Instrument Of Public Diplomacy Research Articles

Social Media as an Instrument of Public Diplomacy in the Digital Era: A Systematic Literature Review

Social Media as an Instrument of Public Diplomacy in the Digital Era: A Systematic Literature Review

Festivals as instruments of public diplomacy: The Festival of Embassies in Prague

Festivals as instruments of public diplomacy: The Festival of Embassies in Prague

Playing Cricket: India’s Soft Power, Nation Branding and Future Prospects

The growing interdependence among nations, the advancement of science and technology and the impact of globalisation have made it less useful for nations to rely predominantly on hard power to pursue their foreign policies’ goals. In the contemporary era, nations have shifted their attention to soft power as an alternative policy to maximise gains from other countries. Although the exercise of hard power is still relevant in international relations, soft power has become a less destructive option. For instance, sports has proved its power as a tool of diplomacy at different times. In India, cricket has moved from its status as a mere sport to a powerful instrument of diplomacy. In this article, the authors analyse the value of sports in general and cricket in particular as an instrument of public diplomacy, its capacity for nation branding, and the future prospects of cricket in pursuing India’s foreign policy goals.

INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC RELATIONS AND THE HEYDAR ALIYEV FOUNDATION AS A TOOL OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY OF THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN

Currently, public diplomacy is often studied and analyzed in the context of international public relations. This article discusses the main and significant tools of public diplomacy of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The article notes the common features of public diplomacy and the international community. The activities of the Heydar Aliyev Foundation as an instrument of public diplomacy in Azerbaijan are analyzed. As a result, it was concluded that these tools are significant for the public diplomacy of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Working with an audience of millions can change the paradigm of today’s public diplomacy. There is no alternative to the Internet, the World Wide Web. Because the Internet knows no boundaries. And the Heydar Aliyev Foundation demonstrates a vivid example of the conductor of public diplomacy of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The projects implemented during the period of activity show that the Foundation has achieved great success and reputation not only in Azerbaijan, but also in the international world. The Foundation plays a big role in popularizing Azerbaijan abroad.

The Periodical Press as an Instrument of Public Diplomacy in the Process of Integration of the Countries of the Concord during the First World War

The Periodical Press as an Instrument of Public Diplomacy in the Process of Integration of the Countries of the Concord during the First World War

POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF SOUTH KOREA'S PUBLIC DIPLOMACY TOWARDS NORTH KOREA

The article investigates South Korea’s public diplomacy toward North Korea. The author analyzes the factors that determine the choice by a state of a model of public diplomacy — cooperative (consultative) or non-cooperative (advocating interests) — in relation to a particular foreign society. The key research question: to what extent it is possible to use the instruments of public diplomacy in inter-Korean relations, which are distinguished by a conflict and highly centralized interactions. The restrictions that prevent the ROK from using public diplomacy in relation to the DPRK are defined as well as solutions are proposed to overcome the limitations and search for opportunities for inter-Korean interaction in the long term. The possibilities of the ROK in conducting both cooperative and informational public diplomacy toward the DPRK are rather limited. Social and humanitarian exchanges require reciprocity from the North. South Korea’s offensive unification rhetoric and politics meets rejection from the DPRK and hinders the normalization of inter-Korean relations. The lack of consensus in the ruling circles of the ROK on the necessity and content of the broadcasting of “promises” to the North Koreans also serves as an obstacle to the implementation of public diplomacy with respect to the DPRK. Despite the difficulties and limitations, it would be politically expedient for South Korea to continue to search for formats of cooperation with North Korea in the social and humanitarian field and to conduct a discourse focused on normalizing inter-Korean relations. The social and humanitarian dimension offers promising opportunities for interaction since it is aimed at solving practical problems of mutual interest. South Korea’s public diplomacy towards North Korea should prioritize the engagement of the DPRK in the transnational links.

