Instrument Panel Research Articles

Are private banks more sensitive to changes in reserve requirements? Evidence from an emerging market

PurposeThis article explores the effects of monetary policy rates and interest rate structures on bank profitability.Design/methodology/approachWe studied 65 Indian commercial banks over time, including economic cycles, consolidation and the Great Financial Crisis. We categorized commercial banks by ownership (public, private or foreign) and predicted how they will react to monetary policy changes. We employed the instrumental variable estimate approach and panel Granger causality tests to give evidence of the direction of causation in the monetary policy and bank performance nexus.FindingsPrivate and international banks, we believe, are more sensitive to changes in reserve requirements because they are more effective at maintaining statutory reserves. Private and international banks are more susceptible to repo rate fluctuations than state banks. In contrast, public banks are more sensitive to bank rates because they are more likely than private and international banks to use the bank rate window of accommodation.Originality/valueWe studied the impact of monetary policy rates on bank performance within the banking-dominated financial system of an emerging economy – a focus that has not been previously explored. There has been little research into the connection between monetary policy rates and bank performance in emerging markets, notably in India.

Research on High Frequency Usage Scenarios of Touch Interactive in Dynamic Scenarios

In the era of intelligence, the smart cockpit mainly consists of more abundant large LCD instrument panel, comprehensive touch control screen, advanced in-vehicle infotainment system, etc., to create a new user experience for drivers and passengers in the cockpit. With the development of smart cockpit, touch interaction has become one of the high-frequency ways for users to interact with cars. Performing touch interaction tasks in dynamic scenarios requires distraction that prevents it from keeping its eyes on the road. At present, the scene of touch interaction safety evaluation in the industry is concentrated on air conditioning and radio, but in the dynamic scene, the driver will carry out many other operations, such as making and receiving calls, playing music, navigation Settings, vehicle Settings and other functions, which will bring safety risks such as sight deviation. Therefore, it is very important to study the high-frequency use scenarios of touch interaction in dynamic scenarios, which is helpful for enterprises to develop and design more secure and convenient interaction methods.

Effect of load limiting the shoulder-belt on right-front passenger kinematics in oblique-offset and NCAP frontal crash tests

Objective The effect of shoulder-belt load-limiting was evaluated on right-front passenger kinematics in 90 km/h oblique OMDB (offset moving deformable barrier) impacts and compared to kinematics in 56 km/h NCAP crash tests. The study focused on the influence of webbing pulling out of the retractor increasing forward excursion of the upper torso and head. Methods 18 OMDB crash tests were conducted by NHTSA at 90 km/h. The barrier was aligned at a 15 deg angle to the left (345 deg PDOF) with 35% overlap of the struck vehicle. The kinematics and biomechanical responses of the 50th THOR passenger dummy were analyzed. The tests included 3 onboard video cameras covering the front occupants. The lap and shoulder belt loads were measured and displacement of the shoulder belt was available for most tests. The responses were compared to those in 11 NCAP frontal impacts at 56 km/h with a 5th Hybrid III passenger. Results The delta V was 62.6 ± 2.8 km/h in the passenger car OMDB tests. The pretensioners and airbags deployed by 40 ms. The pretensioner pulled in −62 ± 29 mm of webbing at 13–15 m/s. With the retractor locked, belt loads increased as the passenger moved forward and inboard. The load-limiter paid out 280 ± 67 mm of shoulder belt webbing at 6–11 m/s and peak load of 4,170 ± 557 N. The shoulder belt slipped off the shoulder at 97 ± 10 ms. By 120 ms, the left shoulder impacted the center of the instrument panel and the head either impacted the panel or perched on the left edge of the airbag with the head rotated 80–135 deg about the z-axis (eyes right). There was 187.3 ± 37.4 mm of loose webbing after the test. Similar dummy responses were seen in the SUV and truck tests. In contrast, the passenger kinematics were centered on the airbag in NCAP tests without impact on the interior. Conclusions Excursion of the upper torso with the load-limiting shoulder belt enabled the belt to slip off the right shoulder in ODMB tests. The passenger flexed forward around the lap belt with impact on the center of the instrument panel. The upper torso lacked sufficient restraint with the level of load limiting in the tests. The belts were loose after pretensioning and load-limiting reducing the restraint effectiveness if there were a second or third impact or rollover in the collision sequence.

