Types Of Instruments Research Articles

Residual loneliness in the Netherlands after the COVID-19 pandemic: An application of the single interrupted time series design with pre-, peri- and post-pandemic observations

ObjectivesDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries implemented policies to physically separate citizens. As a consequence, an increased prevalence of loneliness was observed. This article examined whether the prevalence of loneliness in the Netherlands has returned to pre-pandemic levels after the restrictive policy was ended. We studied age differences in the course of loneliness. Study designSingle interrupted time series design. MethodsData were from the Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences (age range 16–102 years) and the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (age range 65–101 years). Both studies included respondents sampled from the Dutch population registers. Data collected relatively soon and later after the pandemic outbreak (nine and five observations in 2020–2023, respectively) were compared to extrapolated trend data based on a long period of time before the outbreak (since 2008 and 1992, respectively). ResultsWith two exceptions, the results of the two studies including five age categories and three types of loneliness measurement instruments showed that after an increased prevalence during the pandemic, prevalence at the last observation was at or below the level of the extrapolated trend. ConclusionsIt is highly likely that the pandemic was indeed an interruption and not a fundamental trend change in loneliness. This shows individuals’ resilience and the ability to reactivate social ties after the interruptive pandemic.

A Meta-Analytic Evaluation: Investigating Evidence for the Validity of the Cognitive Abilities Test

Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT) is one of the most frequently used gifted identification tools. In this meta-analytic study, we investigated empirical evidence of the validity of CogAT, in relation to different types of instruments. After reviewing 1,480 studies, a total of 24 with 33 effect sizes were included in the meta-analysis. According to our findings, the average effect size of r was found to be .63 with a 95% confidence interval [.57, .69]. Based on the heterogeneity test, significant variation due to the systematic between-study differences exists among the included correlations. Egger’s test for funnel plot asymmetry also indicates that no obvious publication bias exists in our study pool, which indicates there might not be a serious threat to alter the obtained results with publication bias. The moderator analysis revealed Lohman’s authorship and publication type influenced the effect size differences among studies. CogAT’s overall correlation with other identification tools (.63) might suggest using at least one more identification tool besides CogAT.

Science Highlights from the Kjell Henriksen Observatory on Svalbard

The Kjell Henriksen Observatory (KHO) is the world's largest optical observatory for auroral and airglow measurements, operated by the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS). KHO is a unique site that lies underneath the dayside cusp, a funnel-shaped region where particles from the Sun can directly enter the Earth's upper atmosphere, including the ionosphere. Building on the pioneering observations of its predecessor --- the Auroral Station in Adventdalen, Svalbard --- KHO has played a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of phenomena in the polar atmosphere. The Auroral Station and KHO have amassed climatological measurements over Svalbard for an impressive 40-year period. KHO's diverse instrumentation, combined with other co-located optical and radar infrastructure and in-situ measurements from satellites and sounding rockets, has paved the way for impactful multi-instrument studies. Serving as an accessible testbed for instrument development, new types of instruments have recently been installed, both at KHO and on satellites. Beyond its scientific contributions, KHO has become an integral part of the Longyearbyen community, with students, visitors, and locals participating in tours and educational initiatives. This connection underscores KHO's multi-functional role, not only as a centre for excellent research but also as a vital hub for public outreach and engagement.

The application effect of a new type of laparoscopic multi-freedom surgical instrument in the training of basic surgical skills