GASTRODIPLOMASI DALAM PRURALINGUALISME: DARI MODIFIKASI KEKUASAAN MENJADI CAKRAWALA ANTARBUDAYA PRANCIS-INDONESIA

Pluralingualism is an individual's communicative competence in multilingual situations and does not only involve verbal and non-verbal aspects, but also adaptive and adoptive abilities to cultural conventions. The roots of this linguistic politics guide speakers to be knowledgeable, experienced, sociable, synergize and tolerate culture, as well as to eliminate culture shock in its acquisition. One of the subcultures of language speakers is eating, which sometimes have different values and functions from one culture to another. Within the framework of pluralingualism, eating and food occupies a special level, because it can be an instrument of public diplomacy with the term gastrodiplomacy. Gastrodiplomacy is the art of negotiation by mixing and matching culture, culinary, and the essence of the image of nationalism to make foreign cultures real in other countries through a touch of taste. From this tradition, the concept of French pluralism has succeeded in hegemonizing the world through cultural representations of eating and food that are integrated in communicative competence. However, this practice cannot be separated from the context of power, where at first French was synonymous with colonial language and transformed into the term cultural language. Based on this, the problem of modifying power into an intercultural horizon with culinary delights will be analyzed using netnographic methods, document studies, and observation. Meanwhile, the primary research data are: cross-cultural culinary heritage, gastrodiplomacy and efforts to commercialize French cuisine, as well as communicative implementation of French speakers in the culinary existence of the archipelago. Therefore, the result is a description of the modification of power into an intercultural horizon through taste, as well as a communicative implementation of French speakers in the practice of Indonesian culinary gastrodiplomacy as a form of nation branding.

THE GASTRODIPLOMACY: INDONESIA’S CULINAIRY PUBLICITY IN THE NETHERLANDS

Indonesia has a different diplomatic relationship with the Netherlands, based on post-colonialism resulting in thick cultural acculturation and close bilateral relations. The various events have become an accumulation of ties between the two countries, thus harming the Dutch people's perception of Indonesia and vice versa. Therefore, Indonesia launched a public diplomacy program through gastro diplomacy. Gastro diplomacy was chosen as the object of research because of Indonesian cuisine's progressive potential, which has been selected as a positive impact on bilateral relations and as a medium for promoting Indonesia in the Netherlands. The researcher will use the qualitative method in this study. The research procedure carried out gave descriptive data results whose results were examined through speech or writing from the behavior of the observed person. The purpose of this research analysis is to describe the implementation of Indonesian gastro diplomacy in the Netherlands through the embassy program, explain gastro diplomacy in general, and identify opportunities for Indonesia to take advantage of culinary arts as an instrument of public diplomacy

The Role of NGOs in International Relations and Public Diplomacy

The paper examines Russia’s and the EU’s approaches to non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as instruments of public diplomacy (PD). As the EU and Russia increasingly instrumentalize NGOs in their foreign policy, which seems to erode trust in their already burdened relations, the topic presents an opportunity to compare the mechanisms of government–NGO interaction in Russia and EU. The specifi c forms, roots, and aims of this phenomenon have often been overlooked in academic research. To these ends, the author looks into diff erent views and practices of Brussels and Moscow in terms of supporting and fi nancing NGOs in the sphere of public diplomacy. The study demonstrates that the EU’s approach is characterized by signifi cant funding of NGOs abroad as part of governmental public diplomacy eff orts. On the other hand, the Russian approach is mostly characterized by funding of national NGOs, which then implement public diplomacy projects aligned with government policies abroad.

Photographs as Instruments of Public Diplomacy: China’s Visual Storytelling during the Covid-19 Pandemic

Summary This article explores the effectiveness of photographs as instruments of public diplomacy through an analysis of China’s visual storytelling during the Covid-19 outbreak. Beijing considered the pandemic an existential threat to its image and responded with a communications offensive that was designed to highlight the regime’s success in containing the Coronavirus — both at home and abroad — and to safeguard the wider ‘China story’ of a ‘peace-loving and responsible global leader’. By combining scholarship on public diplomacy and strategic narratives with the ‘visual turn’ literature in international relations, this article focuses on the non-verbal dimension of China’s storytelling and explores the impact of photographs — distributed by the regime’s news agency, Xinhua — on international public opinion. Through a survey experiment among 1,000 US adults, we demonstrate that such photographs had a positive effect on China’s international image, but that this effect was moderated by levels of political knowledge among the target audience.

