Use Of Instruments Research Articles

Validation of the de Morton mobility index (DEMMI) among acute stroke patients aged ≥65 years: a register study

Purpose To validate the de Morton Mobility Index (DEMMI) in older (≥65 years) patients with acute stroke in a hospital setting within the first week after stroke onset. Materials and methods In the Danish National Database of Geriatrics, we identified 4,176 patients with acute stroke (≥65 years). Floor and ceiling effects of DEMMI were investigated. Furthermore, convergent validity was investigated by correlations between DEMMI and the Barthel Index using Spearman’s rho. Known-groups validity was tested by comparing DEMMI scores for different groups (with/without dementia, depression, comorbidity, and walking aids), and unidimensionality of DEMMI was evaluated by Mokken scale analysis. Results A floor effect was identified with 22.1% of the patients scoring 0 on DEMMI on admission. Both convergent and known-groups validity were confirmed for DEMMI. Patients who were bedbound had a lower DEMMI score (median [IQR]: 0 [0;0]) than patients without any walking aid (median [IQR]: 62 [33;74]). Furthermore, Mokken scale analysis identified unidimensionality with overall fit to the model (Loevinger H 0.88 (p < 0.0001)). Conclusion DEMMI is a valid instrument for use in patients with acute stroke (≥65 years) in a hospital setting within the first week after stroke onset.

Psychometric Analyses of a Food Literacy Behaviors Questionnaire for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

The purpose of the study was to develop and validate a food literacy instrument specific to individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Twelve T2DM-specific, food literacy-related statements underwent content validity and face validity testing, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted (phase 1). The 6 statements remaining after EFA testing were added to an existing food literacy questionnaire called the Eating and Food Literacy Behaviors Questionnaire (EFLBQ). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) examined the EFLBQ plus the T2DM-specific statements, and the instrument was called the Eating and Food Literacy Questionnaire for Diabetics (EFLBQ-D; phase 2). Both EFA and CFA were administered by third-party provider Centiment via Qualtrics to adults with T2DM residing in the 13 United States Department of Agriculture Southern region states. Reliability was assessed via point estimate reliability testing. The EFA items clustered into 2 factors each with 3 statements: (1) carbohydrate counting and nutrition label reading and (2) healthy food preparation methods. The CFA indicated that the EFLBQ-D had good fit and that the factors had good reliability. The EFLBQ's integrity was maintained with its items loading on the respective constructs. The EFLBQ-D appears to be a valid, reliable instrument for use by researchers and professionals to better understand food behaviors and food literacy skills of those with T2DM. This is an important tool to help individualize medical nutrition therapy, improving patient care in this population.

The athlete psychological well-being inventory: Factor equivalence with the sport injury-related growth inventory

Until now, research on growth following sport injury has relied exclusively on retrospective reports and nomothetic measures drawn from other fields of research. Therefore, to more objectively explore growth following sport injury pre- and post-injury, rather than retrospectively, this study adapts and examines the psychometric properties of the Athlete Psychological Well-Being Inventory (APWBI), which can be used throughout the sport injury process (i.e., prior to and following sport injury). A sample of 164 athletes free from injury (71.3 % men; M age = 19.7 years, SD = 2.1) were compared to a sample of 168 athletes with history of previous injury (73.2 % men; M age = 19.7 years, SD = 2.1). Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis demonstrated the measurement and factor equivalence between the APWBI and a retrospective measure, the Sport Injury-Related Growth Inventory (SIRGI). The APWBI also showed satisfactory to excellent internal consistency reliability for all its sub-dimensions (“sense of mastery”, “positive relations with others”, “responsibility for one’s health”, “self-awareness”, “emotional ability”, “purpose in life”, “purpose in sport”, and “body awareness”) and for the total score. Analysis of the relationships with other self-report measures (i.e., the Positive Functioning Inventory, the Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale, and the Lie Scale) provided convergent and discriminant evidence to support the construct validity of the instrument. To conclude, the APWBI is a valid and reliable instrument for use within English-speaking athletes of various competitive levels (from local/county to international level).

