Instrumentation Devices Research Articles

Medical Instrument Skill Competency in Vocational High Schools Based on Legal Rules in Indonesia

The application of electronic instrument technology to the health sector requires more detailed quality assurance and is guaranteed in the use, maintenance, repair and/or development of medical instrument devices. Improving the quality and quantity of medical instrument needs to be supported by an increase medical instrument personnel. This research was conducted to examine more about Indonesian medical/electromedical instrument personnel, specifically at vocational high school level in 2020 in an effort to overcome the challenges of the development of instrumental technology in the health sector. The lack of medical instrument personnel must be completed immediately without leaving its quality. Currently, there are regulations regarding the implementation of medical instrument education at the vocational high schools level, but vocational high schools are still constrained by regulations regarding the minimum qualifications for medical instrument education in the applicable regulations. This condition causes vocational high schools to date to have not implemented competency in medical device expertise even though it has been mapped on the spectrum of ministries. In fact, regulations serve as guarantees of operation quality, guarantee of competency criteria, guarantee of work quality, and guarantees for medical instrument personnel.

Female gender and medial meniscal lesions are associated with increased pain and symptoms following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patients aged over 50years.

Several studies report satisfactory clinical outcomes following ACLR in older patients, but none evaluated the effects of meniscal and cartilage lesions. The aim was to evaluate the influence of meniscal and cartilage lesions on outcomes of ACLR in patients aged over 50years. The authors prospectively collected records of 228 patients that underwent primary ACLR, including demographics, time from injury to surgery, whether injuries were work related, and sports level (competitive, recreational, or none). At a minimum follow-up of 6months, knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome scores (KOOS), International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score and Tegner activity level were recorded, and differential laxity was measured as the side-to-side difference in anterior tibial translation (ATT) using instrumented laximetry devices. Regression analyses were performed to determine associations between outcomes and meniscal and cartilage lesions as well as nine independent variables. A total of 228 patients aged 54.8 ± 4.3years at index ACLR were assessed at a follow-up of 14.3 ± 3.8months. KOOS subcomponents were 85 ± 13 for symptoms, 91 ± 10 for pain, 75 ± 18 for daily activities, 76 ± 18 for sport, and 88 ± 12 for quality of life (QoL). The IKDC score was A for 84 (37%) knees, B for 96 (42%) knees, C for 29 (13%) knees, and D for 8 (4%) knees. Tegner scores showed a decrease (median 0, range -4 to 4) and differential laxity also decreased (median - 4, range - 23.5 to 6.0). KOOS symptoms worsened with higher BMI (p = 0.038), for women (p = 0.007) and for knees that had medial meniscectomy (p = 0.029). KOOS pain worsened with higher BMI (p ≤ 0.001), for women (p = 0.002) and for knees with untreated (p = 0.047) or sutured (p = 0.041) medial meniscal lesions. Differential laxity increased with follow-up (p = 0.024) and in knees with lateral cartilage lesions (p = 0.031). In primary ACLR for patients aged over 50years, female gender and medial meniscal lesions significantly compromised KOOS symptoms and pain, while lateral cartilage lesions significantly increased differential laxity. Compared to knees with an intact medial meniscus, those with sutured or untreated medial meniscal lesions had worse pain, while those in which the medial meniscus was resected had worse symptoms. These findings are clinically relevant as they could help surgeons with patient selection and adjusting expectations according to their functional demands. III.

Intellectualization of measurement instrumentation for automation in petroleum industry

The paper reviews the intellectualization of existing measuring instrumentation and automatic devices towards minimization of breakdowns, pauses and failures in the oil production and processing in petroleum industry on the level of modern development of IT solutions and nanotechnology. The studies justify that the employment of intellectual devices in production is more comfortable than existing traditional tools. In such a way, the intellectualization provides the safety, reliability, measurement accuracy, technical diagnostics and efficiency of equipment operation as well.