Objective: To evaluate the application effect of a new type of laparoscopic multi-degree-of-freedom surgical instrument in the training of basic surgical skills and analyze the learning curve. Methods: To analyze the teaching records of the trainees who received training in the training base of laparoscopic surgeons in Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital from January to October, 2023. The 50 trainees were randomly divided into conventional instrumentation group and new instrumentation group with 25 trainees in each group according to the random number table method before the training. According to the research design, five modules such as "accurate bean clamping, plum blossom pile bean clamping, ferrule positioning, threading with both hands, sewing and knotting" were trained. After the training, they were assessed and the completion time of each module was recorded. The comparison of the changes of the completion time of the two groups of students before and after training was statistically analyzed by differences-in-differences(DID) method, and the fitting analysis of learning curve was analyzed by cumulative summation method. Results: Before the training, there was no statistically significant difference in the time required to complete five modules between the two groups of trainees (all P>0.05). After the training, the time to complete the five modules in both groups was reduced compared to before the training (accurate bean clamping: (63.7±9.3) seconds vs. (85.4±18.2) seconds, t=2.38, P=0.035; plum blossom pile bean clamping: (45.2±6.8) seconds vs. (103.1±57.2) seconds, t=8.77, P=0.047; ring positioning: (78.5±19.1) seconds vs. (126.2±26.3) seconds, t=6.96, P=0.019; threading with both hands: (63.3±21.2) seconds vs. (105.8±27.9) seconds, t=3.43, P=0.015; sewing and knotting: (160.2±79.5) seconds vs. (228.9±96.6) seconds, t=4.58, P=0.008).The average time required to complete the five modules was shorter in the new instrument group compared to the conventional instrument group (DID for accurate bean clamping=37.66, t=2.43, P=0.007; DID for plum blossom pile bean clamping=58.42, t=3.03, P=0.013; DID for ferrule positioning=28.33, t=2.83, P=0.031; DID for threading with both hands=48.89, t=2.10, P=0.042; DID for sewing and knotting=54.78, t=3.57, P=0.012). In the learning curves for the plum blossom pile bean clamping, ferrule positioning, and sewing and knotting modules, the new instrument group required fewer class hours to reach proficiency compared to the conventional instrument group (plum blossom pile bean clamping: 3 class hours vs. 4 class hours; ferrule positioning: 4 class hours vs. 5 class hours; sewing and knotting: 3 class hours vs. 5 class hours). In the accurate bean clamping and threading with both hands modules, both the conventional and new instrument groups crossed the learning curve at the 5th class hour, but there was a statistically significant difference in the slopes of the curves between the two groups (accurate bean clamping: t=-2.85,P=0.004; threading with both hands:t=-2.66,P=0.008). Conclusion: The new type of laparoscopic multi-degree-of-freedom surgical instruments can improve the learning effect and shorten the learning curve in laparoscopic training teaching, which shows good application effect and has the potential of clinical trial.

Integrating Academic Service Activities into Business English Translation Class Through Project-Based Learning of Business Administration Undergraduates

The purposes of this study were (1) to compare the translation scores of Business English students before and after participating in academic service activities in the course “Business English Translation” using project-based learning and (2) to compare the attitudes of students before and after participating in the academic service activities through project-based learning. The participants consisted of 73 third-year students majoring in Business English who were enrolled in the Business English Translation course. The research employed two types of research instruments: (1) experimental tools, encompassing a lesson plan that integrated community service activities through project-based learning in the Business English Translation course, and (2) data collection instruments, including a pre-and post-test to assess proficiency in English translation, and a questionnaire to measure students’ attitudes towards community service activities through project-based learning. These research instruments underwent validation by three experts and exhibited a reliability coefficient of .93. The research findings revealed that the average scores for advertisement translation from Thai to English after engaging in community service activities through project-based learning were significantly higher than the scores prior to the activity participation. Furthermore, a statistically significant difference was observed in the average scores of students’ attitudes towards participating in community service activities through project-based learning, with a significance level of .05.

Is Schumpeter right? Fintech and economic growth

ABSTRACT The rise of fintech is revolutionizing the financial landscape, with products and companies advancing innovative technologies to improve and automate financial services. In this paper, I use a novel dataset to investigate the relationship between fintech and economic growth in a panel of 198 countries over the period 2012–2020. This approach – utilizing direct measures of fintech – provides interesting empirical insights. First, the impact magnitude and statistical significance of fintech on real GDP per capita growth depend on the type of instrument (digital lending vs. digital capital raising). While digital lending has a statistically significant positive effect on economic growth, digital capital raising has a large but insignificant effect. Second, the overall impact of fintech including all instruments is positive and statistically significant because of the overwhelming share of digital lending in total. Finally, while the positive relationship between fintech and growth is stronger in magnitude in advanced economies, the statistical significance of this effect is higher in developing countries. Taken as a whole, these results confirm Schumpeter’s prediction that financial innovation can promote growth, but not every type of fintech becomes an accelerator.

Design of Signal Lamp Filament Monitoring Alarm Instrument

To improve the reliability of the light emitting diode (LED) signal lamp filament current monitoring alarm instrument for metro systems, a new type of hot standby online monitoring apparatus was developed which is based on synchronous transmission data (STD) bus technology. In this system, a double hot standby mode can be achieved by adopting bus arbitration. In addition, to detect the effective value of alternating current which is from 0 to 200 mA in the signal lamp lighting circuit, a precision rectifier signal conditioning circuit and an isolated acquisition circuit were designed. This new type of alarm instrument has high detection accuracy and could meet the functional requirements for metro signal systems after comparing it with some industry products that were applied on the spot.