Analysis of the effect of high falling water on the performance of hydroelectric power plants using whirpool type turbines

A hydroelectric power plant (PLTA) uses the flow of water as a source of energy. Evaluating the output of hydropower facilities, including the optimal height of the waterfall, turbine torque, electrical power, generator power, and generated efficiency, was the aim of the study. This study intends to investigate the power, torque, and efficiency that may be produced by a hydroelectric power plant with a whirlpool-type turbine, as well as how the height of falling water influences the operation of the plant. The experiment in this study measures three different waterfall heights with five different blade configurations. The study on the hydropower prototype involved three trials that collected data on torque, power, efficiency, waterfall height, and water discharge. The PLTA Prototype's best potential head in Test 3 was determined to be 0.01143, with a height of 0.67 meters, no sluice, and a diameter of 0.0625 meters. The lowest water outflow was discovered at a head of 0.55 meters with a water debit of 0.01036. The third attempt, which featured a sluice opening with a diameter of 0.0625 meters and a height of 0.67 meters (head), used the most water power in the experiment. The testing yielded the following results: 75.13 watts of water power, 5.16 watts of generator power, 0.233 N.m. of torque, 2.63 watts of turbine power with a generator load 3.73 watts without one, and 6.87% efficiency. Data gathered from the hydropower prototype's operation can be used to construct testing instruments for use in laboratories

Water Footprint: A Review Based on Concepts, Methods, and Implications

Water footprint assessment has become a useful method for assessing how much water is used by products and activities related to humans, offering insights into how water resources might be managed sustainably. While agricultural production accounts for the majority of water consumption worldwide, the industrial and residential sectors also use large amounts of water and cause pollution. This review article provides an examination of the approaches and uses of water footprint assessment in a range of industries and geographical areas. The notion of water footprint and its elements green, blue, and grey water footprints as well as the corresponding computation techniques are introduced at the outset of the work. The most recent developments in spatially explicit modelling and life cycle assessment techniques, it examines the development of water footprint assessment procedures. The paper explores the many uses of water footprint assessment, from consumer items and urban water management to industrial operations and agricultural output. It provides case studies and real-world examples that show how water footprint analysis may be applied practically to address issues with pollution, water shortages, and sustainability in various settings. The study also looks at the difficulties and constraints that come with assessing the water footprint, such as methodological uncertainty, data availability, and temporal and geographical variability. It talks about current studies as well as potential paths forward for improving the reliability and usability of water footprint measurement instruments. As a comprehensive and integrated method for measuring and controlling the effects of human-induced water usage on regional and global water resources, this study concludes by highlighting the importance of water footprint assessment. In order to promote sustainable water management practices, it highlights the necessity of multidisciplinary collaboration and stakeholder involvement. Keyword: Water Footprint, Sustainability, Life Cycle Assessment, Spatial Analysis.

Assessment of computation competence and non-count strategy use in addition and subtraction in Grade 1

Computation competence (CC) in simple addition and subtraction using non-counting (NC) strategies is an important learning objective in Grade 1 mathematics but many children, especially low achievers in mathematics, struggle to acquire these skills. To provide these students with the support they need, it is important to have valid and reliable tools for assessing progress in CC and NC strategy use. Developing an assessment instrument for use in Grade 1, when some children start the year unable to solve any problems, is challenging, as is ensuring measurement invariance over a school year when children generally make large achievement gains. This paper presents a new assessment tool for CC and NC strategy use in Grade 1 that was tested in a longitudinal study with N = 1,017 children. Analyses using the Rasch model revealed acceptable mean square scores (MNSQ 0.83 – 1.20). Warm’s Weighted Likelihood Estimate (WLE) reliability scores were acceptable (pre-test .77; post-test .87). Measurement invariance over time was given. The instrument is promising for assessing CC and NC strategy use efficiently and accurately in Grade 1.

Assessing Temperament Risk Factors in Late Childhood and Early Adolescence: Development and Validation of the Integrative Late Childhood Temperament Inventory.

Childhood temperament has a well-documented influence on later life outcomes, notably behavior problems, quality of interpersonal relationships, and academic achievement. However, there is at present a lack of brief measures that assess temperament characteristics which are represented across models of temperament in the late childhood and early adolescence period. To redress this gap, the aim of the current study was to develop and validate a short questionnaire that extends an earlier integrative measure of temperament, the Integrative Child Temperament Inventory (ICTI) to the late childhood period. The new measure (named Integrative Late Childhood Temperament Inventory, ILCTI) includes all five components of the ICTI (frustration, behavioral inhibition, attention/persistence, activity level, sensory sensitivity), plus affiliation. German- or English-speaking parents rated a total of 525 children, aged 8 to 14years. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the predicted structure of the new measure. Examination of fit indices and psychometric analyses showed that 24 items are sufficient to capture all six dimensions reliably. Next to convergent validity with established measures of temperament and personality, we also present analyses of associations with measures of externalizing problems, internalizing problems, and school failure all of which support the instrument's clinical utility. Thus, despite its brevity, the ILCTI is a reliable and valid measure of late childhood temperament that can be helpful in assessing risk of developing behavior problems or school failure.