Everything Leaves Footprints: Hardware Accelerated Intermittent Deep Inference

Current peripheral execution approaches for intermittently powered systems require full access to the internal hardware state for checkpointing or rely on application-level energy estimation for task partitioning to make correct forward progress. Both requirements present significant practical challenges for energy-harvesting, intelligent edge Internet-of-Things devices, which perform hardware-accelerated deep neural network (DNN) inference. Sophisticated compute peripherals may have an inaccessible internal state, and the complexity of DNN models makes it difficult for programmers to partition the application into suitably sized tasks that fit within an estimated energy budget. This article presents the concept of inference footprinting for intermittent DNN inference, where accelerator progress is accumulatively preserved across power cycles. Our middleware stack, HAWAII, tracks and restores inference footprints efficiently and transparently to make inference forward progress, without requiring access to the accelerator internal state and application-level energy estimation. Evaluations were carried out on a Texas Instruments device, under varied energy budgets and network workloads. Compared to a variety of task-based intermittent approaches, HAWAII improves the inference throughput by 5.7%-95.7%, particularly achieving higher performance on heavily accelerated DNNs.

Experimental study of an ultrasonic mist generator as an evaporative cooler

This paper presents an ultrasonic mist generator used as an evaporative pre-cooler for air-cooled condensers in air conditioning applications. Ultrasonic mist generators eliminate pressure loss at the inlet air stream to the condenser and allow controlling the characteristics of the water atomized droplets. A water mist generation unit has been designed, built, and tested to assess its thermal performance and its water mist production capacity in terms of the mass flow rate of atomized water and size distribution of the droplets generated. To evaluate the performance and cooling capacity of the water mist produced by the ultrasonic mist generator, a set of tests has been conducted on a test bench consisting mainly of a subsonic wind tunnel equipped with instrumentation and control devices to modify the operating conditions. A Sauter mean diameter D3,2=13.2 μm has been determined using a photographic technique for the size distribution of the generated droplets and the range of water mist flow rates that the system can produce is between 0.11×10−3 and 0.52×10−3kg∕s. It has been found that, under many operating conditions, the evaporative cooling process is not homogeneous throughout the air flow, so a novel performance indicator called εLCP (local cooling performance) has been defined to specifically evaluate this phenomenon. A maximum direct evaporative cooling efficiency εDEC=83.7% is obtained for a water-to-air ratio rw=0.35×10−3 and air flow rate 630 m3/h. The maximum values of average evaporative cooling efficiency εAEC=65% and average temperature decrease Tdrop = 4.3 °C are obtained for rw=2.41×10−3 and air flow rate 630 m3/h.

Code Considerations for the Design of Laboratories Which Will Also House Pilot Plants

With the increased cost of research and the improvements in instrumentation and analytical devices, the size of pilot plants has decreased significantly over the past several decades. The smaller t...

Levodopa improves handwriting and instrumental tasks in previously treated patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease

Motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease may be determined with instrumental tests and rating procedures. Their outcomes reflect the functioning and the impairment of the individual patient when patients are tested off and on dopamine substituting drugs. Objectives were to investigate whether the execution speed of a handwriting task, instrumentally assessed fine motor behavior, and rating scores improve after soluble levodopa application. 38 right-handed patients were taken off their regular drug therapy for at least 12 h before scoring, handwriting, and performance of instrumental devices before and 1 h after 100 mg levodopa intake. The outcomes of all performed procedures improved. The easy-to-perform handwriting task and the instrumental tests demand for fast and precise execution of movement sequences with considerable cognitive load in the domains' attention and concentration. These investigations may serve as additional tools for the testing of the dopaminergic response.

Characterizing loads at transfemoral osseointegrated implants

Establishing normative and outlying loads on transfemoral osseointegrated devices will assist development of preclinical mechanical testing strategies to inform manufacturers and government regulators. Therefore, force and moment data from osseointegrated transfemoral transcutaneous implants were collated to better understand baseline load levels. Load data were also collected from other devices including transfemoral socket prostheses, instrumented hip stems, instrumented knee devices, instrumented limb salvage femoral endoprostheses, as well as estimated loads on transfemoral prostheses using data from able-bodied subjects. These additional data were assessed for their ability to bolster the limited osseointegrated device data. Several activities of daily living were investigated to characterize normative loading. Falling events were investigated to characterize outlying loads. Results revealed that limited loading data exist for osseointegrated devices. The most often reported activity was level walking. While these normative data may inform fatigue testing, they may not fully characterize fatigue loads during all activities of daily living. Socket prosthetics and able-bodied individuals may provide supplementary data, but significance is limited by sample sizes. Falling data are sparse, and insufficient data exist for characterizing adverse loads on osseointegrated devices. Future data collection should include more activities of daily living and adverse events to better define osseointegrated device loading profiles.