Negotiating the nation: public diplomacy and the publication of English-language tourist guidebooks of Japan in the Meiji period (1868–1912)

Tourist guidebooks are powerful instruments of public diplomacy: as supposedly ‘impersonal’ descriptions, intended for ‘average’ readers, they can be used to subtly promote careful national narratives, and to draw the attention of foreign publics to a country’s soft power. This article analyses, in this light, the English-language tourist guidebooks of Japan published by the Society called Kihinkai (Welcome Society, 1893–1912), the earliest Japanese organization for the promotion of inbound tourism. It relates them to the popular handbooks of Japan published by the British House of Murray, which were adopted as their model. Murray’s handbooks ‘created’ Japan as an international tourist destination for a majority of English-speaking travellers, responding to common travel tropes and expectations about the country. The Kihinkai’s guidebooks engaged with them in the form of ‘autoethnographic’ texts, adopting their style and language, as a way to partake in their established reputation of authoritativeness. At the same time, they carefully reframed their narrative of Japan, in a way that was coherent with the Kihinkai’s general ‘diplomatic’ strategy – born of the background of its founders and supporters, and of the coming together of private and public sector interests.

THE ROLE OF UBUNTU IN SOUTH AFRICA’S FOREIGN POLICY

This article focuses on the role of Ubuntu in South Africa’s foreign policy. Since independence, African intellectuals have tried to develop their own strategies and approaches to solve problems on the continent. These ideas were aimed at rescuing the African younger generation from enslavement by Western culture, to invent new approaches and to reanimate traditional concepts that would contribute not only to the revival but also to the protection of African culture. They were designed to promote traditional values both within the African continent and globally, to be the antithesis of Eurocentrism, to carve new Afrocentric ideas from their own historical experience and current conditions, socio-economic priorities, with African interests at their center. Among modern concepts aimed at protecting Africans and promoting the African position on the global arena is the traditional philosophical system of Ubuntu. It is the ideas of Ubuntu that have been adopted by South African politicians back in the late 90s and formed the basis of South Africa’s foreign and domestic policy. In 2011, the White Paper “Building a Better World: Ubuntu Diplomacy” was published, proclaiming the promotion of a multipolar, just and equitable world order and the desire for development and prosperity in Africa as one of its main theses. South Africa was the first state of the continent to base its foreign policy document on one of the main codes of African identity: Ubuntu. This gave the foreign policy document an African character.The Republic of South Africa presents a unique example of an attempt to implement into state strategy a philosophical concept that is a defining element of African identity, a significant part of the traditional culture for more than 350 million people living almost all over sub-Saharan Africa. The notion of Ubuntu is also reflected in the state documents of the Congo, the Republic of Chad, Uganda, as well as Kenya (harambei). By promoting the Ubuntu philosophy, South Africa claims the existence of African values, spreading their importance in the international space through various instruments of public diplomacy. Various magazines, radio stations and a national Ubuntu Awards have been created. All these tools are aimed at informing and sensitizing the public about South Africa’s foreign policy, promoting a multipolar world and establishing an alternative model to the Western system of individualism.

Photographs as Instruments of Public Diplomacy: China’s Visual Storytelling during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Photographs as Instruments of Public Diplomacy: China’s Visual Storytelling during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Science and Education Diplomacy amid Martial Law in Ukraine as an Instrument of Public Diplomacy

The article deals with science and education diplomacy as an area of public diplomacy. The author explores the notion of education diplomacy and analyses the education diplomacy-related activities of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Since the start of the full-scale russian invasion of Ukraine, the active international engagement of the University with foreign partners and scientific establishments allowed the institution to activate the mechanisms of preserving the scientific community, develop algorithms of consistent action for supporting Ukrainian scientists and preserving the student community of the University. Since 24 February 2022, the University has been elaborating novel approaches to international cooperation and internationalisation of higher education at the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv to prevent brain drain, coordinate the initial outburst of academic mobility, coordinate joint scientific research and preserve full affiliation with the University. The implementation of an innovative and creative model of education diplomacy at the University represents the reaction of education and science to the challenges, threats and education and science needs of society amid martial law. Particular emphasis is placed on the pluralistic institutional model of educational diplomacy, whereas its interdisciplinary character stably remains an impetus for the modernisation of the education process in the realm of international cooperation. International cooperation of the University is an integral part of the system of international relations in Ukraine, a tool for developing academic mobility and increasing international influence through the dissemination of culture, language, knowledge and technology. Keywords: science and education diplomacy, education diplomacy, public diplomacy, subjects of public diplomacy, international cooperation.

