Security Instruments Research Articles

Unraveling the Maintenance of Southeast Asia Maritime Security; A Look into the ASEAN Maritime Outlook

The sea is an important engine of development for the growth of Southeast Asia. It has provided the states with new opportunities for growth and development. It is not surprising that many initiatives have been undertaken to leverage the vast sea in the region. Under Indonesia’s chairmanship, ASEAN’s focus towards the maritime domain was accentuated by the release of the ASEAN Maritime Outlook (AMO). This new addition to ASEAN’s maritime security instruments serves as a reference for upcoming endeavors on the field and to avoid duplication. Through using the qualitative research methods, the author seeks to explore the ways ASEAN has sought to maintain its multifaceted maritime security. Against that backdrop, apart from elaborating what the AMO has to offer, the author also unravels the strides ASEAN has taken in maintaining some dimensions to its maritime security. The aforementioned dimensions, referring to Christian Bueger, consisted of national security, human security, marine environment, and economic development. It is found how ASEAN’s effort to maintain maritime security is apparent in the initiatives done within its 3 pillars. Moreover, ASEAN also expands its effort by cooperating with actors outside of Southeast Asia in many aspects given the interconnectedness inherent to the sea. Based on the conclusion, it is recommended that ASEAN continues to prioritize and enhance its multifaceted approach to maritime security, building on the foundations laid by the ASEAN Maritime Outlook (AMO). ASEAN should intensify efforts to strengthen national security, human security, marine environment protection, and economic development through its three pillars: Political-Security Community, Economic Community, and Socio-Cultural Community. To further bolster these initiatives, ASEAN should deepen its cooperation with external partners, leveraging the interconnected nature of the maritime domain.

Exploring VANET Security within the VEINS Framework: A Review

Vehicular Ad Hoc Systems (VANETs) are urgent components of future shrewd transportation frameworks, encouraging communication between vehicles and framework to move forward security, effectiveness, and comfort through vehicle to vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) intuitive. In any case, the broad selection of VANETs postures critical security challenges, counting potential malevolent assaults and security breaches, which debilitate the unwavering quality and reliability of vehicular communication systems. In reaction to these challenges, the VEINS Vehicles in Organize Recreation system has risen as an unmistakable apparatus for re enacting VANETs and assessing their security instruments. This systematic literature audit points to supplying a comprehensive investigation of investigative endeavours centring on the security angles of VANETs inside the VEINS framework. By synthesizing discoveries from existing considerations, this audit recognizes key security dangers, vulnerabilities, assault models, and countermeasures significant to VANETs re enacted utilizing VEINS. It sheds light on the current state of VANET security inside re enacted situations, highlighting crevices in information and giving experiences into future investigation directions. The discoveries of this audit contribute to a more profound understanding of VANET security challenges and offer profitable direction for analysts, professionals, and policymakers included in planning, creating, and sending secure VANET frameworks. Eventually, the point is to upgrade the security pose of VANETs and guarantee the astuteness and dependability of vehicular communication in future transportation systems.

Abstract P385: Comparison of Food Insecurity Classifications and Associations With Premature Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Among US Adults

Background: Food security is usually measured with the 10-item US Adult Food Security Survey Module (FSSM). Shorter 6- or 2-item tools may capture similar information, but this has not been validated with hard endpoints. Hypothesis: We hypothesize a 2-item food security instrument reflects the same premature mortality risk as 10- and 6-item instruments. Methods: We included 37,027 participants aged 20-74 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2004-2018, linked to the National Death Index with follow-up through 2019. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality was ascertained by ICD-10 codes for heart disease or stroke. Food security was assessed by the 10-item FSSM, which can derive 6- and 2-item instruments. Multivariable Cox regression was used to assess the associations of food insecurity classifications with risks of premature all-cause and CVD mortality. We calculated C-statistics to estimate model discrimination. We repeated the analyses among 218,136 participants from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2011-2018. Results: During a mean 7.8-year follow-up, 2025 premature deaths (512 from CVD) were recorded in NHANES. In age-sex-race/ethnicity-adjusted models (Model 1), food insecurity with any classification was strongly associated with premature all-cause and CVD mortality (Table). After adjusting for confounders (Model 2), associations were attenuated but remained statistically significant. After further including potential mediators (Model 3), associations diminished, suggesting pathways by which food insecurity is associated with mortality. Hazard ratios and C-statistics were nearly identical comparing 10-, 6-, and 2-item instruments. Results were equivalent among NHIS participants during a mean 5.0-year follow-up including 7025 premature deaths (1711 from CVD). Conclusions: Among two independent samples of US adults, a 2-item food security instrument is equivalently associated with premature mortality compared with 10- and 6-item instruments.