Application of digital micromirror devices (DMD) in biomedical instruments

There is an ongoing technological revolution in the field of biomedical instruments. Consequently, high performance healthcare devices have led to remarkable economic developments in the medical hardware industry. Until now, nearly all optical bio-imaging systems are based on the 2-dimensional imaging chip architecture. In fact, recent developments in digital micromirror devices (DMDs) are gradually making their way from conventional optical projection displays into biomedical instruments. As an ultrahigh-speed spatial light modulator, the DMD may offer a range of new applications including real-time biomedical sensing or imaging, as well as orientation tracking and targeted screening. Given its short history, the use of DMD in biomedical and healthcare instruments has emerged only within the past decade. In this paper, we first provide an overview by summarizing all reported cases found in the literature. We then critically analyze the general pros and cons of using DMD, specifically in terms of response speed, stability, accuracy, repeatability, robustness, and degree of automation, in relation to the performance outcome of the designated instrument. Particularly, we shall focus our discussion on the use of Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS)-based devices in a set of representative instruments including the surface plasmon resonance biosensor, optical microscopes, Raman spectrometers, ophthalmoscopes, and the micro stereolithographic system. Finally, the prospects of using the DMD approach in biomedical or healthcare systems and possible next generation DMD-based biomedical devices are presented.

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition.

Macular degeneration typically results in heterogeneous binocular central visual defects. Currently available approaches to assess central visual field, like the microperimetry, can test only one eye at a time. Therefore, they cannot explain how the defects in each eye affect the binocular interaction and real-world function. Dichoptic stimulus presentation with a gaze-controlled system could provide a reliable measure of monocular/binocular visual fields. However, dichoptic stimulus presentation and simultaneous eye-tracking are challenging because optical devices of instruments that present stimulus dichoptically (e.g., haploscope) always interfere with eye-trackers (e.g., infrared video-based eye-trackers). Therefore, the goals were 1) to develop a method for dichoptic stimulus presentation with simultaneous eye-tracking, using 3D-shutter glasses and 3D-ready monitors, that is not affected by interference and 2) to use this method to develop a protocol for assessing central visual field in subjects with central vision loss. The results showed that this setup provides a practical solution for reliably measuring eye-movements in dichoptic viewing condition. In addition, it was also demonstrated that this method can assess gaze-controlled binocular central visual field in subjects with central vision loss.

Exploring Instrumentation and Sensor Technologies for Highway Design and Construction Projects

With the infusion of emerging technologies into highway construction practices, state departments of transportation (DOTs) can make better informed decisions that positively influence cost, schedule, quality, and safety. DOTs are increasingly using instrumentation and sensor technologies for delivering highway projects across the U.S.A. Instrumentation devices and sensors include such technologies as remote sensing, real-time kinematics, global positioning systems, digital handheld devices, ground penetrating radar, and intelligent compaction/thermal profiling. These technologies are becoming commonplace in highway construction because of their capabilities to improve the construction process by making activities more efficient and more productive. However, the practices in using instrumentation and sensor technologies for highway construction vary among state DOTs. Therefore, this study investigates how DOTs employ the use of instrumentation and sensor technologies for highway construction. This study engaged a research methodology that included an extensive literature review, survey questionnaire, and case studies of state DOTs. Results show that 31 state DOTs use instrumentation and sensor technologies for monitoring work progress, conducting quality control and quality assurance, performing construction inspections, identifying optimal conditions and recording the placement of work, and locating utilities. The main barriers to using instrumentation and sensor technologies include analyzing the large amount of data, verifying the accuracy of the data, ensuring staff have the skills and knowledge to use the technologies efficiently, and assisting smaller contractors to gain the knowledge to use these technologies. The findings from this study provide recommendations and strategies for DOTs to implement instrumentation and sensor technologies effectively for highway construction.