A Psychometric Study of the Arabic Version of the "Searching for Hardships and Obstacles to Shots (SHOT)" Instrument for Use in Saudi Arabia.

Vaccines are considered one of the top 10 public health achievements of the 20th century and the most cost-effective public health intervention to overcome diseases and disease-associated mortality. This study translated the "Searching for Hardships and Obstacles to Shots" (SHOT) instrument from English to Arabic and conducted a psychometric evaluation of the Arabic version to measure parental barriers to childhood immunization. The cross-sectional study utilized multistage cluster random sampling to recruit parents visiting 70 primary health centers in Jizan. Scale translation and cultural adaptation were used to translate the SHOT survey into Arabic. The survey revealed that the best-factor model was a one-factor solution for "barriers to child immunization." The first principal component explained the highest variance (56.22%), and subsequent components explained decreasing percentages of variance. The third principal component explained the decreased variance (4.61%), and subsequent components explained the decreasing percentages of variance. The overall reliability (determined by Cronbach's alpha) was 0.96. The strong internal consistency of the Arabic version of the SHOT instrument (as indicated by the high Cronbach's alpha coefficients) indicates that researchers and practitioners can confidently use this scale to measure parents' attitudes toward and perceptions of vaccinations. Furthermore, the study results will help policymakers develop programs or interventional initiatives to overcome these barriers.

117 Applying the Competency Index for Clinical Research Professionals (CICRP) for Educational Program Evaluation

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To demonstrate the value of the Competency Index for Clinical Research Professional (CICRP) as a tool in program evaluation using a pre- and post- design to evaluate student perceived self-efficacy in clinical trial competencies at program entry and at program completion. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Using a separate-sample pre-post study design, we administered the CICRP questionnaire to students in the entry and exit courses of the Master of Clinical Research (MCR) Program during the 2021-2022 academic year, using QualtricsTM (Provo, Utah) survey instrument for use on desktop or mobile device. We included the 20 CICRP competency items asking students to rate their self-efficacy in performing each item using a Likert Scale (from 0-10) (0=not at all confident; 10= extremely confident). Links to the survey were included in the courses for the foundational entry course and for the final culminating project course. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Overall, 54 students took the CICRP during the entry course and 56 during the exit. Cronbach’s alpha for each assessment ranged from 0.93 to 0.98. Both the Welch’s two-sample t-test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test show very significant differences between the group of students entering the program and leaving the program (p value &lt; 0.001). A significant increase in mean CICRP total score is seen at each experience level between program entry and program exit (p&lt;0.001) A linear regression, adjusting for available covariates, individuals taking the exit course have a mean CICRP total score 92.690 (p value &lt; 0.001) higher than individuals taking the entry course. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Competency indices have been used to measure self-efficacy in translational research scientists, thus the use of CICRP to measure self-efficacy can be useful in assessing whether our competency-based program is meeting the JTF Competency needs of students.

STUDY OF THE PLANT COVER AND CONTENTS OF RADIONUCLIDES AT THE AKTAN-BERLI SITE

The article presents characteristics of the plant cover at the “Aktan-Berli” site including the content of natural (40K, 232Th, 226Ra) and artificial (137Cs, 90Sr, 241Am, 239+240Pu, 3Н) radionuclides. It has been found that the plant cover of the site is represented by ecosystems of high Kazakh hammocks bordering on ecosystems of lowlands in the west and ecosystems of ancient alluvial and modern alluvial plains. The content of free-water 3Н (FWT) and organic constituent (OBT) is below the detection limit of the methodological instrumentation in use (&lt;8 Bq/kg). The concentration of natural radionuclides is typical, especially for Kazakhstani soil. The range of 90Sr activity concentration in plants range from &lt;0.7 to 6.7 Bq/kq, 137Cs – from &lt;0.6 to 1.1 Bq/kg, the content of 241Am and 239+240Pu are below the detection limit in most cases (&lt;0,2 Bq/kg). Values of the radiation dose rate of plants are below the accepted international criteria. In general, the content of radionuclides in the plant cover of the “Aktan-Berli” site is significantly below the maximum permissible levels of radioactive contamination of forage plants posing no hazard when using the territory of interest for economic activities.

