values.98). Item-total score correlations revealed moderate associations between each item and the scale, with all items adequately representing the construct. The content validity index (CVI) was.93. According to the findings of confirmatory factor analysis obtained from the validity analysis, the fit index of the scale was found to be χ2/df =2,21 and the scale had a one factor structure. In addition, other good fit indexes of the model also show that the proposed model is acceptable [GFI=.94, RMSEA=.074, CFI=.98, AGFI=.90, NFI=.97] ConclusionThe findings indicate that Turkish version of the HL-COM is a valid and reliable instrument to assess the health sensitive communication proficiencies of healthcare professionals from the perspective of patients with diabetes.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Feasibility, Reliability, and Validity Tests of the Chinese Version of Ankle Ligament Reconstruction-Return to Sport After Injury Scale.

The Ankle Ligament Reconstruction-Return to Sport After Injury (ALR-RSI) scale can be utilized for assessing patients who have previously sustained lateral ankle ligament injury before returning to sport. Given its original development for use in different languages, it is essential to translate and validate this scale for application to the Chinese population. To translate and culturally adapt the ALR-RSI scale into a Chinese version and assess its reliability and validity. Cohort study (Diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. The procedure of translation and cross-cultural adaptation was performed following the recommended guidelines and the Chinese version of ALR-RSI (ALR-RSI-CHN) was conducted in patients with lateral ankle ligament surgery. Feasibility was assessed by floor/ceiling effects. Reliability was assessed by using Cronbach α as a measure to analyze internal consistency, while the intraclass correlation coefficient was utilized to examine test-retest reliability. Validity was assessed by using Spearman coefficients to analyze the correlations between ALR-RSI-CHN, the Karlsson scale, and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale. A total of 66 participants were included. The ALR-RSI-CHN scale showed good feasibility with no floor/ceiling effects. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate with a Cronbach α of 0.93, and test-retest reliability was excellent with an interclass correlation coefficient of 0.97 (95% CI, 0.92-0.99). The ALR-RSI-CHN scale demonstrated moderate correlation with the Karlsson scale (r = 0.48 [range, 0.26-0.65]) and strong correlation with the AOFAS scale (r = 0.55 [range, 0.35-0.71]). A significant difference in ALR-RSI-CHN scores was observed between patients who returned to sports and those who did not, with respective scores of 53.60 (range, 44.50-62.69) and 42.25 (range, 35.51-49) (P = .04). The study demonstrated that the ALR-RSI-CHN scale had satisfactory psychometric properties, rendering it a feasible, reliable, and valid instrument for evaluating patients who have lateral ligament surgery in China.

Determinants of E-Learning Acceptance in Indonesia Post-COVID-19 and Its Impact on Students’ Technopreneurship

Objective: This research aims to address the gaps in country-specific e-learning studies by examining the key factors influencing e-learning adoption in Indonesia. Grounded in a comprehensive literature review on flow theory, service quality, and technology acceptance models, the study develops a research model that includes four independent variables (instructor characteristics, teaching materials, content design, and enjoyment), two belief variables (perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use), and one dependent variable (intention to use e-learning). Method: Data were collected from 404 respondents, comprising students and lecturers at state Islamic universities in Indonesia, using convenience sampling. The study employed SEM-PLS for data analysis, validating the research instrument's reliability and validity. Results: The results offer insights into the managerial implications and suggest directions for future research in e-learning adoption. Its results confirm six hypotheses. Novelty: This study fills a gap in e-learning adoption research by focusing on Indonesia and integrating flow theory, service quality, and technology acceptance models. It highlights the roles of perceived playfulness, ease of use, and instructional content design in influencing e-learning adoption while challenging the expected impact of instructor characteristics. This research provides fresh insights into technology-driven learning in the context of developing countries.