Airway Clearance Techniques in Bronchiectasis: Analysis From the United States Bronchiectasis and Non-TB Mycobacteria Research Registry

In patients with bronchiectasis, airway clearance techniques (ACTs) are important management strategies. What are the differences in patients with bronchiectasis and a productive cough who used ACTs and those who did not? What was the assessment of bronchiectasis exacerbation frequency and change in pulmonary function at 1-year follow up? Adult patients with bronchiectasis and a productive cough in the United States Bronchiectasis and NTM Research Registry were included in the analyses. ACTs included the use of instrumental devices and manual techniques. Stratified analyses of demographic and clinical characteristics were performed by use of ACTs at baseline and follow up. The association between ACT use and clinical outcomes was assessed with the use of unadjusted and adjusted multinomial logistic regression models. Of the overall study population (n= 905), 59%used ACTs at baseline. A greater proportion of patients who used ACTs at baseline and follow up continuously had Pseudomonas aeruginosa (47%vs36%; P= .021) and experienced an exacerbation (81%vs59%; P< .0001) or hospitalization for pulmonary illness (32%vs22%; P= .001) in the prior two years, compared with those patients who did not use ACTs. Fifty-eight percent of patients who used ACTs at baseline did not use ACTs at 1-year follow up. There was no significant change in pulmonary function for those who used ACTs at follow up, compared with baseline. Patients who used ACTs at baseline and follow up had greater odds for experiencing exacerbations at follow up compared with those patients who did not use ACTs. In patients with bronchiectasis and a productive cough, ACTs are used more often if the patients have experienced a prior exacerbation, hospitalization for pulmonary illness, or had P aeruginosa. There is a significant reduction in the use of ACTs at 1-year follow up. The odds of the development of a bronchiectasis exacerbation are higher in those patients who use ACTs continuously, which suggests more frequent use in an ill bronchiectasis population.

Soil releasing as key to rethink water spaces in urban planning

Soil sealing processes that involved European cities in the twentieth century have reduced the quantity and quality of permeable soils (open land for agricultural and leisure resources). These processes have also weakened the ability of urban areas to manage natural events, of all evidence regarding the water cycle. This intense phase was supported by a cycle of growth that showed signs of an irreversible crisis only in the last decade, starting a new and unprecedented season. However, soil sealing development constitutes the most intense form of land degradation and affects all ecosystem services (Tobias et al. in Land Degrad 29:2015–2024, 2018). This is particularly true for spaces and territories along main rivers where the presence of sealed areas and concrete channels (riverbed and riverbanks) represents a problem regarding hydrogeological, ecological, and landscaping aspects. To safeguard urban systems, by restoring “landscape river” (and its surroundings), increasing green areas and more efficient management of the rainwater, it is fundamental to enhance the “removing sealing layers” (EU 2012) according to a holistic approach. This paper explores the de-sealing concept and highlights some international and Italian cases, in particular the River Contracts experience promoted in the Lombardy Region, including actions proposed by public policies and urban planning tools. All these experiences have proposed de-sealing processes of river environments and urban systems ensuring a new integration between urban areas and “water landscapes”. To underline some characteristics this exploration allowed: to highlight different de-sealing approaches, between direct or indirect conditioning; to recognize river elements and “environments” in which these initiatives are activated; to recognize in these initiatives a multi-scale attitude both the expected effects and the type of involved institutional subject involved; to identify the main subjects, with specific roles and responsibilities, in this type of process; to recognize limits and critical issues. River restoration, combined with de-sealing actions inside the urban structures, shall be performed by answering to several needs: increasing the green open space quantity and ecosystem services recovery; contributing to biodiversity by restoring ecosystems and ecological processes; balancing the soil-sealing negative externalities; improving the flood-risk mitigation and management in urban areas. In particular, the voluntary instrument of the River Contract includes a territorial area that is adequate for the treatment of the phenomenon but is struggling to be codified in the local planning instruments with cogency. The assumption of different spaces and the recognition of the same in the spatial devices of urban planning instruments could define more clearly the need to face the water-city relationship effectively, for the benefit of urban security and the quality of the inhabitants’ living environment.