Evaluating Sustainable Materials for Automotive Applications Through Comprehensive MCDM Analysis Using CODAS, COPRAS, VIKOR, and ENTROPY

The automotive industry faces increasing pressure to incorporate sustainable materials in vehicle manufacturing to meet environmental, economic, and performance requirements. This research develops a comprehensive Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) framework to evaluate and select sustainable materials for automotive body and instrument panels. The study integrates CODAS, COPRAS, VIKOR, and ENTROPY methods to systematically assess various material alternatives. By considering multiple criteria, including cost, environmental impact, and mechanical properties, the proposed framework provides a holistic evaluation to identify the most suitable materials. The findings contribute to advancing sustainable practices in the automotive industry, offering manufacturers a robust tool for informed decision-making. This approach supports the industry's transition towards environmentally responsible and efficient vehicle production, ensuring that the selected materials meet the stringent demands of modern automotive design.

Analysis of a Biopolymer Implementation in the Automotive Instrument Panel

Objective: The purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of different materials for vehicle dashboards in mitigating knee injuries during accidents, with a focus on environmentally friendly options. Theoretical Framework: The research is based on the premise that modern vehicle design should not only prioritize safety standards but also integrate sustainable practices. This framework underscores the importance of utilizing materials that not only meet safety requirements but also minimize environmental impact throughout their lifecycle. Method: The study compares the performance of two materials, polypropylene and poly-lactic acid (PLA), in vehicle dashboards. Data is gathered through experimentation to assess each material's ability to absorb energy and reduce knee impact injuries, as well as their environmental sustainability. Results and Discussion: The findings indicate that PLA demonstrates superior performance compared to Polypropylene in mitigating knee injuries during collisions, while also being more environmentally friendly due to its biodegradability and renewable sourcing. Research Implications: This research contributes to the development of safer vehicle designs by identifying materials that better protect occupants from knee injuries, while also considering the environmental impact of vehicle production and disposal. Implementing materials like PLA could lead to reduced injury rates and improved vehicle safety standards, benefiting both manufacturers and consumers, and promoting sustainability in the automotive industry. Originality/Value: This study offers original insights into the potential of PLA as a superior material for vehicle dashboards in terms of both safety and ecological impact. By exploring alternative materials, such as biopolymers, the research adds value to the ongoing efforts to enhance passive safety measures in automobiles while considering environmental sustainability as a critical factor in material selection.

Effects of various in-vehicle human–machine interfaces on drivers’ takeover performance and gaze pattern in conditionally automated vehicles

With the era of automated driving approaching, designing an effective and suitable human–machine interface (HMI) to present takeover requests (TORs) is critical to ensure driving safety. The present study conducted a simulated driving experiment to explore the effects of three HMIs (instrument panel, head-up display [HUD], and peripheral HMI) on takeover performance, simultaneously considering the TOR type (informative and generic TORs). Drivers’ eye movement data were also collected to investigate how drivers distribute their attention between the HMI and surrounding environment during the takeover process. The results showed that using the peripheral HMI to present TORs can shorten takeover time, and drivers rated this HMI as more useful and satisfactory than conventional HMIs (instrument panel and HUD). Eye movement analysis revealed that the peripheral HMI encourages drivers to spend more time gazing at the road ahead and less time gazing at the TOR information than the instrument panel and HUD, indicating a better gaze pattern for traffic safety. The HUD seemed to have a risk of capturing drivers’ attention, which resulted in an ‘attention tunnel,’ compared to the instrument panel. In addition, informative TORs were associated with better takeover performance and prompted drivers to spend less time gazing at rear-view mirrors than generic TORs. The findings of the present study can provide insights into the design and implementation of in-vehicle HMIs to improve the driving safety of automated vehicles.