THE POWER OF OPEN COMMUNICATION: EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARENT-ADOLESCENT COMMUNICATION AND PROBLEM EXTENT AND THE MODERATING ROLE OF SIBLING INFLUENCE

Adolescence is the period of extensive physical, emotional, and social transformation. This article focuses on the primary role of effective communication within the family, especially parents and siblings influence, in shaping adolescence development. It considers how open, supportive, and sincere interactions help in identity formation, peer relationships, cognitive development, and affect regulation during this critical stage. The article draws both on Eastern and Western psychological paradigms, showing how academic psychology has evolved over the years and the main theoretical frameworks which inform our understanding of adolescent development. It is in this regard that the current study will explore the importance of effective family communication in developing a positive identity, building self-esteem, and supplying a sense of belonging. Emphasized herein is the role of parents in guiding adolescents through open discussions that will help them think critically, solve problems, and make independent decisions. Attention falls onto sibling influence in that they are in a special position to offer emotional support, companionship, and modeling behaviors. It draws from quantitative studies how family dynamics impact adolescent results. Construction and standardization processes of psychological measures are described to explain why reliable and valid instruments are needed when studying adolescent behavior and family interaction. This article concludes with the practical recommendations to enhance family communication strategies in supporting adolescent development. This integration of theoretical perspectives and empirical findings thus provides critical insights for educators, practitioners, and families seeking to promote healthy developmental trajectories among adolescents through effective communication and supportive sibling relationships.

Development of Community Economic Empowerment Model through Pioneering Tourism Village Training in Indonesia

This study aims to produce a model of community economic empowerment through training in pioneering tourist villages that is feasible, practical, and effective. The research method uses Research and Development (R&D) adaptation of the Borg and Gall model, involving the subjects of managers and the community in Gunungkidul Regency, Indonesia. The research data were obtained using (1) qualitative methods, with data triangulation, observation, interviews, and documentation; (2) quantitative, with validation of models and instruments, practicality and effectiveness of the model. The results of the study: (1) The product of the community economic empowerment model through training in pioneering tourist villages meets the criteria for feasibility as indicated by the results of expert assessments; (2) The community economic empowerment model through training was implemented well and met the criteria for practicality based on observer assessments; and (3) There was an increase in the understanding of training participants effectively. The results of this study indicate that the community economic empowerment model through training in pioneering tourist villages has proven to be feasible, practical, and effective for community economic empowerment and can be used as a recommendation for local and central governments in developing tourist villages.

Social Capital Elevates Courtesy Take into Consideration Teaching-Learning Process in Secondary Schools

Social capital which is also known as relational capital plays very significant role in enhancing education by fostering innovations in educational institutions. Social capital encompasses the relationships and networks which facilitate knowledge sharing, collaboration, and community engagement which are essential for teaching learning process. The existence of productive social capital among the stake holders promotes civility which leads towards imparting quality education to the learners. The main aim of this study is to highlight the importance of social capital in educational institutes. The data for the current study has been collected from a sample size of target population of secondary school teachers in Tehsil Wari, Dir Upper, Pakistan. The study is quantitative in nature as close-ended questionnaire comprising of 33 items covering six dimensions of social capital and teaching learning process with a five point Likert Scale is used for data collection. The validity and reliability of this survey instrument has been ensured by following predetermined principles, like sending for validation to four experts in the field, and checking the value of Cronbach’s alpha. The collected data has been analyzed by using SPSS-22. Descriptive statistics highlights that data is normally distributed therefore parametric tests like Pearson Correlation has been used to determine the relationship between social capital and teaching learning process. The results provide evidence that there is a high, positive and significant correlation between social capital and teaching-learning process. From results it is concluded that for effective teaching-learning process, the existence of social capital in educational institute is of paramount importance. The study recommends that there is need for further research as to explore antecedent variables affecting the co-existence of social capital and teaching-learning process.

