Construction Of Instrument Research Articles

On reducing errors in assessment instruments

ABSTRACT Errors that occasionally manifest in examination papers and other educational assessment instruments can threaten reliability and validity. For example, a multiple choice question could have two correct response options, or a geography question containing an inaccurate map could be unanswerable. In this paper we explore this oft-neglected element of fairness. We adopt the theoretical position that assessment instrument errors stem from different types of human failure, which in turn stem from system-level failure. We then explore how the term ‘error’ is used in conceptually different ways, potentially engendering confusion in academic discourse. We analysed error incident records from an international assessment organisation to develop a taxonomy of assessment instrument error types. Our taxonomy covers errors that manifest in assessments in all school subjects. We used it to develop an approach to process analysis for any system of checks applied during the later stages of instrument construction. This facilitates subsequent evaluation of the psychological causes of failure. The taxonomy and process analysis approach have applications in analysing types and rates of errors in different educational assessment instruments, in systemically comparing the demands and efficacies of alternative construction processes, and as structural and communication tools in qualitative research on error culture.

Quality of care in long-term care institutions: A scoping review of literature

This review sought to answer the question “What theoretical models have been used to define and evaluate the quality of care provided to older adults in long-term care institutions?” The employed study methodology followed the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers Manual. Using MESH terms and keywords such as “elderly,” “long-term care,” and “theoretical,” four electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and LILACS) were searched for articles in Portuguese, English, and Spanish, without a time frame restriction. Titles and abstracts were independently screened by two reviewers, followed by a full-text review. A total of 1,211 articles met our inclusion criteria, 80 were selected for full reading, and 21 were included for qualitative synthesis. The theoretical models cited in the studies included the multidimensional model (n = 10); the structure, process, and results model (n = 8); a theory centered on the person (n = 2); and one centered on the work environment (n = 1). Few articles used a conceptual model as the basis for assessing long-term care institutions, which is important for the construction of instruments and indicators that assess the quality of care.

More accounts of mingling art and science

In her article “Mingling art and science opens minds” (Physics Today, April 2021, page 24), Toni Feder mentions many interesting intersections between visual art and science. In 1819 physicist Félix Savart (1791–1841) said, “The efforts of scientists and those of artists are going to unite to bring to perfection an art that, for so long, has been limited to blind routine.”11. F. Savart, Mémoire sur la construction des instrumens à cordes et à archets (Dissertation on the Construction of String and Bow Instruments), Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret (1819), p. 77.See also F. Savart, Ann. Chim. Phys. 12, 225 (1819). Trapezoidal violin by Félix Savart. (Adapted from E. Heron-Allen, Violin-Making, As It Was and Is, E. Howe, 1914, p. 117.) PPT|High resolutionSavart is best known to physicists through the Biot–Savart law in electromagnetism. He is, however, also known for studying the acoustics of violins.22. V. A. McKusick, H. K. Wiskind, J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci. XIV, 411 (1959). https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/XIV.10.411 His friendship with luthier Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume (1798–1875) provided Savart with opportunities to investigate instruments made by Antonio Stradivari (ca. 1644–1737). Savart started asking how we could understand the performance of a violin from the plates before they are assembled.33. C. M. Hutchins, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 73, 1421 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1121/1.389430 He even made a trapezoidal violin (see the sketches above) whose acoustics proved that the instrument’s characteristic shape serves only aesthetic purposes. For him the art is about the violin.ReferencesSection:ChooseTop of pageReferences <<1. F. Savart, Mémoire sur la construction des instrumens à cordes et à archets (Dissertation on the Construction of String and Bow Instruments), Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret (1819), p. 77. Google ScholarSee also F. Savart, Ann. Chim. Phys. 12, 225 (1819). Google Scholar2. V. A. McKusick, H. K. Wiskind, J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci. XIV, 411 (1959). https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/XIV.10.411, Google ScholarCrossref3. C. M. Hutchins, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 73, 1421 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1121/1.389430, Google ScholarCrossref, ISI© 2021 American Institute of Physics.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS: A QUESTIONNAIRE AND AN INTERVIEW GUIDE USED TO INVESTIGATE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION OBJECTIVES AND THE ATTAINMENT OF CAMEROON'S VISION 2035