Development, scoring, and reliability for the Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes for Safe Routes to School (MAPS-SRTS) instrument

BackgroundActive commuting to school can be a meaningful contributor to overall physical activity in children. To inform better micro-level urban design near schools that can support active commuting to school, there is a need for measures that capture these elements. This paper describes the adaptation of an observational instrument for use in assessing micro-scale environments around urban elementary schools in the United States.MethodsThe Micro-scale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes for Safe Routes to School (MAPS-SRTS) was developed from existing audit instruments not designed for school travel environments and modifications for the MAPS-SRTS instrument include the structure of the audit tool sections, the content, the observation route, and addition of new subscales. Subscales were analyzed for inter-rater reliability in a sample of 36 schools in Austin, TX. To assess reliability for each subscale, one-way random effects single-measure intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used.ResultsCompared to the 30 original subscales, the adapted MAPS-SRTS included 26 (86.6%) subscales with revised scoring algorithms. Most MAPS-SRTS subscales had acceptable inter-rater reliability, with an ICC of 0.97 for the revised audit tool.ConclusionsThe MAPS-SRTS audit tool is a reliable instrument for measuring the school travel environment for research and evaluation purposes, such as assessing human-scale determinants of active commuting to school behavior and documenting built environment changes from infrastructure interventions.

Construct Validity, Reliability, and Responsiveness of the 10-Item Well-Being Instrument for Use in Economic Evaluation Studies

ObjectivesEconomic evaluations of interventions in health and social care require outcome measures that capture their full benefits, including those beyond health. This study aimed to assess construct validity, test-retest reliability, and responsiveness of the newly developed 10-item Well-being instrument (WiX). MethodsData were gathered via an online survey in a representative sample of the adult general population in The Netherlands (N = 1045). Construct validity was assessed by inspecting convergent, structural, and discriminant validity, following the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments methodology. Regression analyses of the WiX and its items on other validated measures of well-being were performed to assess the convergent validity of the instrument and the relevance of its items. Dimensionality of the WiX was assessed using exploratory factor analysis. To assess discriminant validity, several hypotheses in terms of well-being differences were assessed. Finally, a second survey was sent out 2 weeks after the initial survey (n = 563; 53.9% response rate) to assess the test-retest reliability and responsiveness of the WiX. ResultsThe WiX showed to be correlated with alternative well-being measures as expected and able to sufficiently differentiate between relevant subgroups in the population. Moreover, the dimensionality analysis indicated that the WiX captures a broad array of elements relevant to well-being, including physical and mental health. The test-retest reliability was good, with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.82. ConclusionsThe results regarding the WiX are favorable and indicate that this new instrument may be a promising alternative for existing measures of well-being for evaluating interventions in health and social care.

Advancing Corporate Social Responsibility: Development of a Measurement Scale Unveiling Organizational Citizenship Behaviors in Culturally Diverse Environments

Abstract Objective The modern concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is increasingly becoming integrated into the practices of organizations. One of the distinctive individual competencies in CSR is the ability to work in a multicultural environment. This study proposes a suitable empirical measurement tool that facilitates understanding organizational citizenship behaviors focused on cultural diversity (OCBCs). Methodology To validate the OCBC measure, 980 participants completed the questionnaire (n = 980). An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on one part of the sample as a prerequisite to a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the other part of the sample. Finding This tool enabled the identification of two main types of OCBCs: cultural initiative and cultural helping. These actions enhance organizational practices for integrating cultural diversity and promoting diverse cultural values. Value Added This study furthers the understanding of OCBCs and the role of individuals in culturally diverse contexts. This study contributes to international human resource management research and practice by developing an instrument for use in expatriate contexts or in those associated with organizational cultural diversity. It provides a deeper look at OCBs and contributes to the scientific literature on the role of human resources in promoting sustainable development in organizations. Recommendations The OCBCs measurement tool could assist human resource managers seeking to encourage and facilitate the performance of appropriate OCBCs in the workplace. This performance will allow OCBCs to facilitate informal learning.

Development of the 12-Item Facial Complaints Evaluation Scale (FaCES-12).