Development of the Arabic Inventory of Parent and Domestic Worker Attachment (A-IPDWA): A tool to assess adolescents' attachment to secondary figures.

Adolescents' attachment security toward parental figures has been assessed in multiple cultures and languages. In some cultural contexts, the presence of a secondary parental figure is ubiquitous, though its effect on children's and adolescents' well-being has been understudied. The present study aimed to validate a culture-specific Arabic instrument of attachment security, in an adolescent sample of Qatar. Since foreign domestic workers (Khadama) play a key role as secondary caring figures in Middle Eastern countries, the new instrument included parents (i.e., mother and father) and domestic workers as providers of attachment security. A sample of 387 adolescents (ages 12-17 years; 48.3% females) participated in the study in the 2020-2021 school term. While 286 students completed the version in modern Arabic, 101 counterparts attending international schools filled in the English version for comparison purposes. Confirmatory Factor Analysis for all three forms (i.e., mother, father, and domestic worker) showed the one-dimension of the Arabic tool. Optimal Tucker's Phi coefficient indicated a comparable one-factor structure of attachment security across linguistic versions. Moderate correlations (positive and negative, respectively) of attachment security towards father and mother (but not towards domestic workers) with family cohesion and family conflict dimensions of the Family Environment Scale provided evidence for the concurrent validity. Gender differences in the links between adolescents' attachment security and family conflict were observed; culturally relevant relationship family patterns are stressed. The practical implications of the Arabic Inventory of Parent and Domestic Worker Attachment (A-IPDWA) validation are discussed.

Global Fragmentation and Collective Security Instruments: Weakening the Liberal International Order From Within

Collective instruments, such as UN peacekeeping or mediation, are a lens through which we can examine broader normative fault lines in the international order. They hold both practical and symbolic value. In the post-Cold War moment, these instruments started reflecting liberal values. They became concerned with balancing the rights of individuals and state sovereignty. These advances around “human protection” are now in question, with contestation perceived as emerging from non-Western powers. I contribute to the debates on the “pragmatic turn” within collective responses but contend that while the focus in current debates about the normative shift has become global fragmentation, the momentum for the de-prioritization of human protection within collective instruments comes from within the liberal order itself. Human protection is now a broadly shared and firmly entrenched norm, but to shield the norm from abuse, the collective international community progressively restricted any use of force to advance the norm within the instrument of UN peacekeeping. The co-optation of UN peacekeeping into counter-terrorism efforts and the introduction of stabilization mandates undermined the principled nature and moral authority of the instrument of peacekeeping itself. This, in turn, compromised the implementation of human protection. This development is now accelerated and exposed due to global fragmentation, influencing not just peacekeeping but also other adjacent activities, such as mediation.

Illusions of independence: frustrated agency and the politics of great power (mis)recognition

How do declining great powers cope with a sudden loss of status? Great powers establish routinized relations of recognition to maintain and reproduce their status as great powers in the international sphere. During periods of structural change, when social norms and these routinized relations of recognition are in flux, the prospect of misrecognition is especially pronounced. Misrecognition leads to the experience of frustrated agency and ontological insecurity. In these scenarios, declining great powers assert agency over their status by anchoring their insecure identity in symbols that are expressive of their status as great powers. To illustrate this argument, the article considers France’s decision to develop an independent nuclear capability after the Second World War. Rather than an instrument of security, nuclear weapons gave France the illusion of an independent identity and offered ontological security.

The legal guarantees of legality in labor relations with a judge

The article is devoted to clarifying the essence of legal guarantees of legality in labor relations with a judge. With such guarantees, the author suggests understanding the institutions and provisions of the current legislation, the main functional focus of which is to ensure and/or create special conditions for the effective objectification of the rule of law. These special conditions assume the protection of the rights, legitimate interests, and freedoms of a judge; the protection of law and order in court (as in an organization) and in the course of the functioning of the court (as a state body), which becomes possible within the framework of the procedural (and non-procedural) work of a judge; the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of the judge, as well as their restoration in the case when they were violated; and the resumption of the actual operation of the regime of compliance with the requirements of legality in labor relations. As a result of the study, it has been demonstrated that the legal guarantees of legality in labor relations can be viewed as instruments of security, protection, and restoration of legality in labor relations; and systems of conditions that create and provide a legal reality that permits you to adhere to the requirements of legality in labor relations. The author refers to the main legal guarantees of legality in labor relations with a judge: the regulatory framework of legality; an integral system of principles of legality; the process of creating and maintaining the existence of a proper organizational regime in court, which fully covers the work of a judge; the activities of the subjects of ensuring the rule of law (rulemaking activities; legal explanation activities; control, and supervisory activities; and activities to restore the rule of law). The article concludes with a summary of the results of the study.