Erasmus Programme as an Instrument of EU Public Diplomacy

Erasmus + Programme can be considered an instrument of soft power in countries that aspire to become EU member states. The core assumption is that due to people-to-people contacts, Erasmus participants are most likely to become informal ambassadors of the EU, in the sense that they become bearers of the EU’s soft power, leading to changes in cultural perceptions and social. However, what will be the place of Erasmus in the ongoing debate on the strategy of enhancing the image of the EU? Erasmus can play a major role in this new strategy, considering the huge increase in mobility flows between EU countries and those waiting to become members. Moreover, the EU institutions are looking for new strategic tools of public diplomacy. This paper aims to test the following hypothesis: Erasmus, as an instrument of public diplomacy, affects the growth of the image of the EU in Albania. Therefore, this paper is of great interest because it is closely related to the debate on the means and goals of the EU’s foreign policy and its influence on the member countries, especially Albania. It reaches the conclusion that Erasmus, as an instrument of public diplomacy, serves to increase the image of the EU, since it is a tool of soft power of the EU.

Направления и формы реализации публичной дипломатии

Public diplomacy becomes a more and more popular area of research due to several global trends: growing interdependence of states and the rise of transnational actors that urge governments to seek ways beyond their military and economic power to achieve their political goals; technological progress that makes information more accessible to the public, enabling international communication, thus increasing the importance of a dominating narrative; the rise of a human-centric approach placing the emphasis on individual people, protection and promotion of their rights, thus making public opinion more crucial to policy-makers than ever. However, there are still a lot of lacunae in the theoretical framework analyzing public diplomacy. Among them is the lack of a clear widely accepted classification of activities that fall into the area of public diplomacy. Some researchers choose to avoid typology altogether, others provide academic community with a variety of overlapping and contradicting approaches and terms, such as “dimensions”, “types”, “media”, “frameworks”, etc. After carefully studying related publications of international and Russian researchers, analyzing them and defining most common trends, the author proposes her own way to classify public diplomacy activities via two synergetic typologies. The first one offers a division by fronts based on the principal of the final goal of each front of public diplomacy: e.g. relationship-building activities and agenda-setting to influence the news. The second one implies a division by forms based on the principal of the general shape of the main types of public diplomacy activities: e.g. cultural diplomacy, international broadcasting. The author highlights that this approach does not involve multiplication of public diplomacy types based on the instrument (e.g. gastro-diplomacy, twitter-diplomacy, sport diplomacy), since each form may incorporate several instruments and the particular toolkit may change in time. The article suggests using both typologies for comprehensive research of public diplomacy (either in a case-study or for a theoretical model). However, a front-based classification can be more useful for studies related to strategic planning, long-term and short-term political goals of government, whereas a form-based classification can be more useful for researchers who focus on measuring a country’s public diplomacy effectiveness or seek to attribute a new instrument of public diplomacy

Current Issues of Information Support of Russian Foreign Policy in the New Political Environment

Introduction. In the context of growing anti-Russian information wars, intensive and sharp ideological confrontation active information support of Russia’s foreign policy becomes more and more crucial. Methods. Authors use mainly the methods of expert evaluation and trends, opinion polls to prove that the US has long been waging information wars against Russia first using the term (“information war”) back in 1992. Moreover, with time the United States makes the methods of struggle more and more sophisticated and has already attracted the EU and NATO as associates. In addition, the methods of comparative analysis of research results of leading domestic and foreign experts in the field of information and ideological component of modern international relations and issues of information support of foreign policy of the Russian Federation, as well as general scientific and special methods of knowledge of legal phenomena and processes made as the object of the research: the method of systematic and structural analysis, comparative legal and formal-logical methods have been used. Analysis. Along with the tools of public diplomacy our state takes all the needed measures to defend its information sovereignty at all levels. Despite the fact that the Russian state strategy has consistently created a system of detecting, preventing and eliminating threats to its information security, still it is necessary to deal with ever growing amount of antiRussian false information in the global media space. Results. Being one of the instruments of public diplomacy and foreign policy of any sovereign state, soft power takes into account the objective conditions of international relations and world politics and proceeds from the requirements of the national interests of the state as the main actor of the entire system of modern international relations. In the world practice of implementing the policy of soft power, starting with the creation of the Westphalian system of international relations, there was no precedent, when the state regardless of the socio-political nature of building a political system or the purposes of the foreign activity would be guided by different objectives and methods of analysis of world politics, the entire system of international relations and other goal-setting action in the international arena, including defined in the last decade by the concept of soft power. In the history of international relations, there has not been any world policy free from its ideological component. The thesis of de-ideologization of international relations, which received its definite distribution in the period immediately after the collapse of the Soviet Union, in the practice of foreign policy actions of all the main actors of modern world politics has clearly proved its complete failure. Today, in the context of “hybrid wars” within the entire system of international relations, the world politics is no less ideologized than during the “cold war”. The political leadership of Russia allows the hypothetical possibility of cyberwarfare, provoked by the actions of the Republican administration of the United States. In December 2019, the White House authorized the preparation of a plan for conducting an information war with the Russian Federation by special forces of the U.S. Army, assigning the solution of this task to the above-mentioned cyber command. The policy of soft power of Russia, as well as its public diplomacy, as the whole complex of foreign policy activities of the Russian Federation in the international arena, is derived from the fundamental function of defending the national interests of Russia in the new political reality. The Russian Federation has consistently opposed the transformation of international relations into an arena of ideological confrontation with the use of tools of the so-called “information wars”. State sovereignty is unified. Information security, as a factor of ensuring information sovereignty, is a basic component of the unified state sovereignty. This is an accepted truth underlying the understanding of the nature of modern international relations, the principle underlying the foreign policy activity of any modern sovereign state, due to the objective regularity of the growth of the ideological factor of modern international relations. Moreover, in the face of targeted misinformation Russia needs to ensure its information security at both levels: political (ideological) and technical (technological) ones combining cyber as well as soft power tools. Only such a combination of these two crucial elements and continuous improvement can lead to victory in hybrid wars.