Chronic rhinosinusitis and related rhinologic disorders are common in routine otolaryngologic practice. Common presenting symptoms include nasal obstruction, facial pain, facial pressure, headache, and a subjective feeling of the face feeling "swollen," a perceptual distortion. No validated scale exists to assess facial pain in addition to perceptual distortion or headache. The objective was to develop a novel scale for assessment of facial symptoms experienced by patients presenting for rhinologic evaluation. This was a prospective validation cross-sectional study. A patient questionnaire, the 12-item Facial Complaints Evaluation Scale (FaCES-12), was created to evaluate facial symptoms based on clinical experience and the literature, including severity and timing of facial pain, facial pressure, facial perceptual swelling, and headache. Each item was assessed utilizing an 11-point Likert scale ranging from 0 to 10 in severity. Data was collected prospectively from 210 patients in 1 private and 2 academic otolaryngologic practices from August to December 2019 along with the PROMIS Pain Intensity Scale 3a and 22-Item Sino-nasal Outcome Test. Construct validity was determined using Pearson correlation and exploratory factor analysis. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were assessed by calculating Cronbach's alpha and assessing test-retest scores. A new 12-item scale named FaCES-12 was developed. FaCES-12 demonstrated high reliability with a Cronbach's alpha of .94 and high test-retest reliability (r = .90). The scale revealed very strong correlation with the PROMIS Pain Intensity Scale 3a (r = .81) and moderate correlation with the Sino-nasal Outcome Test (r = .48). Exploratory factor analysis demonstrated the scale contained interrelated variables that measured unique components of facial sensations. The FaCES-12 is a valid and reliable instrument for use in the evaluation of facial symptoms. Further research into the application of this scale is warranted.

The Italian Validation of the Healthcare Professional Humanization Scale for Nursing.

Purpose: The Healthcare Professional Humanization Scale (HUMAS) is a measure of the evaluation of the humanization of care in nursing professions. Despite being validated for the Spanish language, there still needed validation in Italian, which seems essential considering the cultural differences. Aim: We aimed to test the validity and reliability of the HUMAS with an Italian sample of registered nurses. Methods: The present study used cross-sectional data from 300 nurses that completed the survey. The study's main phases were (a) construction of the Italian version; (b) testing and analyzing the psychometric properties of the scale. The exploratory factor analysis and the Content Validity Index (CVI) were performed. Cronbach's alpha and test-retest were used to determine the reliability. Findings: The final Italian version of HUMAS (HUMAS-I) comprised 19 items grouped into five correlated latent factors, accounting for 68.4% of the variance. Additionally, it exhibited a satisfactory Cronbach's alpha for each latent component and an average CVI for the entire scale of 0.68. Conclusions: The HUMAS-I shows acceptable psychometric proprieties as the original Spanish version. Therefore, it could be an advantageous instrument for use in nursing practice and research.

Feasibility of daily pain measurement using text messages in hidradenitis suppurativa clinical trials; data from the THESEUS study.

Treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa Evaluation Study (THESEUS) was an observational study involving 10 centres in the UK and one of its objectives was to optimize the outcome measure instruments for use in future hidradenitis suppurativa trials. Part of the study included sending daily text messages to patients for 12 weeks once the intervention had been started. Our study showed that the response rates to the text messages were 70%, 60%, 55% and 20% after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks, respectively.

Belonging in Surgery: A Validated Instrument and Single Institutional Pilot.

The aim of this study was to develop and validate an instrument to measure Belonging in Surgery among surgical residents. Belonging is the essential human need to maintain meaningful relationships and connections to one's community. Increased belongingness is associated with better well-being, job performance, and motivation to learn. However, no tools exist to measure belonging among surgical trainees. A panel of experts adapted a belonging instrument for use among United States surgery residents. After administration of the 28-item instrument to residents at a single institution, a Cronbach alpha was calculated to measure internal consistency, and exploratory principal component analyses were performed. Multiple iterations of analyses with successively smaller item samples suggested the instrument could be shortened. The expert panel was reconvened to shorten the instrument. Descriptive statistics measured demographic factors associated with Belonging in Surgery. The overall response rate was 52% (114 responses). The Cronbach alpha among the 28 items was 0.94 (95% CI: 0.93-0.96). The exploratory principal component analyses and subsequent Promax rotation yielded 1 dominant component with an eigenvalue of 12.84 (70% of the variance). The expert panel narrowed the final instrument to 11 items with an overall Cronbach alpha of 0.90 (95% CI: 0.86, 0.92). Belonging in Surgery was significantly associated with race (Black and Asian residents scoring lower than White residents), graduating with one's original intern cohort (residents who graduated with their original class scoring higher than those that did not), and inversely correlated with resident stress level. An instrument to measure Belonging in Surgery was validated among surgical residents. With this instrument, Belonging in Surgery becomes a construct that may be used to investigate surgeon performance and well-being.