Increased Functional Connectivity Between the Parietal and Occipital Modules Among Flight Cadets.

INTRODUCTION: Modular organization in brain regions often performs specific biological functions and is largely based on anatomically and/or functionally related brain areas. The current study aimed to explore changes in whole-brain modular organization affected by flight training.METHODS: The study included 25 male flight cadets and 24 male controls. The first assessment was performed in 2019, when the subjects were university freshmen. The second assessment was completed in 2022. High spatial resolution structural imaging (T1) and resting-state functional MRI data were collected. Then, 90 cerebral regions were organized into 6 brain modules. The intensity of intra- and intermodular communication was calculated.RESULTS: Mixed-effect regression model analysis identified significantly increased interconnections between the parietal and occipital modules in the cadet group, but significantly decreased interconnections in the control group. This change was largely attributed to flight training.DISCUSSION: Pilots need to control the aircraft (e.g., attitude, heading, etc.) using the stick and pedal in response to the current state of the aircraft displayed by the instrument panel; as such, flying requires a large amount of hand-eye coordination. Day-to-day flight training appeared to intensify the connection between the parietal and occipital modules among cadets.Chen X, Jiang H, Meng Y, Xu Z, Luo C. Increased functional connectivity between the parietal and occipital modules among flight cadets. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2024; 95(7):375-380.

Development of Electrical Circuit Display Panel for Light Vehicle Turn Signal Lights as a Learning Media for Vocational School Students

This research aims to develop a demonstration panel for the electrical circuit of light vehicle turn signal lights as a learning medium. The purpose of making this demonstration panel is to describe the process of making a demonstration panel for the electrical system of turn signal lights on light vehicles, to describe the feasibility test of the electrical circuit demonstration panel for light vehicle turn signals and to describe students' responses to the electrical system demonstration panel for turn signal lights on light vehicles. This research uses the Research and Development method. The subjects in this research are material experts and media experts as well as students, and the objects are teaching materials and students. The instruments used are: observation, questionnaires and documentation. Research procedures include potential and problems, data collection, product design, design validation, design improvement, and product testing. The data analysis technique used is a descriptive analysis technique by explaining the results of making the product in the form of a learning media display panel, testing the validity and suitability of the product to be implemented in lighting systems and light vehicle instrument panels. 1) The results of the process of making electrical circuit display panels for light vehicle turn signal lights as a learning medium have been successfully described in detail, including the steps and components used. 2) The results of the demonstration panel feasibility test after being validated by material expert I scored 93.75%, and material expert II gave a score of 96.87%. Meanwhile, the feasibility results of the media expert panel I gave a score of 100%, and media expert II gave a score of 95.83%. 3) The results of students' responses to the demonstration panel received a very good response, the overall score obtained was 90.38%, which is very suitable.

TEST OF THE VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE SOCIAL STIGMATIZATION SCALE OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS PRISONERS (ATP) CORRECTIONAL CLIENTS

One of the challenges in the correctional system is the negative stigma associated with clients and released inmates, making it difficult for inmates to integrate positively into society. Until now, there has been no method to assess the extent of the community's attitudes towards released or parolee inmates in a specific region. This research aims to test the validity and reliability of the Attitudes Towards Prisoners (ATP) scale in the Indonesian language. Developed by Melvin, the ATP scale has been validated and demonstrated good trial reliability, with excellent consistency when tested in various countries. The adaptation of this instrument involved steps such as Forward-Backward Translation, instrument panel testing based on translation results, instrument revisions, content validity, back translation, instrument approval, data collection, and instrument reliability. For testing the validity and reliability, the scale was distributed online using Google Forms to 224 respondents, including correctional groups, students, the general public, and correctional officers. The results of the ATP scale's validity test found that 35 items were valid, while 1 item was not valid, with a Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.917. The findings of this study recommend the use of the ATP as a supporting instrument in assessing the community's attitudes towards released inmates and further research in the field of inmate integration.