How much C is in TPACK? A systematic review on the assessment of TPACK in mathematics

AbstractTeachers need technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) for teaching with technology, and its assessment is crucial for research and practice. Previous literature reviews on TPACK assessment were not specific to a content area (e.g., mathematics), although, by definition, the TPACK framework includes content-specific knowledge facets. Consequently, requirements for TPACK assessment could differ depending on the content. Further, reliable assessment of mathematics-specific TPACK depends on the quality of the test instruments used, but there is no consensus on the type of instruments used in past studies. This systematic literature review adds to existing reviews by focusing on TPACK assessment in mathematics, investigating the study characteristics, the instrument characteristics, and the operationalizations of TPACK. Regarding study characteristics, the findings reveal an increase in the number of studies conducted across various countries worldwide. As for instrument characteristics, researchers frequently used self-developed instruments to assess TPACK, often without providing information on reliability or validity measures. Regarding operationalizations, more than half of the studies used self-report scales to assess mathematics-specific TPACK, followed by observations and material analyses, while knowledge tests were hardly used. Additionally, assessments typically referred to the domain of mathematics as a whole instead of subdomains of mathematics. The results raise questions regarding the validity of the instruments and the comparability across studies.

From Labquakes to Megathrusts: Scaling Deep Learning Based Pickers Over 15 Orders of Magnitude

AbstractThe application of machine learning techniques in seismology has greatly advanced seismological analysis, especially for earthquake detection and seismic phase picking. However, machine learning approaches still face challenges in generalizing to data sets that differ from their original training setting. Previous studies focused on retraining or transfer‐learning models for these scenarios, but require high‐quality labeled data sets. This paper demonstrates a new approach for augmenting already trained models without the need for additional training data. We propose four strategies—rescaling, model aggregation, shifting, and filtering—to enhance the performance of pre‐trained models on out‐of‐distribution data sets. We further devise various methodologies to ensemble the individual predictions from these strategies to obtain a final unified prediction result featuring prediction robustness and detection sensitivity. We develop an open‐source Python module quakephase that implements these methods and can flexibly process input continuous seismic data of any sampling rate. With quakephase and pre‐trained ML models from SeisBench, we perform systematic benchmark tests on data recorded by different types of instruments, ranging from acoustic emission sensors to distributed acoustic sensing, and collected at different scales, spanning from laboratory acoustic emission events to major tectonic earthquakes. Our tests highlight that rescaling is essential for dealing with small‐magnitude seismic events recorded at high sampling rates as well as larger magnitude events having long coda and remote events with long wave trains. Our results demonstrate that the proposed methods are effective in augmenting pre‐trained models for out‐of‐distribution data sets, especially in scenarios with limited labeled data for transfer learning.

Prevalence of Painful Temporomandibular Disorder Symptoms Among Professional and Student Musicians: An Online Survey.

Within the fields of medicine and music, increasing attention is given to evidence indicating music performance being an occupational risk factor for temporo-mandibular disorders (TMD). Assessment of self-reported painful TMD symptoms among student and professional musicians. Using Survey Monkey software, the German version of the 'TMD-Pain-Screener' was distributed electronically to professional and student musicians in Europe. Supplementary questions addressed age, gender, daily playtime, instrument type and type of professional practice. Results are presented as median [interquartile range]. The TMD-pain-screener was completed by 492 participants. Among them, 96 (19.5%) reported painful TMD (Pain_pos) and 396 did not experience pain (80.5%, Pain_neg). Pain_pos participants were significantly younger (Pain_pos: 34 years [26; 46], Pain_neg: 44 years [30; 56], p = 0.0003), had less work experience (Pain_pos: 15.5 years [6; 25], Pain_neg: 20 years [10; 32], p = 0.009), had fewer performances/year (Pain_pos: 20/year [10; 45], Pain_neg: 30/year [12; 53.5], p = 0.03) and were predominantly female (OR = 3.22 [1.87, 5.74], p < 0.0001). Comparisons among music performance types revealed no statistical significance in the overall test (p = 0.13), although 'keyboard' (OR = 2.99 [0.58, 30.12]), 'upper string' (OR = 2.31 [0.43, 23.63]) and 'singer' (OR = 2.14 [0.44, 20.75]) stood out compared to the reference group 'lower string' (OR 1.00). Organ players formed the largest group and showed a comparatively low prevalence of Pain_pos (16%), compared to other keyboard instruments (Pain_pos 30.2%). Prevalence of TMD pain was highest among young inexperienced female musicians. Playing keyboard instruments (other than organ) or upper strings instruments were frequently associated with painful TMD screening. An improved understanding of causes, implementation of preventive measures, professional guidance and a biopsychosocial health care perspective may decrease this occupational risk while maintaining the health benefits of music.

