Part Of Instrument Research Articles

SEPIA345: A 345 GHz dual polarization heterodyne receiver channel for SEPIA at the APEX telescope

Context. We describe the new SEPIA345 heterodyne receiver channel installed at the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) telescope, including details of its configuration, characteristics, and test results on sky. SEPIA345 is designed and built to be a part of the Swedish ESO PI Instrument for the APEX telescope (SEPIA). This new receiver channel is suitable for very high-resolution spectroscopy and covers the frequency range 272–376 GHz. It utilizes a dual polarization sideband separating (2SB) receiver architecture, employing superconductor-isolator-superconductor mixers (SIS), and provides an intermediate frequency (IF) band of 4–12 GHz for each sideband and polarization, thus covering a total instantaneous IF bandwidth of 4 × 8 = 32 GHz. Aims. This paper provides a description of the new receiver in terms of its hardware design, performance, and commissioning results. Methods. The methods of design, construction, and testing of the new receiver are presented. Results. The achieved receiver performance in terms of noise temperature, sideband rejection, stability, and other parameters are described. Conclusions. SEPIA345 is a commissioned APEX facility instrument with state-of-the-art wideband IF performance. It has been available on the APEX telescope for science observations since July 2021.

Collision-induced electron detachment and dissociation of carbon cluster dianions: (C7)2− and (C10)2−

Carbon cluster dianions (C7)2− and (C10)2− were produced by sputtering of a graphite sample and detected by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The collisional activation of these dianions was studied via their interaction with He gas in an ion beam cooler device which is part of the AMS instrument. Contrary to the respective monoanion cluster, the stability of the dianions exhibits a very pronounced dependence on the gas pressure (i.e., the He gas density). Above a specific value, the transmitted intensity of both dianions decreases strongly pointing to the occurrence of collision-induced reactions. From the observed reaction products, it is concluded that both electron detachment and dissociation take place upon collisions with the gas atoms, following generic pathways such as (Cn)2− → (Cn)− + e− and (Cn)2− → (Cn-m)− + (Cm)−.

Evaluation of biocatalysts synthesized with lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia supported on glycol-modified MOF-199 in the synthesis of green biodiesel

In this work, we report the synthesis and characterization of biocatalysts prepared using MOF-199 and lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia as a support, an agent for the breakdown of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, the main components of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis), used to produce green biodiesel. Lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia (PCL) is used as an enzyme, which is supported by adsorption on MOF-199 (MOF-199-PCL) and another part of MOF-199 is modified with glycol as a carbon source to which PCL is supported to obtain the modified MOF (Gly@MOF-199-PCL). MOF-199 was modified by calcining a sample at 900°C for 2 h at a heating rate of 7°C/min, in an inert atmosphere and then stored in a desiccator to protect it from moisture before proceeding to adsorb PCL. Both the biocatalysts (MOF-199-PCL and Gly@MOF-199-PCL) and the supernatant liquid were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS or EDX), gas chromatography coupled with mass (GC-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results of the instrumental part show that both biocatalysts produce green biodiesel, which is a novel contribution to these systems.

Real-time batch inspection system for surface defects on circular optical filters.

Optical filters, one of the essential parts of many optical instruments, are used to select a specific radiation band of optical devices. There are specifications for the surface quality of the optical filter in order to ensure the instrument's regular operation. The traditional machine learning techniques for examining the optical filter surface quality mentioned in the current studies primarily rely on the manual extraction of feature data, which restricts their ability to detect optical filter surfaces with multiple defects. In order to solve the problems of low detection efficiency and poor detection accuracy caused by defects too minor and too numerous types of defects, this paper proposes a real-time batch optical filter surface quality inspection method based on deep learning and image processing techniques. The first part proposes an optical filter surface defect detection and identification method for seven typical defects. A deep learning model is trained for defect detection and recognition by constructing a dataset. The second part uses image processing techniques to locate the accurate position of the defect, determine whether the defect is located within the effective aperture, and analyze the critical eigenvalue data of the defect. The experimental results show that the method improves productivity and product quality and reduces the manual workload by 90%. The proposed model and method also compare the results of surface defect detection with the actual measurement data in the field, verifying that the method has good recognition accuracy while improving efficiency.