This paper is an excerpt from a Master Degree Thesis (M.Ed.) conducted in 2016. The aim is to present a systematic and detailed explanation of the construction and administration of two research instruments (a questionnaire and an interview guide) used for data collection in the study “The Implementation of Higher Education Objectives and the Attainment of Cameroon's Vision 2035”. This information will serve as a useful guide to the researchers working in the same or similar research project at various context, to adapt or adopt the various items in these instruments when and wherever necessary. The questionnaire (44 items) and interview guide used in the aforementioned study were subjected to Validity and reliability. To give a clear picture of the context and nature of the aforementioned research, the researcher included some related sections from the original research which led to (guided) the construction of the research instruments. These sections include; statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, research design, instrumentation, questionnaire for students, validation of the instrument (face and content), reliability of the instrument, administration of instruments, and procedure for data analysis. A step-by-step (systematic) reading of the aforementioned sections will guide readers to understand why and how the research instruments were selected and constructed. Based on previous studies and related literature, the researcher concluded that a questionnaire and an interview guide were appropriate instruments for the aforementioned study.&#x0D; &#x0D; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0791/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

A Virtual Instrument for Measuring the Piezoelectric Coefficients of a Thin Disc in Radial Resonant Mode

In this paper, we describe and present a Virtual Instrument, a tool that allows the determination of the electromechanical, dielectric, and elastic coefficients in polarised ferroelectric ceramic discs (piezoceramics) in the linear range, including all of the losses when the piezoceramics are vibrating in radial mode. There is no evidence in the recent scientific literature of any automatic system conceived and implemented as a Virtual Instrument based on an iterative algorithm issued as an alternative to solve the limitations of the ANSI IEEE 176 standard for the characterisation of piezoelectric coefficients of thin discs in resonant mode. The characterisation of these coefficients is needed for the design of ultrasonic sensors and generators. In 1995, two of the authors of this work, together with other authors, published an iterative procedure that allowed for the automatic determination of the complex constants for lossy piezoelectric materials in radial mode. As described in this work, the procedures involved in using a Virtual Instrument have been improved: the response time for the characterisation of a piezoelectric sample is shorter (approximately 5 s); the accuracy in measurement and, therefore, in the estimates of the coefficients has been increased; the calculation speed has been increased; an intuitive, simple, and friendly user interface has been designed, and tools have been provided for exporting and inspecting the measured and processed data. No Virtual Instrument has been found in the recent scientific literature that has improved on the iterative procedure designed in 1995. This Virtual Instrument is based on the measurement of a unique magnitude, the electrical admittance (Y = G + iB) in the frequency range of interest. After measuring the electrical admittance, estimates of the set of piezoelectric coefficients of the device are obtained. The programming language used in the construction of the Virtual Instrument is LabVIEW 2019®.

Principles for Minimizing Errors in Examination Papers and Other Educational Assessment Instruments

Errors in examination papers and other assessment instruments can compromise fairness. For example, a history question containing an incorrect historical date could be impossible for students to answer. Incorrect instructions at the start of an examination could lead students to answer the wrong number of questions. As there is little research on this issue within the educational assessment community, we reviewed the literature on minimizing errors in other industries and domains, including aviation, energy, and medicine. We identified generalizable principles and applied them to our context of educational assessment. We argue that since assessment instrument construction is a complex system comprising numerous interacting components, a holistic approach to system improvement is required. Assessment instrument errors stem primarily from human failure. When human failure occurs, it is not good enough to suggest that ‘to err is simply human’. Instead it is necessary to look deeper, evaluating the latent working conditions that underpin the efficacy of procedures, making the human failure more or less likely. Drawing from the aviation industry’s ergonomic SHELLO model, we articulate and explore three of the most critical working conditions that relate to our context: (i) time pressure, (ii) workload and stress, and (iii) wider organizational culture, including good error data collection. We conclude with recommendations for best practice in minimizing errors in assessment instruments. A ‘good’ error culture should be promoted, which avoids blaming individuals. Errors should be acknowledged readily by all, and system owners should take a scientific approach to understanding and learning from them.