Exploring Determinants of Desire Towards Enrolling in Contributory Pension: Evidence from Self-employed and Informal Sector Workers of Sri Lanka

Social security is an essential mechanism for reducing old-age poverty and improving the living standards of vulnerable individuals. One such social security instrument is the contributory pension scheme. This study aims to identify the determinants of self-employed and informal sector workers’ desire towards enroll in a contributory pension scheme offered by the State. A simple random sampling technique was employed to select respondents. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 300 participants using a semi-structured questionnaire in the Kurunegala district of Sri Lanka. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to examine associations between the independent variables and the desire towards enroll in a contributory pension scheme.The results revealed that female workers, never married and divorced /widowed, individuals in middle-age, having an average education, those with fewer dependents, individuals with middle incomes, and workers with fair financial literacy have a greater probability of enrolling in a contributory pension scheme. Enhancing financial knowledge, promoting financial inclusion, and reducing various structural barriers to pension schemes can significantly foster the retirement planning behaviour of these workers. It is important to encourage target workers, in general, to enroll in a pension scheme, restore confidence in it, and ensure its sustainability. The findings of this study would be beneficial for the development of pension products, particularly to motivate self-employed and informal sector workers to enroll in a contributory pension scheme.

A game-theory-based scheme to facilitate consensus latency minimization in sharding blockchain

Unbalanced consensus latency in reaching a consensus on transactions occurs due to differences in the ability of different committees to process transactions. As the consensus latency accumulates, the transaction throughput of the sharding blockchain significantly decreases. This article proposes a consensus latency minimization scheme to improve the transaction throughput. According to a time-varying directed graph and a non-cooperative game model solved by a distributed algorithm, we show that the generalized Nash equilibrium for all committees are to balance the differences in consensus latency among various committees and to minimize the consensus latency throughout the whole period. The security of the proposed scheme is analyzed by considering the peaceful equilibrium, and the committee actions asymptotically converge to a generalized Nash equilibrium. Through the comparisons with other baseline algorithms via simulation experiments, we demonstrate that our proposed scheme could result in the optimal consensus latency and throughput. Therefore, the proposed consensus latency minimization scheme effectively avoids the existing problem of the transaction throughput in sharding blockchain and provides a viable and security instrument for the sharding blockchain operator to improve the transaction throughput performance throughout the whole period.

The Role of Registration in Perfecting Non-Possessory Secured Transactions over Movables: What is the Extent of the Third-Party Effectiveness

31Abstract The World Bank uses getting credit as a measurement of a country’s economic development, and a common approach to bolstering economic activity is to carry out necessary reforms on secured transactions laws.1 Amongst many legal systems, a non-possessory security interest over movable assets subject to registration is prominent.2 While the number of security instruments has drastically increased within the last century, one of the most sophisticated ones was invented more than 150 years ago: floating charge.3 Many of its features have been modified in line with the evolving needs of the market, yet its constitutive specialties stayed the same to provide sufficient flexibility for borrowers and creditors. In this paper, we analyze the role of registration and its effects, while examining the functioning of the debtor’s (borrower’s) right to dispose of encumbered assets by identifying the limits imposed on their withdrawal from the ambit of creditors’ security interests, exploring diverging implementations given the different restrictions deployed by various legislators.

L’accouchement vécu négativement par les pères est associé à une augmentation du risque de dépression paternelle en post-partum

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the childbirth experience by primiparous fathers living in France on their level of postnatal depression, parental self-efficacy, and postnatal sense of security. MethodsTwo hundred and fifty men answered sociodemographic questions and filled up the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the First-Time Father Questionnaire (FTFQ), the Parent Expectations Survey (PES) and the Parents’ Postnatal Sense of Security Instrument (PPSSi). ResultsA negative birth experience was associated with a higher rate of postnatal depressive symptoms (P<.001) and a lower level of postnatal security (P<.001). However, no relationship was found between childbirth experience and sense of parental efficacy (P=0.09). ConclusionsSimilar to mothers, the way fathers experience the birth of their partner can have consequences for the way they go through the postpartum period. In order to prevent possible depressive affects that may impact the relationship with their child, and to strengthen their sense of security when returning home, it is important to provide fathers with appropriate support throughout the perinatal period.