Reprocessing Zamak laryngoscope blades into new instrument parts; an ‘all-in-one’ experimental study

IntroductionDisposable instruments in healthcare have led to a significant increase of medical waste. The aim of this study is to validate the recycling of disposable Zamak laryngoscope blades into new medical components by using a new ‘all-in-one’ affordable reprocessing setup as alternative for die-casting. MethodsA n “all-in-one” casting set-up was designed and built. Laryngoscope blades, recovered from two hospitals, were disinfected, melted and cast into dog-bones and into new instrument parts. The quality of the cast material was evaluated using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The mechanical properties were obtained by assessing the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) and tensile tests. ResultsA recovery of 93 % Zamak was obtained using a melting temperature of 420 °C for 3 h. The XRF Spectro data showed higher Zinc and silicon concentrations when compared with Virgin Zamak. The dog-bones tests resulted in an average UTS, Yield Strength (YS) and Young's Modulus (YM) of 236 ± 61 (MPa), 70 ± 43 and 9 ± 3, respectively, representing 82 %, 103 % and 64 % of the UTS, YS and YM of standard Zamak. Functional instrument parts with extensions and inner chambers were cast with a maximal shrinkage percentage of 1 ± 1 %. DiscussionThis study demonstrates that the created “all-in-one” reprocessing method can process contaminated disposable Zamak laryngoscope blades into new raw base material and new instrument parts. Although material and surface properties can deteriorate, reprocessed Zamak still has sufficient mechanical properties and can be used to cast complex parts with sufficient dimensional tolerances and minimal shrinkage. ConclusionA micro reprocessing method was designed and used to turn disposed laryngoscope blades into new basis material and semi-finished components. Follow up studies are needed to scale and optimize this process towards a functional alternative for die casting. It should be further investigated how this process can contribute to further medical waste reduction and a circular healthcare economy.

Three principles of quantum computing

The point of building a quantum computer is that it allows to model living things with predictive power and gives the opportunity to control life. Its scaling means not just the improvement of the instrument part, but also, mainly, mathematical and software tools, and our understanding of the QC problem. The first principle of quantum modeling is the reduction of reality to finite-dimensional models similar to QED in optical cavities. The second principle is a strict limitation of the so-called Feynman principle, the number of qubits in the standard formulation of the QC. This means treating decoherence exclusively as a limitation of the memory of a classical modeling computer, and introducing corresponding progressive restrictions on the working area of the Hilbert space of quantum states as the model expands. The third principle is similarity in processes of different nature. The quantum nature of reality is manifested in this principle; its nature is quantum nonlocality, which is the main property that ensures the prospects of quantum physical devices and their radical advantage over classical ones.

Effectiveness of Home Economics Learning Commons (HELCs) in Enhancing the Academic Performance of Grade 5 Learners: A Quasi-Experimental Research

This quasi-experimental research design determined the effectiveness of the Home Economics Learning Commons (HELCs) in improving the academic performance of Grade 5 learners. It utilized the formative, summative, and post-tests as part of the research instruments. Match-pairing technique was used to determine the participants of the study. The said participants were the Grade 5 pupils from five different Cabuyao Elementary Schools. The comparison group consisted of students enrolled in the Online Distance Learning modality, while the experimental group consisted of students enrolled in the Modular Distance Learning modality. Based on the data gathered, it revealed that the mean scores in the formative test were high in both the comparison and experimental groups, while the mean scores in the summative test varied from 54-73% and were interpreted as average to near to mastery; and mean scores in the post-test ranged from 14-18.50%, considered as average to high. There was a substantial difference in the Pre-test and Post-test Mean Scores of the five participating schools' Comparison and Experimental Groups, according to the results of the Paired t-Test. Hence, the study concluded that there is a significant difference between the formative tests' mean scores of the two groups. Likewise, there is a significant difference between the post-test mean scores of the two groups. Lastly, there is a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test mean scores of each group. As a result, it was established that HELCs have a considerable positive effect on students' academic achievement.

Bacterial Contamination of Surgical Instruments Used at the Surgery Department of a Major Teaching Hospital in a Resource-Limited Country: An Observational Study.