Measurement Performance of Electronic Radon Monitors

The measurement performance and characteristics of electronic radon monitors with respect to radiological and environmental parameters are investigated. The study includes a sample of 14 different types of devices from nine manufacturers. The devices are currently available on the market with acquisition costs in the low or medium range. For comparison purposes, a high-end AlphaGUARD device is included in the study as a benchmark for measurement performance of radon monitors. Significant differences in the measurement performance are found between the tested instrument types. Overall, however, it can be concluded that most radon monitors perform acceptably and provide reliable information on radon activity concentrations in homes or workplaces, allowing residents and employers to make decisions about the need for radon protection measures. But it turns out that many radon monitors are supplied by the manufacturer with inadequate calibration, so that the instruments must be additionally calibrated in a reference atmosphere before they can be used. Among the tested radon monitors, there are also types with sufficiently good measuring performance, which represent an inexpensive alternative to high-end devices for radon professionals.

The influence of musical experience on laparoscopic surgical skill performance: an original investigation and literature review.

As the needs and curricula of surgical residencies evolve, recent studies have focused on identifying factors that may be related to faster and more efficient surgical skill acquisition, such as experience with playing video games, sports, and other dexterous activities. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between instrumental musical experience and laparoscopic surgical skill performance as well as to provide an overview of the available literature on this topic. A query from database inception to January 2023 of the PubMed database for literature discussing the association of musical experience and surgical skills was conducted. One hundred and twelve publications were sorted for relevance, yielding 16 included studies. The details of these studies were organized in a table and further analyzed. Study participants answered several questions regarding their personal instrumental musical experience and rotated through two minimally invasive surgery (MIS) skills stations. Participants received a score for each station based on level of performance. Descriptive statistics as well as non-parametric analyses and Spearman's correlations were calculated when appropriate to determine any associations between musical experience and laparoscopic surgical skill performance. One hundred individuals participated in the study. Fifty-one of the participants indicated that they played at least one musical instrument, and twelve (9.0%) of these individuals played more than one instrument. There was no statistically significant difference or correlation in scores between individuals that played an instrument and those that did not (p > 0.05). Playing a greater number of instruments did not significantly correlate with increased performance (p > 0.05). There was also no statistically significant difference or correlation in scores within the group that played instruments based on instrument type or number of years playing an instrument (p > 0.05). Experience playing musical instruments did not confer an advantage in MIS skills tested in the present study.

Cutting efficiency of different dental diamond rotary instruments for sectioning monolithic zirconia and lithium disilicate crowns

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to determine the cutting efficiency of different diamond rotary instrument types for sectioning monolithic zirconia and lithium disilicate anatomical crowns.Materials and methodsThe study used 30 diamond rotary instruments divided into three groups: Zirconia cutting diamond bur (White Z), super coarse grit diamond bur (KBlack), and medium coarse grit diamond bur (KBlue); Two subgroups were assigned based on the crown materials including monolithic zirconia (5YSZ) and lithium disilicate (e.max) ceramics. The cutting efficiency was assessed by measuring the time required to fully section the crowns, followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of the dental burs before use and after every sectioned crown. A three-way ANOVA examined the effects of bur type, material type, and sectioning stage. If interaction exists, one-way ANOVA was used to compare the different subgroups, followed by the Tukey post hoc test. The significance level was assigned at α ≤ 0.05.ResultsThe results exhibited various cutting efficiencies among diamond rotary instruments and ceramic crown materials. White Z demonstrated superior cutting efficiency of zirconia crown compared with KBlack and KBlue for the first cutting cycles (p ≤ 0.05); the results tend to be more comparable at the third cutting cycle. However, the super coarse diamond bur exhibited higher efficiency in cutting lithium disilicate crowns than white Z and KBlue burs through all three cutting cycles(p ≤ 0.05). The diamond bur-cutting efficiency diminished after each use, irrespective of the bur type or the crown material (p ≤ 0.05); this was represented by the reduction of carbon and increased nickel matrix ratio after each bur usage.ConclusionWhite Z diamond bur showed higher cutting efficiency of zirconia in the first two cutting cycles; super coarse diamond bur is more efficient for cutting lithium disilicate crown in all of the cutting cycles. The amount of diamond on the burs reduced after each use, with no great impact on the material type when sectioning lithium disilicate and 5YSZ crowns.Clinical significanceThis study provides valuable insights for dental practitioners in selecting the appropriate diamond rotary instrument for crown sectioning. Practitioners can minimize the risk of damage and reduce the time required for crown removal, improving patient outcomes.