Improving the protection of migrant workers with work histories in the European Union and Ibero‐America: Enhancing the coordination of international social security instruments

AbstractMigration affects almost every nation, emphasizing the need to guarantee social security rights for all migrants and their families. This article focuses on the rights of workers who migrate between the countries of the European Union (EU) and the Ibero‐American community. In the EU, social security systems are increasingly coordinated through Regulation No. 883/2004 and its Implementing Regulation No. 987/2009. In the Ibero‐American community, coordination is sought through the Ibero‐American Social Security Convention. Despite convergence between these two international instruments, coordination is still lacking between them. This article presents a comparative analysis to articulate the necessary mechanisms to guarantee coordination, to respect the social security rights of migrant workers. We focus on the cooperation and coordination between regional as well as national systems, specifically looking at the need for and aims of a rapprochement between these two major international coordination instruments to provide greater EU‐Ibero‐American cooperation. Finally, the importance of promoting greater international cooperation in social security policy and administration is highlighted, to engender the adequate protection of the rights as well as the free movement of migrant workers.

Community seed banks: Instruments for food security or unsustainable endeavour? A case study of Mkombezi Community Seed Bank in Malawi

Community seed banks: Instruments for food security or unsustainable endeavour? A case study of Mkombezi Community Seed Bank in Malawi

WSN recruitments for encrypted medical image transmission securely

In both the open community and the military, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) demonstrate incredible promises for a variety of complex applications. Due to system assaults on the detection of energy and remote correspondence innovations, individual data without specific insurance is not reasonable for approval. Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks (WANET) additionally presents a number of security and risk concerns related to remote communication. This article explores issues and difficulties related to security in WANET-based remote sensor organizations. Survey-arranged security instruments for remote sensor networks are differentiated between security and risk in the article. Even though encryption and decoding calculations are moderately complex, information moves high (Mobility of Node) within the system. Second, a “review” idea is presented here to improve productivity in handling the security issue in WANET through consideration of remote sensor arrangements and confirmation of the server. Biometric data can be used to create a digest. To increase the reliability and availability of biometric frameworks, we demonstrate how this concept can be employed.

Standby akreditiv kao sredstvo obezbeđenja u međunarodnim ugovornim odnosima

The subject of this paper is a type of letter of credit that is not commonly encountered in the practices of domestic banks. It is not specifically regulated by domestic legislation; however, its significance is expected to grow in the international business relations of our businessmen with companies from other countries where the use of this payment security instrument is common in the banking industry. This type of letter of credit is theoretically of disputed legal nature, raising questions about whether it qualifies as a letter of credit, a type of guarantee, or a distinct legal institute. The focus of the research is on the standby letter of credit as a security measure in international contractual relations, particularly in sales and construction contracts. In sales contracts, the standby letter of credit serves to secure the interests of the seller, while in construction contracts, it can secure interests of both the client the contractor, depending on the party for whose benefit it was issued. The paper aims to define the standby letter of credit, explain its role in protecting the rights and interests of contracting parties, and explore its legal nature. In particular, we will conduct a comparative analysis between this legal institute and a 'classic' documentary letter of credit and a bank guarantee. In our legal theory, and to a greater extent in American and English legal theory, there are numerous works that deal with the topic of standby letters of credit. However, the legal regulations related to banking operations have changed over time, which requires a fresh perspective. The goal of this work is to familiarize our companies and banks engaged in transactions with foreign entities, where the issuance of this type of letter of credit is customary, with the role of a standby letter of credit as an instrument for ensuring contractual obligations. In addition to that, the paper aims to explore the legal relationships established with this type of letter of credit.

Financial Services and Arrangements to Facilitate the (Ex)Portability of Social Security Benefits in the Southern African Development Community

This contribution reviews the financial services and arrangements to facilitate the (ex)portability of social security benefits in the Southern African Development Community (the SADC). It commences by providing a general background to the theme it covers by focussing on the (ex)portability of social security as part of the coordination principles contained in the pertinent International Labour Organisation social security conventions, the (ex)portability of social security benefits provided for in SADC social security instruments, the key purpose of the payment of social security abroad, and the negative impact of the absence of the suitable cross-border payment of benefits in the SADC. It proceeds by discussing the common methods used for the cross-border payment of social security benefits in the SADC. These models are business-to-business, business-to-client, government institution-to-government institution, and client-to-business. The contribution continues by reviewing selected challenges in the region facing financial services and arrangements to facilitate the payment of social security abroad. These challenges are the lack of a single currency, remittance costs, and unbanked persons. The paper concludes by making recommendations for developing a coherent regional and enabling framework for the payment of social security benefits abroad.