Surgical instruments, be they disposable or reusable, are essential in any surgical procedure. Reusable surgical instruments should be properly sterilized or disinfected before use. However, the protocols are not always followed accordingly. This results in sterilization and disinfection failures, leading to a possible increase in the incidence of surgical site infections. This observational study report on bacterial contaminants identified instruments used for surgical procedures in a major teaching hospital in a resource-limited country. In total, 207 pre-sterilized surgical instruments and instrument parts used at three units—the general surgical theater, and the gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and urology endoscopy (uro-endoscopy) units—within the surgical department were randomly sampled and examined for bacterial contamination. Bacteria isolates were identified, and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined. Bacteria isolates that were identified included Citrobacter spp., Citrobacter freundii, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus hominis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Bacillus cereus was the most predominant bacteria isolated (30/61, 49.1%), and Staphylococcus hominis the least (1/61, 1.6%). In terms of the number of isolates from the three units examined, the uro-endoscopy unit recorded the highest followed by the general surgical theater and the GI endoscopy. However, there was no association between the various units and bacteria isolated, and no significant difference between the number of isolates among the various units (p = 0.9467, χ2 = 0.1095). In this study, even though CFU per device or device part counted was less than 20, bacteria isolated from the instruments used for a surgical procedure is of great concern considering that the setting of the study is a major teaching hospital. Multi-drug resistance was observed in almost all the isolated bacteria. Sterilization processes should be strictly adhered to, taking into consideration the length and temperature in order to reduce the risk of using contaminated instruments in these environments. It is therefore recommended that similar studies should be carried out in surgical departments at different levels of hospitals to ascertain the extent of this problem.

Practical X-ray beam spectrometry with cadmium telluride detector in 10–300 kVp range at Czech Metrology Institute. Part II. Unfolding

The paper summarizes computational methods and software tools used at Czech Metrology Institute for unfolding of X-ray photon fluence spectra from detector spectra measured with a cadmium telluride (CdTe) spectrometer directly in the X-ray beam. Fluence spectra were determined using multi-channel unfolding software GRAVEL. Response functions were calculated by Monte Carlo (MC) method using the general-purpose code MCNP® in version 6.2 with EPRDATA14 photon cross-section tables. The detailed MC model of the CdTe spectrometer was developed and it was validated by comparison with full-energy peak detection efficiencies measured with selected radionuclide sources. The adopted methods and tools enable to fulfil requirements of the ISO 4037 standard dealing with the necessity of direct measurement of X-ray beam photon fluence spectra whose parameters do not comply with the ones listed in the standard. The instrumentation part for the X-ray beam spectrometry at CMI is described in a separate paper [1].

Retracted: P495 Contamination of wind instruments: A potential threat to musicians

Poster session 3, September 23, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PMResearch shows that wind instruments are often contaminated with various bacteria and mould, creating a potential threat to musicians. These microorganisms are partially transferred from the players to the instrument during playing. Since the moist and dark inner surface of the instruments create the perfect environment for the microorganisms, they can easily nestle and grow. Then, they are retransferred back to the players as they inhale during playing. Current literature reports many cases of Hypersensitivity Pneumonia caused by contaminated instruments.ObjectiveThe objective of the current research is to explore the amount and variety of microorganisms inside brasswind instruments as well as testing antibacterial properties of different materials used in instrument production.MethodIn this three-part study, first of all, with a face-to-face survey, information such as instrument cleaning habits, cleaning products, and methods they use and etc. are collected from the subjects. Then, with samples taken from two-three different parts of the subjects' instruments, the amount and types of microorganisms are detected. Lastly, three instruments made of three different materials (gold, silver, brass) are tested for differences in the growth rate of the pathogens, and their advantage/disadvantages for health purposes are evaluated.ResultsWhen obtained metagenomic data are analyzed, it is found that the tested instruments were highly contaminated with various bacteria, many of which are opportunistic pathogens, and mould. Furthermore, the tests done on instruments made of different materials reveal that silver instruments have antibacterial characteristics. On the other hand, gold and brass instruments do not have antibacterial characteristics.ConclusionTo conclude, the brass instruments harbor a vast amount of microorganisms and need to be regularly cleaned with an effective hygiene protocol by the players. Also, due to its antibacterial properties, the use of silver plating in brass instruments would be preferable for health purposes.