Exploring Soccer Coaching Methods: Design and Validation of a Measurement Instrument

Soccer coaches, although not prominently featured in the foreground, are essential to the outcomes of the sport. They are key figures between athletes and organizational goals. Choosing, retaining, and developing the greatest athletes is the cornerstone to a successful coaching career. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a questionnaire that was determine the characteristic soccer coaching styles. A experimental study involved the participation of 207 soccer coaches (B, A and PRO UEFA coaching license). The questionnaire comprises 14 themes and consists of 65 items designed to evaluate soccer coaching styles, developed from the updated Leadership Scale for Sport. The validation of the developed instrument in this empirical study was conducted using two procedures: (1) factor analysis (PCA with oblique rotation) and (2) an internal consistency assessment (Scale Reliability Analysis – Cronbach's Alpha). Nineteen significant factors were extracted, and they are as follows: Player contribution to the game system; Cooperation/ Opinions; Implementation of coach's requirements; Teaching; Motivation; Conflict resolution; Informations; Sanction; Expressing an opinion; Error correction at own discretion; Highlighting the good and bad sides of players; Instructions; Team goal setting; Highlighting positivism/ negativism; The coach's personal expectations; Team solutions; Strategy creation; Social support; The influence of the team on coaching decision-making. By analyzing the data, it was determined that “B” football coaches are characterized by the coaching style "positive feedback", “A” soccer coaches by the "training and instructor" and "positive feedback" styles, while “PRO” coaches are characterized by the "positive feedback" style and a slightly lower frequency by the "training and instructor" style. Using only one coaching/leadership style is certainly a limiting factor, as different situations require different coaching approaches.

Developing and validating an instrument for assessing E-entrepreneurial idea feasibility

Despite the critical importance of e-entrepreneurship idea generation for e-venture success, there remains a significant lack of valid and reliable instruments to evaluate the feasibility of e-entrepreneurial ideas proposed by undergraduates during entrepreneurship learning. This study addresses this gap by creating and validating a scale based on the Business Model Canvas with a sample of 299 participants. Following established scale development procedures, a 13-item scale with four factors emerged: value creation and customer relationship management, cost structure, business viability, and customer segmentation and personalization. The scale demonstrates satisfactory internal consistency and criterion-related validity, providing a reliable tool for assessing e-entrepreneurial idea feasibility in higher education, benefiting both educators and researchers.

Linguistic and Cultural Adaptation of a Self-Determination Scale for People with Intellectual Disabilities

The main objectives of this study were to adapt the AUTODDIS scale to the cultural and social dimensions of Chile and to analyze its reliability and validity. The reliability and validity were assessed through a pilot study conducted with a population of students with intellectual disabilities (ID). The linguistic adaptation was executed according to expert judgments of each indicator: adequacy, coherence, relevance, and clarity. After the scale adaptation, a scale pilot was conducted to explore its technical properties. It was performed in a public school for students with ID. The validity coefficient result was 0.998, while the complete reliability result was α = 0.978. For the reliability subscales, the results were the following: autonomy α = 0.941, self-initiation α = 0.925, self-direction α = 0.970, self-regulation α = 0.804, and self-concept α = 0.935. The results confirm the AUTODDIS scale as a valid and reliable instrument to evaluate self-determination. However, it is necessary to apply this scale to a larger number of students with ID to generalize these results.

Measuring and managing organizational performance based on organizational capitals, service quality and BSC performance outcomes

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop and test empirically a new holistic performance measurement model that integrates the best of current performance measurement frameworks and methodologies and builds upon the resource-based view to strategic management. Design/methodology/approach A survey collected responses from 379 top-, middle- and supervisory-level managers from 3 telecommunications service providers in Egypt. The hypothesized direct relationships were tested through multiple linear regression (using SPSS software), and the mediating effect was tested using the structural equation modeling technique (using AMOS software). Findings The results reveal that the proposed model is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring and managing holistic organizational performance. The results also reveal that Egyptian telecommunications companies have primarily emphasized the use of structural and relational capital to enhance their service quality (SQ) and performance outcomes (POs). Moreover, SQ was found to significantly and partially mediate the effect of organizational capitals (OCs) on POs. Research limitations/implications The proposed model is a novel model that needs further investigation using various research designs and multiple research methods to assure its reliability and validity as a holistic performance measurement system. Practical implications The Egyptian telecommunications companies should efficiently manage and leverage all four components of OCs, especially the components of intellectual capital to improve their SQ and consequently enhance their POs. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first research to study the relationships among OCs, SQ and POs, merge them in an integrated performance measurement model and test this model empirically in the Egyptian telecommunications setting.