Biomechanical comparison of four types of instrumentation constructs for revision surgery in lumbar adjacent segment disease: A finite element study

BackgroundDifferent constructs are applied in revision surgery (RS) for adjacent segment disease (ASD) aiming to further decompress and fixate the affected segment(s) in two ways: replacing or preserving the primary implants. This study aimed to compare the biomechanical properties of four constructs with different configurations. MethodsAn T12-L5 finite element (FE) model was constructed and validated. Primary surgery was performed at L4-L5 and instrumented from L3 to L5. Thereafter, RS was undertook by decompressing L2-L3 and fixated with implant-replacing construct A, or implant-preserving construct B, C or D. Range of motion (ROM) and intervertebral disc pressure (IDP) were compared. Maximum von Mises stress on the rods between Construct A and B was evaluated. ResultsAn obvious reduction of ROM was observed when the FE model was instrumented with four constructs respectively. The overall changing characteristics of ROM were approximately identical among four constructs. The changing characteristic of IDP among four constructs was similar. The degree of IDP reduction of Construct B was comparable to Construct A, while that of Construct C was comparable to Construct D. Maximum von Mises stress on the rods between Construct A and B indicated that no stress concentration was recorded at the locking part of the connector rod. ConclusionsThe biomechanics of implant-preserving constructs were comparable to the traditional implant-replacing construct. The location of side-by-side connector could not affect the stability of Construct C and D. Construct B might be an optimal choice in RS for less dissection, less complication and more convenience in manipulation.

Construction of Validity and Reliability of an Observational Instrument to Assess the Technical Execution in Lead Climbing

Background: The speed world record (WR) performance is an achievement achieved by athletes in the competitive rock-climbing category, where the athlete must complete the climbing route on a standard artificial climbing wall with a height of 15m in the shortest possible time. Purpose: This study aimed to construct and validate an observational instrument to assess technical execution in lead climbing. The instrument developed can be used to assess progress to achieve the important aspects of climbing movement methods. Design / methodology / approach: Importantly, the construction of its validity and reliability was conducted in four stages. The first stage was a literature review on the construction of the observational instrument. In the second stage, the instrument's construction was established. The content validity coefficient was determined in the third stage using Aiken's V and 7 experts with various qualifications, including the level of understanding, appropriateness of the words, and the relevance of the statement with a grading scale of 0-10. The instrument's internal validity was calculated using 20 climbers and was quantitatively tested using the product-moment correlation. In the fourth stage, instrument reliability was determined using Cronbach's Alpha reliability test. Results showed that the observational instrument has content validity with optimal internal value as well as satisfactory reliability. Conclusion: Observational instruments were valid and reliable; therefore, they can be used to assess technical execution for novice climbers in lead climbing. It allows instructors, coaches, and teachers to assess the technical execution of novice climbers specifically in lead climbing.

Psychometric testing of the hemodialysis self‐management instrument (HDSMI‐18): A confirmatory factor analysis

AimThe aim of this study was to probe the rigorousness of the factor structure of the HDSMI and to test the instrument's construct validity.DesignCross‐sectional study.MethodsThe hemodialysis unit of four hospitals in Taiwan provided data from 628 patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD), through the period of September to December in 2012. The patients were divided into a calibration sample for CFA and model modification, and a validation sample for cross‐validation of the postmodification model. Goodness of fit was tested with standard fit indices.ResultsThe four latent variables (i.e. partnership, self‐care, problem‐solving and emotional management) were verified as dimensions of HDSMI through CFA. The construct validity of the HDSMI was improved by omitting two items, allowing one inter‐item correlation and transferring the loading of one item. These modifications improved fit indices of the calibration sample. Cross‐validation of the validation sample verified the construct validity of the modified HDSMI‐18.

Harnessing the Power of Data

Research capacity is the basic currency of a sentencing commission, and the gold standard is data, with its capability of being transformed into meaningful information to support policy development and guide sentencing decisions. This paper investigates the science of best practices in Pennsylvania and the roles of the Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing in collecting, preparing, and disseminating sentencing and resentencing data; in collaborating with other agencies to integrate justice-related data; and in establishing partnerships to expand the research capacity of the Commission to use these data. The application of evidence-based practices—of harnessing the power of data to develop policy and support decision making—will be demonstrated through a discussion of four Commission projects: construction and validation of a sentence risk assessment instrument; comprehensive review of the use of criminal history in the Pennsylvania Sentencing Guidelines; establishment of state parole guidelines; and design of a modular population projection simulation model.