Financial Development and Subnational Export Performance: Evidence from the Indian States

The present study investigates the relationship between export performance and the level of financial development for 30 Indian states and union territories (UTs) from 2011–12 to 2020–21. The study first ranks the states and UTs on the parameters of financial development and physical infrastructure using the robust principal component analysis method. By applying the instrumental variable fixed effects panel data technique, the study observes that the level of financial development has a significant positive impact on the export performance of the states. The study also finds a positive effect of the availability of physical infrastructure, quality of governance and fiscal position on states’ export performance but does not observe a significant role of political stability in this context. The results suggest that export growth in the economically laggard and Himalayan states can come through policy interventions to improve financial development. In contrast, landlocked states need better physical infrastructure to facilitate easier production and transportation of export goods. The study lends new perspectives to the nascent literature on inter-regional disparities in India’s export performance and is expected to provide insights into improving the sub-national export performance of other developing countries as well. JEL Codes: F14, F36, F4

Research on Removing Image Noise and Distortion in Machine Dial Recognition

This study aims to address the issues of image noise and distortion in machine dial recognition via initial denoising. A wavelet local threshold denoising method that combines high-frequency wavelet coefficients with wavelet decomposition coefficients in various directions is proposed. This method shows good results on 102 images of car dashboards, aircraft instrument panels, spacecraft displays, and dial instruments on robots. Although a few denoised images exhibit distortion due to intense lighting or heavy contamination, the denoising accuracy for the remaining images is 98.04%, demonstrating substantial practical value. Future research will concentrate on addressing complex image noise and structures.

Interplay of Status Perception, Visible Inequality, Conspicuous Consumption, and Food Expenditure: Evidence from Consumer Pyramid Household Survey of Indian Households*

This study delves into the intricate interplay between visible inequality, conspicuous consumption, and food consumption in Indian households. Leveraging data from the Consumer Pyramids Household Survey (CPHS) provides significant insights. Through empirical analyses, including panel data analysis and instrumental variable panel data analysis, this study supports the hypothesis that there exists a relationship between visible inequality and conspicuous consumption among Indian households. The positive coefficients linked to conspicuous consumption variability reinforce established theories concerning the impact of status perception on spending behaviour. This study reveals a noteworthy adverse effect of visible inequality on essential expenditures, particularly food consumption, highlighting the delicate balancing act that households navigate between status‐driven spending and meeting fundamental needs. By employing instrumental variable regression models to address endogeneity concerns, this study robustly confirms the relationship between visible inequality and conspicuous consumption. This study emphasises the nuanced relationship between status‐oriented spending, visible inequality, and essential expenses in Indian households.

Examination of the structural components of the Abilitator-A self-report questionnaire on work ability and functioning aimed at the population in a weak labour market position.

According to the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) panel, structural validity describes how well Patient-Reported Outcome Measures' (PROM) scores reflect the dimensions of the measured construct. The main purpose of this study was to examine the structural components of the Abilitator, a co-developed self-report questionnaire on work ability and functioning for the population in a weak labour market position. We examined to what extent the Abilitator has reflective and formative elements in its five summary scales: "C. Inclusion", "D. Mind", "E. Everyday life", "F. Skills", and "G. Body". The Abilitator data sample (n = 4555, men 51%, mean age 37 years) was collected in 2017-2022 by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health in cooperation with the European Social Fund Priority 5 projects in which the participants have multiple challenges to gain employment. For the structural components and validity analysis we implemented both Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Based on the COSMIN criteria for structural validity, the Abilitator reached approximate model fit with CFA when we analysed the different concepts of the questionnaire separately rather than in one unified model. An exception was "E. Everyday life" which was a formative summary scale, and it did not reach approximate fit. EFA showed that the items in the Abilitator's summary scales loaded on ten factors. The Abilitator had both reflective and formative elements in its structure. It reached structural validity in those separate concepts that were based on a reflective model. This study revealed interesting connections between different aspects of the Abilitator and produced valuable information for further modification of the questionnaire.

PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI QUALITY CONTROL PRODUK PADA PT. JOOMBRE INDONESIA

PT. Joombre indonesia is a company engaged in the field of cable utilization. Wiring harness which is a collection of one or more wires with several parts to conduct electric current also has a diversity of materials, so it is very diverse in the processing process. Each of these companies helps produce products for the purposes of the automotive world such as engine harness, instrument panel, main engine room, door harness, roof harness, floor harness, front harness, rear harness and others. In the course of its production, one of the main tasks that largely determines the process of Quality Control of products that have been approved before being marketed to consumers in order to minimize receiving errors or malfunctions of these products. For that the company needs an application that can repair the damaged production process from Quality Control directly to the production department. Company owners will be able to directly control their production directly. The system is made using a website by collecting research using a waterfall. While the analysis is done by interviewing and surveying the system that is run to get the information needed. The results obtained from this study are that the process reported from failed production from the Quality Control division to the production division becomes faster and is well approved by the company which can directly control and analyze the production as an indicator of production effectiveness and improve the quality control staff according to the product QR Code generated is made differently on each product so as to minimize the recording of existing damage data

Differential impacts of electricity access on educational outcomes: Evidence from Uganda

We investigate the differential impact of electricity access on educational outcomes in Uganda using the Uganda National Panel Survey data and employ instrumental panel probit techniques. The findings indicate that reliable electricity is associated with high school enrolment and completion. Also, the results show that education level of household head, marital status, gender, and good housing conditions are associated with better education outcomes. Our results provide evidence for designing supportive policies for increased access to reliable electricity especially among rural households where there are high disproportionately lower education outcomes. Also, the results suggest that policies to eliminate all barriers to reliable electricity access can greatly enhance educational outcomes in Uganda.

Evaluation of Carbon Footprint of Automotive Instrument Panel Skin Based on LCA

This study primarily conducted a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis on six types of automotive interior instrument panel skins: Slush-molded PVC skin, PU-coated skin, Genuine leather-coated skin, Injection-molded TPV skin, Injection-molded TPEE skin, and Injection-molded TPES skin. The findings revealed that the leather coated skin had the highest carbon footprint. In contrast, the carbon footprints of the Injection-molded TPV skin, PU-coated skin, and Injection-molded TPES skin were relatively low. Among the six types of automotive instrument panel skins, the carbon emissions from the raw material acquisition stage constituted a significant portion of the total life cycle emissions, marking it as a critical phase in the product’s carbon footprint. Additionally, the study examined the impact of the electric factor on the carbon footprint, finding that the electric factor had the greatest effect on the carbon footprint of the Injection-molded TPEE skin.

Influence of laser marking parameters on data matrix code quality on polybutylene terephthalate/glass fiber composite surface using microscopy and spectroscopy techniques

<abstract> <p>Laser marking on polymer composite surfaces can be difficult to read and cause readability problems for electronic decoding equipment on production lines due to poor interaction between the laser and the fibers used to reinforce these materials. This problem can be solved with the right choice of marking parameters, resulting in savings for companies by avoiding production problems such as rejection, scrap and customer complaints. The present work uses the polybutylene terephthalate/glass fiber (PBT/GF) composite used in the manufacture of instrument panels for motorcycles. The tests were carried out with different laser marking parameters using a neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser. Subsequently, the laser-marked data matrix codes (DMC) were analyzed using a microscope verifier to evaluate the quality according to the ISO/IEC 29158:2020 standard. A detailed analysis of these surfaces was also carried out to observe some physical and chemical changes using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The optical analysis showed that lower radiation power and pulse frequency and higher marking speed corresponded to weaker laser marking and therefore poorer DMC code quality, which was confirmed by the SEM. EDS showed that the laser marking process did not cause the chemical changes on the sample surface.</p> </abstract>

Sensory Quality and Shelf-life Enhancement of Vegetables Irradiated with Mid- infrared