Implementation of STEAM and Thematic Learning Models Assisted by STEMATIK Learning Media in Elementary School

Learning is not only about giving theories, but instilling concepts is more important to teach to students. One of the concepts instilled in mathematics, namely the arithmetic material of addition and subtraction for elementary school. STEMATIK learning media supports students' understanding in introducing the arithmetic concepts of addition and subtraction for lower elementary school classes. This research aimed to explain the component analysis of integrating STEAM and thematic learning using STEMATIK learning media, to describe the importance of using learning media in enhancing students’ independence and motivation to learn, and to present the results of using STEMATIK learning media as a tool for learning mathematics. The research method employed was a quasi-experiment. Quantitative data analysis was conducted to analyze the data collected from the research instrument, including validation instruments by two experts in the form of learning media feasibility instruments and pretest and posttest assessment results on 31 elementary school students on the control group and the experimental group. The validity test used T-test by SPSS application. The product development process was based on the ADDIE model, a systematic approach that includes five stages: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The method used in this research was the descriptive, qualitative and quantitative method. The research results show that for the validity test the increase in knowledge scores significantly using the T test with the SPSS application produces two sides of less than 0.001. The level of student learning independence is good, achieving a score of 68,14, which according to the category is considered good. The percentage for the student learning motivation category falls into the high criterion. The result of these indicators shows a score of 83, which is categorized as high.

Teacher Observation Skills Scale: Validity and Reliability

The present research aims to develop a valid and reliable instrument to measure teacher observation skills. The research was conducted during the 2023-2024 academic year with a total of 648 teachers. Data were collected through online survey methods. Expert opinion was consulted for the content and face validity of the scale in the research. Exploratory (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor (CFA) analyses were performed to assess the construct validity of the scale. Based on the results, it was found that the scale had a structure consisting of two dimensions and 18 items. It was determined that the factor loadings of the items in the scale were between .70 and .93. Considering the relevant literature, it was decided to name these dimensions as "natural observation skill" (NOS) and "scientific observation skill" (SOS). The Cronbach Alpha for the scales were both .95. As a result of the research, a valid and reliable scale that can determine the level of teachers' observation skills was developed.

Checking the Validity and Reliability of the Delirium-O-Meter Questionnaire in the Persian Language

Objective: Compiling and designing short and practical psychometric tools are among the benefits and strengths of a good standard test. The Delirium-O-Meter questionnaire measures patients' delirium status. Accordingly, the main aim of this research was to check the reliability and validity of the Persian version of this questionnaire. Method: This exploratory psychometric study was conducted from 2021 to 2022 at the therapeutic research training centers of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. The study population included patients diagnosed with delirium. Content and construct validity were assessed using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Exploratory factor analysis was performed using SPSS 18, which helped identify the underlying factor structure, while confirmatory factor analysis in Smart PLS was employed to confirm the structure's fit. Pearson correlation was used to evaluate the consistency between different raters, and Cronbach's alpha was calculated to assess internal consistency. These methods were selected for their robustness in evaluating the instrument's psychometric properties, ensuring the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Delirium-O-Meter questionnaire. Results: The Persian version of the Delirium-O-Meter questionnaire, consisting of 11 items, demonstrated strong psychometric properties. The average impact factor was 3.24, indicating a high relevance of the items. The content validity ratio was 0.78, and the content validity index was 0.87, both above the acceptable thresholds, confirming the content validity of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the entire questionnaire was 0.77, reflecting good internal consistency. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index was 0.88, and Bartlett's sphericity test was significant (χ² = 278.45, P < 0.001), indicating the appropriateness of the data for factor analysis. Exploratory factor analysis revealed two factors that explained 76.09% of the total variance, supporting the questionnaire's construct validity. Additionally, Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the assessments of two nurses was 0.91, signifying inter-rater solid reliability. Conclusion: The Persian version of the Delirium-O-Meter questionnaire demonstrates acceptable reliability and validity, as confirmed by the comprehensive psychometric evaluation conducted in this study. The strong internal consistency, significant content and construct validity, and high inter-rater reliability underscore its effectiveness in assessing delirium in Persian-speaking patients. These findings highlight the questionnaire's suitability for clinical use, providing a reliable and valid instrument for accurately diagnosing and managing delirium in diverse healthcare settings.