Predisposing and Precipitating Factors for Delirium in the Very Old (≥80 Years): A Prospective Cohort Study of 3,076 Patients

Background: Predisposing and precipitating factors for delirium for the elderly, over the age of 65 years, are known, but not for the very old, over 80 years. As the society is getting older and evermore patients will reach >80 years, more evidence of the factors and their contribution to delirium is required in this patient group. Methods: In the course of 1 year, 3,076 patients above 80 years were screened prospectively for delirium based on a Delirium Observation Screening (DOS) scale, Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC), and a DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual)-5 nursing instrument (ePA-AC) construct. Relevant predisposing and precipitating factors for delirium were assessed with a multiple regression analysis. Results: Of 3,076 patients above 80 years, 1,285 (41.8%) developed a delirium, which led to twice prolonged hospitalization (p < 0.001), requirement for subsequent assisted living (OR 2.2, CI: 1.73–2.8, p < 0.001), and increased mortality (OR 24.88, CI: 13.75–45.03, p < 0.001). Relevant predisposing factors were dementia (OR 15.6, CI: 10.17–23.91, p < 0.001), pressure sores (OR 4.61, CI: 2.74–7.76, p < 0.001), and epilepsy (OR 3.65, CI: 2.12–6.28, p < 0.0001). Relevant precipitating factors were acute renal failure (4.96, CI: 2.38–10.3, p < 0.001), intracranial hemorrhage (OR 8.7, CI: 4.27–17.7, p < 0.001), and pleural effusions (OR 3.25, CI: 1.77–17.8, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Compared to the general delirium rate of approximately 20%, the prevalence of delirium doubled above the age of 80 years (41.8%) due to predisposing factors uncommon in younger patients.

Privative constructions in Mesoamerica: How do languages without ‘without’ actually function?

Languages in the Mesoamerican linguistic area have been reported to lack a dedicated means of expressing the privative meaning that encodes the absence of a participant in a situation. This micro-typological study identifies alternative strategies that the languages in this area employ to function without dedicated privative markers, namely borrowing the Spanish preposition sin, the use of regular negative constructions, including negative existential and copulative constructions, and developing functionally restricted markers for particular semantic domains (body parts, clothes, and so forth). The fact that Mesoamerican languages are averse to the use of negative comitative or instrumental constructions supports that privatives have a more complex semantic nature than a simple negation of possession, existence, or comitativity. A notable similarity in the privative constructions employed in Mesoamerica and in the languages to the north reflects the linguistic relationship between Mesoamerica and the American Southwest.

Revisão Sistemática da Literatura sobre Ansiedade em Estudantes do Ensino Superior

No Ensino Superior as rotinas estressantes muitas vezes contribuem para o desenvolvimento de transtorno de ansiedade ou para agravamento de quadros pré-existentes. Esse estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura em periódicos nacionais de 2005 a 2019 sobre transtorno de ansiedade em estudantes universitários. Os artigos foram pesquisados nas seguintes bases de dados: Google Acadêmico, SciELO, LILACS e Pepsic. Utilizou-se o critério de inclusão apenas de periódicos com a temática ansiedade em universitários e a partir da análise dos resumos foram obtidos 37 artigos. Desta forma, foram excluídos os artigos que não se adequavam ao critério adotado. Os resultados conduziram a estudos de caracterização (13), intervenção (13), prevalência (5), relato de experiência (2) e construção de instrumento (1). As publicações sobre caracterização e intervenção foram as que apresentaram maior incidência pelo fato de determinar e ter ferramentas e mesmo estratégias para melhor intervir no próprio contexto estudantil. O estudo vem a contribuir com a prática de novas pesquisas sobre o tema e amplia o conhecimento sobre os fatores que implicam nos transtornos de ansiedade em estudantes do Ensino Superior. Uma das limitações do estudo foi não ter incluído outras fontes de dados como livros, dissertações e teses.

Methods in Capturing the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Flow and Biogeochemical Reactivity in Sandy Beach Aquifers: A Review

Sandy beach aquifers are complex hydrological and biogeochemical systems where fresh groundwater and seawater mix. The extent of the intertidal mixing zone and the rates of circulating flows within beaches are a primary control on porewater chemistry and microbiology of the intertidal subsurface. Interplay between the hydrological and biogeochemical processes at these land-sea transition zones moderate fluxes of chemicals, particulates, heavy metals, and biota across the aquifer-ocean interface, affecting coastal water quality and nutrient loads to marine ecosystems. Thus, it is important to characterize hydrological and biogeochemical processes in beach aquifers when estimating material fluxes to the ocean. This can be achieved through a suite of cross-disciplinary measurements of beach groundwater flow and chemistry. In this review, we present measurement approaches that have been developed and employed to characterize the physical (geology, topography, subsurface hydrology) and biogeochemical (solute and particulate distributions, reaction rates) properties of and processes occurring within sandy intertidal aquifers. As applied to beach systems, we discuss vibracoring, sample collection, laboratory experiments, variable-density considerations, instrument construction, and sensor technologies. We discuss advantages and limitations of typical hydrologic field sampling methods when used to investigate beach aquifers and provide a measurement framework for researchers seeking to sample and collect data from these systems.