Vegetables play a highly significant role in our daily dietary intake. The inherent perishability of vegetables restricts their exportation and necessitates early consumption. Consequently, ongoing research endeavors aim to develop technologies that can extend the shelf life of vegetables. In this study, we subjected vegetables to irradiation using a mid-infrared ray with a wavelength of 2-6 μm. To achieve this, we utilized a recently invented atomizer device termed MIRGA (Mid-infrared generating atomizer). During spraying of MIRGA, the contained chemical solution is expelled at a determined plunger pressure, leading to the oscillation of ions in the sprayed mist, thereby generating 2-6 μm mid-infrared. This mid-infrared energy exerts its influence on the chemical bonds within the vegetable molecules, resulting in improvements in taste, aroma, overall sensory satisfaction, and shelf life. Notably, the shelf life of vegetables increased by a range of 16-900% and 9-314% (duration) when stored at room temperature and refrigerated, respectively. These beneficial alterations, which are mediated by the 2-6 μm mid-infrared ray, are substantiated through a variety of instrumentation and sensory expert panel results that elucidate the physicochemical characteristics of the vegetables. Employing MIRGA in various domains of food technology represents a plausible and viable option.

Action science in practice: Co-production of a decision support tool visualizing effects of nutrient and hypoxia reduction goals on fisheries species

Abstract Objective The Gulf of Mexico hosts some of the most productive fisheries in the United States, whereas the same region is known to experience environmental stressors, such as summer hypoxia. Ecosystem models have been developed for the Gulf of Mexico to determine how hypoxia affects living marine resources, but these models and their output are not always easy to access or interpret by managers, thereby decreasing their implementation in a management setting. To help alleviate the gap between ecosystem model development and management utility, the current study focuses on co-produced, user-friendly tools that describe the effects of nutrient and hypoxia reductions on marine living resources. Methods Two decisions were made prior to the ecosystem model development to facilitate the transfer of model output: (1) to engage and consult fisheries and restoration managers throughout ecosystem model development to ensure that the output would provide relevant information; and (2) to provide an accessible visualization tool for making ecosystem model output readily available to support the needs of decision makers. Result Results from an advisory panel survey instrument and advisory panel meetings guided ecosystem model development and launched the development of a decision support tool. The iterative process of building a decision support tool incorporating feedback from survey instrument respondents resulted in an ESRI ArcGIS Dashboard that allows end-users to identify the effects of hypoxia and respondent-specified nutrient and hypoxia reduction goals on the biomass and distribution of fisheries species. Conclusion The intent is to aid managers who are actively working to address hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico with easy-to-access information on the effects of planned actions and to encourage future modelers to apply action science principles to best address the needs of decision makers.

Empirical examination of public debt sustainability in African economies: A panel data analysis

This study intends to investigate public debt sustainability across 29 Sub‐Sahara African (SSA) economies, employing various econometric specifications, for the sampled years 1996–2020. The study employs Bohn's (Are stationarity and cointegration restrictions really necessary for the intertemporal budget constraint? Journal of monetary Economics, 54(7), pp.1837–1847.) framework of sustainability as the baseline model to assess public debt sustainability across the sampled Sub‐Sahara African economies. As additional tests of public debt sustainability in order to support the baseline findings, the study also employs panel unit root and timeseries unit tests. The baseline findings from the OLS, panel quantile and instrumental panel quantile regressions show that public debt is sustainable across the panel of SSA economies. The positive and statistically significant response of primary balance under the Bohn's framework of sustainability manifest that the intertemporal budget constraint is not violated in the sampled economies. The consistency in the estimates under the OLS, panel quantile and instrumental panel quantile regressions also show that the estimates are robust throughout the estimation process. Also, utilizing the panel unit root test for public debt sustainability, the findings show that public debt is stationary over the sampled years which implies that intertemporal budget constraint holds and that public debt is sustainable across the sampled SSA economies. However, the timeseries analysis indicate that although majority of the SSA economies have sustainable public debt ratios, four countries namely Uganda, Sudan, Togo and Cote d'Ivoire have unsustainable public debt ratios. The study has important policy implications in terms of prudent public debt management and fiscal management for the sampled SSA economies.