Teachers' Perception of Four-Tier Diagnostic Test Instrument Equipped with Self-Diagnosis Sheet to Identify Students' Misconception on Linear Motion Material

The purpose of this study was to determine the perception of physics teachers towards the four-tier diagnostic test instrument equipped with self-diagnosis sheet to identify students' misconceptions on linear motion material. The research method used in this study is a mixed method with Sequential Explanatory Design. Data were collected first using a questionnaire and then analyzed using descriptive analysis. The questionnaire was distributed to 14 physics teachers and 96 high school students in Lampung Province. The results showed that teachers have a positive perception of the use of a four-tier diagnostic test instrument equipped with a self-diagnosis sheet feature to identify students' misconceptions on straight motion material. The results showed that 87% of teachers had never identified students' misconceptions on straight motion material. The results also show that 90% of teachers only use the results of daily tests as a benchmark to determine the misconceptions experienced by students. Misconceptions in this straight motion material certainly affect the learning outcomes of students, it is known that only 46% of students reach the KKM on straight motion material. And the results of the questionnaire show that 95% of teachers have never identified the misconceptions of students on linear motion material to make and use any type of multilevel diagnostic test instrument because the teacher has no difficulty in making it. So an effort is needed to overcome these problems, namely by making valid, practical, and effective multilevel diagnostic test instruments. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that a four-tier diagnostic test instrument equipped with a self-diagnosis sheet is needed to identify students' misconceptions on linear motion material.

Instrumentation Considerations for Calcified Thyroid Cartilage during Chondrolaryngoplasty

ObjectiveChondrolaryngoplasty, also known as thyroid cartilage reduction, alleviates gender dysphoria by reducing the thyroid cartilage to conform to a patient's gender identity. Reduction of the thyroid cartilage prominence (“Adam's apple”) is often performed with a scalpel, but in cases of cartilage calcification, rongeurs or drills are utilized. This study aims to characterize the success rate with scalpel‐only excision and relate this to patient age and operative time.MethodsBilling records were screened for chondrolaryngoplasties performed between 2020 and 2023 by a single surgeon. Patient demographics, operative notes, and operation duration were recorded. Type of instrumentation was categorized as scalpel only, rongeur, or drill. All cases began with attempted scalpel excision of cartilage and were transitioned to rongeur or drill if there was calcification that prevented sharp excision. Descriptive statistics were used to describe patient and surgical factors.Results52 individuals underwent chondrolaryngoplasty: 30 cases (57.7%) had soft cartilage requiring only a blade, 22 (42.3%) required use of either drill or rongeur. The average age of these groups was 25.7 (SE 1.8) and 41.3 years (SE 2.2), respectively; this difference was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.0001). Cases requiring a drill or rongeur lasted on average 78.5 min (SE 2.3), whereas those using only a blade were shorter at 66.8 min (SE 2.7); this difference was significant (p = 0.0017).ConclusionCartilage calcification should be expected in a significant number of chondrolaryngoplasties, and surgeons should be prepared for this scenario. The need for alternative instrumentation is higher in older individuals and may extend procedural time.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 2024

A first step towards the detection of damage processes in endodontic Ni-Ti alloy files, using acoustic emission

Despite major instrumental developments over the last decade, endodontic files are still not infallible. It is well known that NiTi rotary files can break without any visible sign of deformation. Instrument breakage under combined flexion-torsion loading is still common in clinical practice. Unfortunately, breakage of this type of instrument mainly occurs in narrow canals, through pinching in the apical region. When such an incident occurs, the endodontist must adopt a debris retrieval strategy that is both stressful and not guaranteed success. This study proposes a new method for experimental damage detection leading to the fracture of Ni-Ti shape memory alloy endodontic files. It is based on the acoustic emission (AE) technique and mechanical parameters measured in real-time and image analysis. It has been shown that the AE results correlate with the damage observations and torque and force measurements recorded during the tests.Having carried out numerous root canal treatment on resin blocks, it appears that this new detection and analysis technique can be used to analyze and anticipate the first signs of damage leading to endodontic file failure. The technological development of such a method, at the level of the engine itself, associated with the act in service procedure, would constitute a revolution in the field of endodontics.