Comparison of the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument and JMS tongue pressure measurement device

Background/purposeTongue pressure measurement conveys important information about eating and swallowing function. The Iowa Oral Performance Instrument® (IOPI) and KAY Swallowing Workstation® are internationally used for tongue pressure measurement, but for legal reasons cannot be used in Japan; rather the JMS tongue pressure measurement device® has been approved for use in Japan. However, it is not clear whether measurement obtained with these devices are directly comparable. Materials and methodsThis study investigated the correlation between the maximum tongue pressure data measured by the IOPI and the JMS tongue pressure measurement device in young healthy participants (34 males; 23.2 ± 2.0 years old, and 40 females; 21.4 ± 1.3 years old). ResultsMeasurements obtained with these two devices showed significant correlations in the total cohort, and in male and female participants, separately (P < 0.05). ConclusionThese findings demonstrate that the measurements obtained with the JMS device is comparable to those obtained with the IOPI. In Japan, JMS tongue pressure measurement device is used not only in dysphagia research field, but also geriatrics field, and extensive and detailed investigations has been carried out.

Mathematical models of functions of partial criteria in tasks of vectorial optimization of complex technical systems

The article is devoted to different approaches in constructing regression models of functions of partial criteria in vector optimization problems, basic requirements for models, problems that arise in the subsequent application of models and methods of their solution. Multifactor regression models for the synthesis of complex technical systems are created on the basis of experimental procedures. Models are created for each individual criterion based on the relevant experimental data. The obtained models allow to determine numerical values of partial criteria in given ranges of conceptual parameters of a complex technical system, which are used in the subsequent stages of solving the problem of vector optimization. The necessity to perform these procedures is caused by the fact that when solving an optimization task in relation to complex systems, the analytical dependencies of criteria on optimization arguments are unknown. The polynomial form of regression models is used as approximating polynomials. To ensure good conditionality of the experimental data matrix, standard transformations are performed. The polynomials of Chebyshev of the first and second order are used for this purpose. Unknown polynomial coefficients are calculated using the least squares method. In order to obtain regression models, a complex evaluation of statistical characteristics based on regression analysis results is performed. Then it is decided whether the models can be used to synthesize many alternatives of a complex technical system optimization criterion. The choice of instrumental and methodical devices for scientific and applied researches, engineering works is one problem during the solution of vector optimization problems. In the article it has been stated that nowadays there is a great number of methods and software products which provide wide opportunities for solving vector optimization problems and carrying out different types of data analysis. For example, SPSS, PS PRIAM, STATISTICA, ProSto are the most acceptable and effective, as well as the use of a large number of existing and new modules based on the integrated package of Microsoft Office. This helps to solve a wide range of problems, starting with the procedure of building a regression model of some criteria based on the data from the experiments, the calculation acceptable variants of system and ending with the choice of the residual compromise optimal solution.

A Base Study to Investigate MASH Conservativeness of Occupant Risk Evaluation

Abstract The manual for assessing safety hardware (MASH) defines crash tests to assess the impact performance of highway safety features in frontal and oblique impact events. Within MASH, the risk of injury to the occupant is assessed based on a “flail-space” model that estimates the average deceleration that an unrestrained occupant would experience when contacting the vehicle interior in a MASH crash test and uses the parameter as a surrogate for injury risk. MASH occupant risk criteria, however, are considered conservative in their nature, due to the fact that they are based on unrestrained occupant accelerations. Therefore, there is potential for increasing the maximum limits dictated in MASH for occupant risk evaluation. A frontal full-scale vehicle impact was performed with inclusion of an instrumented anthropomorphic test device (ATD). The scope of this study was to investigate the performance of the flail space model (FSM) in a full-scale crash test compared to the instrumented ATD recorded forces which can more accurately predict the occupant response during a collision event. Additionally, a finite element (FE) model was developed and calibrated against the full-scale crash test. The calibrated model can be used to perform parametric simulations with different testing conditions. Results obtained through this research will be considered for better correlation between vehicle accelerations and occupant injury. This becomes extremely important for designing and evaluating barrier systems that must fit within geometrical site constraints, which do not provide adequate length to redirect test vehicles according to MASH conservative evaluation criteria.