Investigation of some technological properties of Anatolian boxwood (Buxus sempervirens L.) stem wood

şimşiri (B. sempervirens L.) gövde odununun anatomik özellikleri, rutubet miktarı, yoğunluk değerleri, liflere paralel basınç direnci, renk parametreleri ve yüzey pürüzlülük değerleri belirlenmiştir. Araştırma materyali Trabzon’un Çaykara ilçesinden alınmıştır. Gövde odunu, gerçekleştirilecek testler için kesilerek deney örnekleri elde edilmiş ve deney örnekleri hava kurusu hale gelinceye kadar iklimlendirme odasında bekletilmiştir. Testler, ilgili standartlara göre gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde Anadolu şimşiri odununun dağınık traheli olduğu, hava kurusu yoğunluk değerinin 0,94 g/cm3 ve “ağır ağaçlar” sınıfında yer aldığı, liflere paralel basınç direncinin 70,64 N/mm2 ve “basınç direnci büyük ağaçlar sınıfında” yer aldığı belirlenmiştir. Yüzey pürüzlülük parametrelerine ait sonuçlara göre şimşir odununun radyal yüzeyinin teğet yüzeyden daha pürüzlü olduğu; renk parametrelerine ait sonuçlara göre teğet yüzeyinin radyal yüzeyden daha açık renkte olduğu ve her iki yüzeyin sarı renk tonunda olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmak için sert bir oduna sahip olan Anadolu şimşiri odunu süs eşyası, alet sapları, kaşık, tarak, tavla pulu, cetvel, müzik aleti parçaları üretiminde, oymacılık, tornacılık ve kakmacılıkta yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ülkemiz ormancılığında odun dışı orman ürünü olarak alternatif tıp alanında ve süs bitkisi olarak peyzaj alanında da değerlendirilen şimşir ağaçlarının korunması ve canlılığını sürdürebilmesi için gerekli çalışmaların yapılması önerilmektedir.

Improving the Hearing Status Discrimination of the Health Utilities Index, Mark 3: Design of the Hearing Status Classification System.

Redesign the health status classification system of the Health Utilities Index, Mark 3 (HUI-3) "hearing" attribute to improve its discrimination of hearing-impaired health states. Domain and item selection from a previously generated item set guided by a domain and item importance survey, structural independence, and cognitive interviews with patients. Tertiary referral center. Patients with a range of hearing loss severities, etiologies, and treatment experiences participated in the domain and item importance survey (n = 108) and hour-long cognitive interviews (n = 10). Subattributes and levels for the novel Hearing attribute. Domain and item importance was scored on a seven-point Likert scale (1, not at all important; 7, extremely important). Mean domain importance was highest for "speech in noise" (6.21; 95% confidence interval, 5.98-6.43) and lowest for "benefits of hearing loss" (3.46; 95% confidence interval, 3.03-3.89). Domains with moderate or greater ( r ≥ 0.5) domain importance Pearson correlation or construct overlap that interfered with structural independence were combined into single subattributes. Iterative adjustments to instructions, items, and phrasing were guided by cognitive interviews to derive the final instrument with seven subattributes: speech, environmental sounds, localization, listening effort, tinnitus, music, and assistive devices. The novel hearing attribute defines 25,920 unique hearing states. The novel HUI-hearing is part of a comprehensive health utility instrument designed for individuals with hearing loss. Pending derivation of a hearing single attribute utility function and evaluation of measurement properties, our innovative approach could be used to improve health utility measurement for impairments described by any of the other HUI-3 attributes.

Carrier envelope phase stabilization with a true common-path collinear ƒ–2ƒ interferometer

A variety of technologies have been so far demonstrated for the carrier-envelope phase (CEP) control of mode-locked oscillators. An instrumental part of these technologies is the configuration of interferometers and the application of feedback control. Of the devices, the collinear ƒ–2ƒ interferometer developed in this work is compact and robust against disturbances because the optical paths of the ƒ and 2ƒ components are collinear within the interferometer. To compensate for the delay time between the ƒ and 2ƒ components, a birefringent time plate made of α-BBO is installed in the interferometer. We achieved an in-loop CEP stability of 27 mrad (rms) using conventional feedback control with an acousto-optic modulator to control the pump power. We believe that the collinear ƒ–2ƒ interferometer offers the best choice as an interferometer for CEP stabilization of the front-end oscillator in the chirped-pulse amplification system.