Development and validation of a survey instrument for reusable sanitary products toward sustainable menstrual hygiene.

The predominant use of disposable, non-organic menstrual products has significant environmental impacts due to waste and resource depletion. Concerns over the environmental, economic, and health implications of menstrual hygiene management (MHM) have highlighted the need to explore sustainable options like reusable sanitary pads (RSPs). Despite their benefits, the adoption of RSPs is limited by a lack of awareness, availability, cost, and research. This study emphasizes the need for the development of an instrument that can capture the effectiveness, safety, and user satisfaction of RSPs, addressing a significant gap in the literature. Using a convenient sampling method, data were collected through a structured offline survey and the sample comprised 446 South Asian women of reproductive age. The instrument included 15 items designed to measure factors such as comfort, hygiene, convenience, and environmental consciousness. The instrument's reliability and validity are thoroughly assessed using reliability and factor analysis to ensure its effectiveness in capturing the multifaceted dimensions of MHM product choices. The study revealed that the overwhelming majority of women would prefer the option of RSPs that are comfortable, accessible, and easy to use and dispose of. The findings aim to provide a validated tool for manufacturers, policymakers, and researchers to evaluate reusable pads, promoting their broader acceptance and adoption of a sustainable and equitable approach to menstrual hygiene.

Assessing Undergraduate Cognitive System Thinking Instruments in Genetics Lectures: A Rasch Model Analysis

This study aims to test the reliability, validity and wright person-items of the test instrument. It used to measure students' cognitive system thinking in genetics lectures. This cognitive system dimension (New Marzano Taxonomy) consists of 4 levels: retrieval, comprehension, analysis, and knowledge utilization. The research method used was descriptive quantitative, with respondents as many as 116 undergraduate students who had attended genetics lectures. The instrument used consisted of 20 multiple-choice questions developed from 4 levels of the cognitive dimension of the system. Data analysis using the Rasch Model-Dichotom to generate more accurate estimates based on individual abilities and difficulty levels of question items. The results showed that the Alpha Cronbach and Item Reliability value on the instrument was 0.81 (Very Good) to 0.92 (Best). Furthermore, person reliability is 0.63 (Moderate). It can be concluded the interaction between the question items and the quality of the question items on the test instrument indicates that the instrument effectively assesses constructs and is relevant for measuring the level of cognitive system thinking. Revisions are made to items that are too easy or too difficult, as well as a review of items with similar difficulties. So it can be assessed that this test has the potential to be widely used in measuring cognitive ability, but some improvements are needed to further improve its reliability for other population.

Validation of the Dutch Infant Crying and Parent Well-Being Screening Tool in Parents of Infants Less than 12 Months of Age

To evaluate reliability and validity of the Dutch version of the Infant Crying and Parent Well-Being (ICPW) tool in identifying parents struggling with infant crying in the first year of life. The original ICPW tool was translated into Dutch following established guidelines. The internal consistency and criterion validity of the Dutch ICPW tool were evaluated using a cross-sectional design. The translated ICPW tool and validated questionnaires on parental depression, stress, anxiety, and parenting balance were presented to parents of infants under 12months during child health care visits and online. The survey was completed by 488 parents, 400 mothers and 88 fathers. Of these, 172 participated after a child health care visit and 316 via online platforms. The Dutch ICPW showed satisfactory internal consistency (α=0.69) and excellent criterion validity with parental mental health measures (r=0.53-0.85). ICPW scores demonstrated positive correlations with parental depression, stress, and anxiety levels, and a negative correlation with parenting balance. Both mothers and fathers with a positive ICPW screen (≥3) reported significantly higher levels of parental mental health issues compared with those with a negative screen (P<.001). The ICPW was positive in 32% of the parents (n=155), with consistent total scores regardless of the infant's increasing age (r=-0.024, P=.59). The ICPW tool exhibited a strong negative predictive value (93%) for diagnosing postpartum depression. The Dutch ICPW tool is a reliable and valid screening instrument for identifying parents struggling with infant crying.