Perceived Stress Assessment: Factor Structure and Item Analysis of the PSS-10

Stress has proved to be an important research topic in recent decades, given its influence on physical and mental health. As a way of evaluating this construct, the 10-Item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) has been the most used measure. The present study was conducted considering the questions that are still present concerning the factorial structure of the instrument and the scarcity of studies focused on item analysis with the Brazilian population. Based on the results of 4.970 Brazilians of both sexes, with an average age of 31.3 years (SD = 11.89), from the five regions of Brazil, the confirmatory factor analysis indicated good fit of the one-dimensional model. Subsequently, the item response theory indicated adequate residuals (infit and outfit) for all items and satisfactory item-theta correlation values. The scale precision was α = .89. Four items showed differential functioning for the gender variable, three in favor of men. The analysis made it possible to identify the thoughts and feelings that most differentiate individuals with a high level of perceived stress, adding evidence of validity to the instrument for use in the Brazilian population.

Toward a representative assessment of competencies for a healthy, physically active lifestyle in the German population: development and validation of a short version of the physical activity-related health competence questionnaire (PAHCO_12)

Representative studies assessing behavior-oriented determinants for physically active lifestyles in the German adult population are lacking due to the absence of validated assessment instruments. Drawing on the physical activity-related health competence (PAHCO) model, the goal of the present study was to develop and evaluate a short version of PAHCO differentiating between the three sub-competencies ’movement competence’, ’control competence’, and ’self-regulation competence’. In the first step, we reduced the number of items from existing PAHCO-related questionnaires, while adjusting them for a telephone survey mode. In the second step, we validated this 12-item version with N = 3986 adults between 18 and 97 years (57.0 ± 18.2 years; 52.0% male) within the representative survey “German health Update” (GEDA 2023). We also gathered information about participants’ age, gender, education, leisure-time physical activity, and self-reported health. The psychometric analyses revealed satisfactory item statistics. Confirmatory factor analyses suggested a model variant in which two items showed theory-conform parallel loadings on a second sub-competence (comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.924, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.073, standardized root mean square residual [SRMR] = 0.044). The latent sub-competencies were significantly related to physical activity (0.20 ≤ β ≤ 0.27) and health (0.50 ≤ β ≤ 0.65), thus indicating criterion validity. The factor structure turned out to be invariant across age, gender, and educational levels. In summary, this study gained initial insights about the reliability and validity of a 12-item version of the PAHCO questionnaire. We recommend the instrument for use within representative surveys, for initial screening, the reporting of descriptive trends, or secondary outcomes of a trial.

Adaptation, Translation, and Validation of a Patient-Reported Experience Measure for Children and Young People for the Canadian Context

BackgroundPatient-reported experience measures (PREMs) evaluate children's and young people's (CYP) perceptions of care. An important PREM developed with and for children was created in London, UK. Given the absence of similar North American instruments, we aimed to adapt, translate, and linguistically validate this instrument for use in a Canadian pediatric outpatient setting. MethodsA qualitative design was used, involving CYP and their parents/caregivers. Phase 1 entailed the English survey adaptation using think-aloud testing, revision, and cognitive testing. Phase 2 involved translation into French, revision and back-translation, and cognitive testing. Phase 3 encompassed a cross-validation of the English and French versions of the adapted instrument. ResultsFifty-five children in 3 age groups (8-11y, 12-13y, 14-16y) participated in creating the Canadian PREM. In Phases 1 and 2, 41 children participated in reviewing and updating specific questions in the instrument, resulting in adjustments and revisions based on their feedback. In Phase 3, 14 bilingual children linguistically validated the PREM instrument. ConclusionsThis study reports the development of the first Canadian PREM specifically tailored to children. By incorporating the perspectives and preferences of CYP in clinical practice, this approach has the potential to amplify the delivery of patient-centered care for this vulnerable population and ensure that the needs and voices of CYP are acknowledged. Level of evidenceV, Therapeutic.