The Impact of the Green Credit Policy on the Short-Term and Long-Term Debt Financing of Heavily Polluting Enterprises: Based on PSM-DID Method.

“Green economy and sustainable development” has become the focus of contemporary world economic development. As an important part of green financial instruments, green credit has become a hot topic. This paper investigates whether the Green Credit Policy has had any impact. Does it have a binding effect on the debt financing of heavily polluting enterprises? Using the Green Credit Guidelines as the starting point for the implementation of the Green Credit Policy, this paper takes Chinese A-share listed enterprises from 2004 to 2020 as the research sample, and applies the propensity score matching combined with difference-in-difference (PSM-DID) method to analyze the impact of green credit policies on the long- and short-term financing scale of heavily polluting enterprises. The study found that the implementation of the Green Credit Policy significantly suppressed the long-term financing of heavily polluting enterprises, but allowed for the expansion of short-term financing for heavily polluting enterprises. Compared with the state-owned enterprises, the Green Credit Policy has a more significant impact on non-state-owned enterprises in terms of suppressing long-term financing and increasing short-term financing, suggesting that the Green Credit Policy is affected by the “credit discrimination” of non-state-owned enterprises. Therefore, the Green Credit Policy still needs to be improved. This study provides empirical evidence of the effectiveness of green credit policies in China, and offers suggestions for further green credit policies in the future.

Adapting the Australian Environmental Assessment Tool-High Care (EAT-HC): Experiences and Practical Implications From Germany, Japan, and Singapore.

Assessing the built environment in nursing homes is part of several established instruments. Measurements are primarily published in English, so there is a need for cross-cultural adaptation to be able to use them in other countries. This procedure should be carried out alongside translation guidelines to ensure successful adaptation not only for assessments that capture complex constructs, such as the built environment, but also for assessments to be applied in healthcare in general. This article presents different approaches to adopt the Australian Environmental Assessment Tool-High Care (EAT-HC) based on the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for instrument translation. The comparison of these processes should provide implications for further adaptations of the instrument. The adaptation processes carried out in Germany, Japan, and Singapore were compared using thematic analysis. Steps taken to achieve linguistic validation and to adopt the tool were analyzed qualitatively in the context of overarching needs for adjustment. Every perspective adapted the WHO guidelines for their respective purposes of applying the EAT-HC. The order of steps varied, but elements to validate the results with the instruments' creators and to ensure validity were included in all three countries. For items that might be challenging, we detected possible reasons that might help future adaptors manage this process more efficiently. The EAT-HC benefits from adaptation alongside the WHO guidelines in terms of enhancing the quality of translation and feasibility of application. Individual supplementary adaptation steps allow the identification of culture-specific needs for application in other countries.

Preparation and filling of small oval root canals: influence of file system and sealer.

To carry out a morphometric analysis of small oval root canals prepared with different instruments (part 1) and filled with different sealers (part 2). Ninety extracted mandibular incisors with small oval root canals were instrumented with Self-Adjusting File (n = 45), XP-endo Finisher (n = 15), GentleFile (n = 15), or Reciproc (n = 15). All groups of part 1 were filled with AH Plus (n = 15 each). For part 2 (including group Self-Adjusting File/AH Plus) teeth instrumented with Self-Adjusting File were additionally filled with GuttaFlow Bioseal (n = 15) or Total Fill BC sealer (n = 15). All sealers were placed with a lentulo and filled with master point and additional points. Serial cuts were made at 1-mm intervals up to 10 mm. Total root canal area, percentage of gutta-percha filled area (PGFA), sealer, voids, and debris were evaluated using interactive image analysis software. Preparation with Reciproc caused significantly wider canals than with Self-Adjusting File, GentleFile, or XP-endo Finisher, but also resulted in the greatest PGFA and lowest percentage of sealer (P ≤ .05). Following XP-endo Finisher, the significantly greatest percentage of debris (30%) was found 1 mm from the apex (P ≤ .05). Regarding different sealers, only minor differences were found (GuttaFlow Bioseal: less percentage of sealer at 2 and 3 mm levels [P ≤ .05]). Within the limits of this study Reciproc caused the greatest substance loss, but also the most favorable PGFA. The apical debris accumulation with XP-endo Finisher needs further investigation. The sealers under investigation performed equally well.