The The UN Standars on Adequate Housing for Civil Society Action

The United Nations (UN), through its softlaw bodies of the global human rights system, built a paradigm on adequate housing for 22 years. Centro Dom Helder Camara (CENDHEC), as a civil society organization, has been working for 32 years in favor of the right to the city in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. At that time, the UN outlined seven basic aspects of adequate housing combined with the principle of non-discrimination. CENDHEC was established from the construction of the new constitutional text of 1988 and the use of legal and administrative instruments for security of tenure. The problematization consists of questioning the contribution of the UN, during 22 years, from the work of the Committee of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) to the Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing for the work of the Dom Helder Center Camara, as a civil society organization active in the field of the right to the city. The general objective of the article is to explore the limits of the concept of adequate housing from the international and national system for the promotion and protection of human rights in Brazil. The specific objective, on the other hand, takes care of delimiting the axiological beacons of action by Cendhec, as an organization of organized civil society, open to international experience.

Changes in the Role of the Community in the Preparation of Environmental Impact Analysis Based on Law Number 11 of 2020 Concerning Job Creation

The purpose of this study is to determine the changes that occur to the prerequisites for making decisions about the implementation of an environmental impact analysis business based on Law Number 11 of 2021 concerning Job Creation. To find out the ease of obtaining a business permit and the impact that will occur, be it positive / or negative for the environment. The Job Creation Law amends a number of articles related to amdal regulation. Such as the amendment of Article 24 of Law No. 32 of 2009, the amdal document becomes the basis for environmental feasibility tests or business and/or activity plans. This environmental feasibility test is carried out by an environmental feasibility test team formed by the central government. Community participation in providing suggestions and responses that must be involved in the preparation of the EIA is narrowed down to only communities that are directly affected whereas in the Law before it was amended mentions environmental observers and/or those affected by all forms of decisions in the amdal process. This research method is carried out by normative juridical research approach in this legal research by means of a statutory approach and legal research which is carried out by examining literature materials or secondary data. Amdal will be able to find out whether a business activity plan has a negative impact or positively serves to secure the environment from negative impacts thus it should be seen as a future security instrument for environmental management efforts and needs to be improved in its position in the development process, not weakening it.

ANALYSIS AND DETECTION OF INTRUSION DETECTION ON NETWORK SECURITY ENVIRONMENT USING ML

The Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is a critical cyber security instrument that monitors and detects intrusion threats. This research intends to examine contemporary IDS research utilizing a Machine Learning (ML) methodology, with a focus on datasets, ML algorithms, and metrics. The choice of datasets is critical for ensuring that the model is suitable for IDS use. Traditional methods, such as firewalls, which focus on data filtering, may not be adequate for detecting all forms of assaults in a timely manner. Machine learning algorithms-based on intrusion detection systems (IDS) are especially good in efficiently processing vast amounts of data in order to identify any malicious behavior for effective handling and prompt detection of these types of attacks. Machine learning-based intrusion detection systems (IDS) are used to monitor all network traffic for malicious activity. In order to improve the intrusion detection system's detection rate, the system's focus was on false negative and false positive performance measures. The results of this paper showed that the ML model XGBoost classifier had the best accuracy rate, while the Decision tree classifier had the lowest. Key Words: IDS, XGBoost Algorithm, Decision tree

Cryptography Based Secured Internet Banking Using Multifactor Authentication

The progression in the innovation has prompted presentation of numerous famous Internet applications. Portable Banking additionally called as e-banking is one such imperative application which significantly affects our advanced life. Despite the fact that banks firmly urge their clients to do online exchanges and promote it as an extremely free from even a hint of harm method of executing, truly there is a tremendous gamble related. The consistent development of versatile financial application carries with it a few security issues and inflated cost of carrying out higher security frameworks for clients and banks. Versatile financial framework might be compromised in a wide assortment of ways like utilizing Trojan pony, botnets, Phishing and so forth. In spite of the fact that multifaceted confirmation plans exist to check the realness of the client, the disadvantages with these plans is that they work at exchange level as opposed to at the validation level. This clears way for alleged for man in the center assault between the client and security instruments of programs, cell phones and so on. With versatile financial security turning into a basic necessity one requirements to see as better usable and useful arrangement in light of exchange cum verification level. An endeavor has been made in this work to propose a confirmation that improves the security of the internet banking frameworks .We propose the Hybrid one time secret phrase utilizing arbitrary OTP SHA 256 bit.