Implementation of Merdeka Curriculum in Islamic Religious Education Learning: Analysis of Principles and Assessment Models

The purpose of this study is to analyze the PAI learning evaluation model in the Merdeka curriculum. To find out the obstacles faced by teachers in implementing the Merdeka Curriculum in PAI subjects. This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Data collection was carried out through interviews, observation and documentation. The data analysis technique goes through the stages of data reduction, display and conclusion drawing. The results showed that the Merdeka Curriculum emphasizes flexible evaluation that gives students the freedom to determine their interests and talents. The evaluation used includes diagnostic, formative and summative assessments, using types of assessment instruments in the form of rubrics and anecdotal notes. Teachers face obstacles in implementing the Merdeka Curriculum such as time constraints during working hours, lack of involvement of school stakeholders with parents, diversity of student abilities, and less than optimal feedback and monitoring follow-up.

Microbiological evaluation of ultraviolet C light-emitting diodes for disinfection of medical instruments

BackgroundDespite the many guidelines for reprocessing of medical instruments, challenges persist such as microbial resistance to biocides, corrosive effects on materials, and time-consuming reprocessing procedures. Ultraviolet (UV) C light-emitting diode (LED) chambers might provide a solution but the integration in healthcare is still in its infancy. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of a novel ZAPARAY™ UVC LED chamber as a time and energy-efficient alternative for reprocessing of medical instruments for which current disinfection protocols exhibit limitations. MethodsWe verified the disinfection efficacy of the UVC LED chamber on a Petri dish and contaminated several medical devices with Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. The bacterial reduction was assessed after 5 min of UVC LED exposure. Additionally, we investigated the impact of rinsing before UVC exposure. ResultsWe demonstrated a bacterial reduction of 9 log10 on a Petri dish. Non-rinsed dental tools exhibited varied reduction levels ranging from a 3.23 log10 to a 6.25 log10 reduction. Rinsing alone yielded an average reduction of 2.7 log10 and additional UVC exposure further reduced the bacterial load by an average of 3.65 log10. We showed an average 4.90 log10 reduction on thermistors, 2 log10 or less on orthodontic pliers, and no reduction on handpieces. ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that UVC LED chambers may be used as a standardized substitute for specific (manual) disinfection procedures of certain medical devices, offering a time-efficient and more sustainable alternative. However, its use should be preceded by efficacy testing for each specific type of instrument.

Numerical Evaluation of Aerosol Propagation in Wind Instruments Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

This paper examines aerosol propagation in wind instruments through numerical analysis, focusing on particle trajectories within five types of wind instruments: saxophone, clarinet, flute, oboe, and trumpet. Using a computational fluid dynamics approach, it is found that larger particles are deposited within the instruments, while smaller micron-sized particles predominantly exit through the bell. The impact of the instrument’s geometry on aerosol dynamics is quantified; cylindrical instruments (clarinet, flute) show an increased rate of small droplet deposition or escape through tone holes compared to conical instruments (saxophone, oboe). Instruments with steep turnings, such as the trumpet, exhibited significant particle deposition. The study suggests that deposited particles are likely to move towards re-emission points, driven by gravity and airflow, especially in straight-shaped instruments. Integrating computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as a complementary approach to traditional experimental methods provides insights into aerosol transmission mechanisms in musical settings. This methodology not only aids in understanding aerosol behavior but also supports the development of safer musical and educational environments, contributing to the field.

ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЕ «СИНЕЙ» ЭКОНОМИКИ: МИРОВАЯ И РОССИЙСКАЯ ПРАКТИКА

The article briefly describes the prerequisites for the emergence of the blue economy concept. Characteristics are given of the international innovative business standards that have emerged on its basis (Practical guidance for implementing the Sustainable Ocean Principles of the UN Global Compact, Sustainable Blue Economy Finance Principles of the UN Environment Programme Finance Initiative) and new types of financial instruments (blue bonds and debt-for-nature swap). Particular attention is paid to the development of the market for financing a sustainable development in the Russian Federation and the prospects for the emergence of blue bonds on it.