Consent

Abstract María Moreno begins by examining the limits of our common legal and psychological understandings of consent. She examines how the self who gives consent fluctuates in a way occluded by the liberal notion of the contract and proceeds to consider consent in the broadest sociopolitical context, as a minor part or element of a greater instrument of control: rape itself. Through a consideration of a series of violations committed in Argentina, some by civilians, others by agents of the state during the country's last civico-military dictatorship, Moreno illustrates how the contradictions inherent in the current legal category of consent obscure how rape functions, not only as a major crime on par with murder but also as a weapon in the preservation of the patriarchal symbolic economy and as a key element in the arsenal of war. The author asks whether it's time to seek to think rape politically, and not just morally. She concludes with a powerful reflection on nonconsent and the kind of sovereignty it can afford to victims and their victimizers who are both oppressed by a system that subsumes them.

Fruitless Search for Coherence: A Transcultural Perspective on Netflix’s Adaptation of Empresses in the Palace

ABSTRACT Structuralist narratology, which has played an instrumental part in the historical development of adaptation studies, now faces increasing criticism from culturally oriented scholars for its disregard of contextual factors. My essay argues that postclassical developments of narratology, which recognize culture as a powerful shaping force of narrative form, can effectively address the enduring bifurcation between formal and cultural approaches in adaptation studies. It uses the transpacific adaptation of a Chinese TV drama, renamed Empresses in the Palace by its Netflix adapters, as a case study to show how some of the important narrative transmutations are both motivated by and symptomatic of clashes between specific aspects of the Chinese and the American cultures. My discussion demonstrates that transcultural comparisons can not only foster understanding of adaptations as cultural encounters with inevitable narrative consequences, but also open up new space for the appreciation of other cultures, and provide fresh perspectives on one’s own cultural and narrative traditions.

Gendhing Sekaten. (2010) 2020Gendhing Pahargyan. (2012) 2020Gendhing Kurmat Dalem. 2020Gendhing Gati. (2015) 2020Gendhing Gati Volume 2. 2020Gendhing Soran Volume 1. 2021

Gendhing Sekaten. (2010) 2020Gendhing Pahargyan. (2012) 2020Gendhing Kurmat Dalem. 2020Gendhing Gati. (2015) 2020Gendhing Gati Volume 2. 2020Gendhing Soran Volume 1. 2021

Implementation Of Pretrial In Indonesia's Positive Legal Spatial As A Strengthening Of The Integrity Of The Criminal Justice System

KUHAP explicitly explains that the process of implementing the law is part of the core instruments of law enforcement, such as the police apparatus, prosecutors and judiciary. A new step for procedural law, namely pre-trial in the Criminal Procedure Code, which is an innovation in Indonesian positive law. The trial at the first level is an innovation (new institution) of the KUHAP. Pretrial as one of the jurisdictions of the court horizontally or the application of coercive measures by the Police and the Attorney General's Office. The Constitutional Court (MK) in its decision Number 21/PUU-XII/2014 has determined a new pretrial object, namely the legal or illegal determination of the suspect, confiscation and search. The research method aims to explain how research is conducted to obtain maximum results. In this study, the authors used normative and empirical legal research methods. In Indonesia, the judiciary was born from the spirit of wanting to adopt the habeas corpus concept into the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP). This concept is presented to verify and test the coercive actions of law enforcement officials, both in the form of arrests and detentions. This is because these actions violate individual rights and freedoms. Therefore, a trial court process is necessary. Pretrial as a horizontal legal system between law enforcement officers. That the District Court has the authority to consider and decide according to the provisions stipulated by law. The main pretrial request according to Indonesian positive law has been poured into the Criminal Procedure Code in Article 1 number 10 in conjunction with Article 70. In the Criminal Procedure Code Articles 77-83 Chapter X part one has included pretrial and its rules.