Compact cryogenic test stand for superconducting magnets characterization

A new compact experimental facility for testing compact superconducting magnets down to 4.2 K using cryogenic fluids has been developed at CEA Paris-Saclay. This facility has been constructed to test the solenoid magnets for the next Soreq particle accelerator (SARAF) project. The magnets are cooled with liquid helium at 4.2 K and the liquid bath can be pressurized up to 2 bars to regulate the temperature of the magnet during operating conditions. In this facility, it is possible to measure and dissociate the heat loads coming from the magnet and the current leads by flow-metry. The voltage of the solenoids and their current leads are measured using National Instrument devices and monitored with a Labview program to identify and analyze eventual quenchs. The magnetic performance of the magnets are also monitored dynamically with 3D hall probes. Numerous cryogenic temperature sensors are used to characterize the thermal evolution of the magnet and its current leads during the test. In the present paper, the compact facility is described and the first results obtained on the current leads of the magnet prototype are presented.

МОБІЛЬНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ НАВЧАННЯ У ПРОФЕСІЙНІЙ ПІДГОТОВЦІ МАЙБУТНІХ ФАХІВЦІВ МОРСЬКОГО ТРАНСПОРТУ

Стаття окреслює сучасну проблему вдосконалення професійної підготовки майбутніх фахівців річкового та морського транспорту засобами сучасних мобільних технологій. Автор з метою з’ясування можливостей і перспектив мобільного навчання в процесі професійної підготовки майбутніх фахівців морського транспорту здійснив аналіз мобільних програм у магазинах додатків для платформ Google Android, Apple iOS та Windows Mobile. У процесі дослідження з’ясовано, що в магазинах мобільних додатків Google play, App Store та Microsoft Store наявні програми для моряків та ті, що можна використовувати в їх професійній підготовці в освітніх цілях. Відповідно до їх призначення ці програми розподілено на такі групи: додатки для вивчення іноземної мови, довідники та словники для моряків, тренажери для проходження професійних тестів, програми для пошуку вакансій та персоналу в морській галузі, навігаційні програми та карти, електронні вахтові журнали, записні книжки та планувальники для моряків, керівництва для моряків, програми для контролю за здоров’ям моряків, імітації вимірювальних морських приладів, додатки для прогнозу погоди, факсимільні карти для моряків про вітер, хвилі, погоду і припливи. Проаналізовано можливості використання датчиків смартфонів для фіксації часу руху та інтервалів часу для контролю послідовності подій чи процесів, для вимірювання різних параметрів навколишнього середовища, для дослідження параметрів світла, звуку, прискорення, атмосферного тиску тощо. На основі аналізу мобільних додатків та опитування студентів Херсонської державної морської академії щодо використання мобільних пристроїв у навчанні зроблено висновок про те, що програми магазину Google Play мають багато можливостей для їх використання в процесі професійної підготовки майбутніх фахівців морського транспорту через їх велику різноманітність, безкоштовність та зручність самого магазину додатків.

Developing front-end devices for improved sample preparation in MS-based proteome analysis.

Chemical analysis has long relied on instrumentation, from the simplest (eg, burets) to the more sophisticated (eg, mass spectrometers) to facilitate precision measurements. Regardless of their complexity, the development of a new instrumental device can be a valued approach to address problems in science. In this perspective, we outline the process of novel device design, from early phase conception to the manufacturing and testing of the tool or gadget. Focus is placed on the development of improved front-end devices to facilitate protein sample manipulations ahead of mass spectrometry, which therefore augment the proteomics workflow. Highlighted are some of the many training secrets, choices, and challenges that are inherent to the often iterative process of device design. In hopes of inspiring others to pursue instrument design to address relevant research questions, we present a summary list of points to consider prior to innovating their own devices.

Enabling Failure-Resilient Intermittent Systems Without Runtime Checkpointing

Self-powered intermittent systems typically adopt runtime checkpointing as a means to accumulate computation progress across power cycles and recover system status from power failures. However, existing approaches based on the checkpointing paradigm normally require system suspension and/or logging at runtime. This paper presents a design which overcomes the drawbacks of checkpointing-based approaches, to enable failure-resilient intermittent systems. Our design allows accumulative execution and instant system recovery under frequent power failures while enforcing the serializability of concurrent task execution to improve computation progress and ensuring data consistency without system suspension during runtime, by leveraging the characteristics of data accessed in hybrid memory. We integrated the design into FreeRTOS running on a Texas Instruments device. Experimental results show that our design can still accumulate progress when the power source is too weak for checkpointing-based approaches to make progress, and improves the computation progress by up to 43% under a relatively strong power source, while reducing the recovery time by at least 90%.