Analysis of the Policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan Regarding International Non-governmental Organization

This article analyzes the activities of international non-governmental organizations in Uzbekistan. Particular attention is paid to their relationship with state bodies, as well as their influence on the domestic policy of the country and society. The issue of the negative attitude of the government of Uzbekistan against international non-governmental organizations in 2004-2010 was studied. Also, the reasons for the positive changes in the attitude of the state towards international non-governmental organizations since 2016 have been studied. Today, the changing status of international non-governmental organizations in pan-European and global institutions gives reason to believe that in the coming years they will play a dynamic role in various fields related to the reform and development of the countries of Central Asia and other CIS countries. INGOs in domestic politics, they act as an additional mechanism of public relations and play an active role in the formation of civil society, and in foreign policy as an instrument of public diplomacy and “soft power”.

Private Think Tanks and Public–Private Partnerships in Chinese Public Diplomacy

Summary This article examines private think tanks as instruments of public diplomacy in China. It analyses relationship-building in three cases of a hybrid form of public diplomacy that combines government agencies and non-state actors and involves multiple stakeholders, both domestic and transnational. Emphasis is upon the actors in China that initiated the projects and developed the networks for each initiative, but the building of the projects’ transnational relationships is also considered. The cases involve three top-ranking Chinese private think tanks: the Charhar Institute’s City Diplomacy projects; the Center for China and Globalization’s Green Card initiative; and the Chongyang Institute for Financial Studies’ Think 20 Transnational Network. The analysis demonstrates how and why the public-private partnerships in each case produced shared positive outcomes with synergistic results and advanced China’s public diplomacy objectives. The cases illustrate the advantages of a hybrid form of non-state public diplomacy that combines state and non-state actors.

Advance diaspora diplomacy in a networked world

ABSTRACTThe role of diaspora in cultural exchange, international affairs and in economic development is now well established. What is new is the increasing proliferation of national strategies to harness them actively for public diplomacy. This article addresses the rise of Australia’s only formal, global diaspora network: Advance – Australia’s Global Community which has acted self-consciously to become an instrument of public diplomacy. Emerging from a small base in New York, Advance sought to ‘open doors’ for Australians in the world’s biggest market. Cultivating a strong membership base of well-connected individuals in the arts, commerce and professions, Advance developed its network centrality by building partnerships with state governments, Australian universities and federal government agencies. As an elite organisation of high-profile Australians overseas, Advance has developed into a global organisation communicating Australian culture and economic achievements to both Australian national audiences and foreign constituencies.Abbreviation: AAA - Australian American Association ACOLA - Australian Council of Learned Academies AWNY - Australian Women in New York BHP - Broken Hill Propriety CEDA- Committee for the Economic Development of Australia CEO - Chief Executive Officer DC - District of ColumbiaDFAT - Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade ICJP - International Journal of Cultural Policy ICT - information and communications technology KEA - Kiwi Expatriate Organisation MFA - Ministry of Foreign Affairs MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology NGO - non governmental organisationNISA - National Innovation and Science AgendaNZ - New Zealand SBS - Special Broadcasting Service TIE - The Indus Entrepreneur UN - United Nations US - United States USA - United States of America YAPA - Young Australian Professionals Association