Epistemologia da prática pedagógica no esporte

Ciência do conhecimento humano, a epistemologia, também sustentáculo da prática pedagógica e das teorias da aprendizagem,é amparada por três vertentes conceituais - a inatista ou apriorista, a empirista e a interacionista - que, por sua vez, dão luz à diferentes abordagens de ensino e saberes pedagógicos que sustentam o processo de aprendizagem e ação docente na Educação Física e no esporte. O objetivo do estudo, assim, passou por elucidar os procedimentos de construção de um instrumento metodológico que mapeie as bases epistemológicas de profissionais e futuros profissionais de Educação Física e esporte, materializado pela aplicação de um questionário fechado com estudantes de graduação e pós-graduação dos cursos de Educação Física e Ciências do Esporte. O estudo, desse modo, tem natureza quali-quantitativa e caráter descritivo-exploratório.Ainda que tenham denotado maior aproximação aos preceitos pedagógicos interacionistas, houve, em maior ou menor medida, relevante identificação dos estudantes com as outras teorias do conhecimento. Evoca-se, assim, a importância de se fomentar reflexões quanto às teorias pedagógicas e epistemológica que sustentam a prática de ensino esportivo, de modo a minimizar contradições na ação docente.

Ultra-broadband and covalently linked core–shell CoFe2O4@PPy nanoparticles with reduced graphene oxide for microwave absorption

Covalent bond usually ensures a stable connection between nonmetallic atoms. However, the traditional reflux method usually requires the construction of complex instruments and equipment with tedious steps to ensure airtightness and reaction stability. In this work, an advanced method is adopted to bind core–shell CoFe2O4@PPy and rGO tightly via the aid of 2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethanamine (PyEA), dispense with a high-temperature environment or protective gas. Cobalt ferrite core and polypyrrole shell collaborate to approach suitable magnetic and conduction loss, while reduced graphene oxide usually provides a stable sheet structure for interface multiple reflections, and replenish the insufficient dielectric loss. The filled biscuit-shaped covalently bond CoFe2O4@PPy-rGO has a fantastically broad absorption bandwidth of 13.12 GHz under the thickness of 3.6 mm, together with a minimum reflection loss of −50.1 dB at 6.56 GHz, achieving both impedance matching and attenuation matching, and effectively responding to all electromagnetic waves in the X and Ku bands. Thus, the covalently bonded CoFe2O4@PPy-rGO has potential application in broadband absorption.

Sentence comprehension in heritage language: Isomorphism, word order, and language transfer

This study examines the role of cross-linguistic transfer versus general processing strategy in two groups of heritage speakers ( n = 28 per group) with the same heritage language – Russian – and typologically different dominant languages: English and Estonian. A group of homeland Russian speakers ( n = 36) is tested to provide baseline comparison. Within the framework of the Competition model (MacWhinney, 2012), cross-linguistic transfer is defined as reliance on the processing cue prevalent in the heritage speaker’s dominant language (e.g. word order in English) for comprehension of heritage language. In accordance with the Isomorphic Mapping Hypothesis (O’Grady and Lee, 2005), the general processing strategy is defined in terms of isomorphism as a linear alignment between the order of the sentence constituents and the temporal sequence of events. Participants were asked to match pictures on the computer screen with auditorily presented sentences. Sentences included locative or instrumental constructions, in which two cues – word order (basic vs. inverted) and isomorphism mapping (isomorphic vs. nonisomorphic) – were fully crossed. The results revealed that (1) Russian native speakers are sensitive to isomorphism in sentence processing; (2) English-dominant heritage speakers experience dominant language transfer, as evidenced by their reliance primarily on the word order cue; (3) Estonian-dominant heritage speakers do not show significant effects of isomorphism or word order but experience significant processing costs in all conditions.

O espaço urbano na Amazônia como campo de aplicação de forças fiversas: a governança municipal e a participação popular no Centro Histórico de Belém

Este estudo tem como objetivo discutir sobre as políticas públicas e a participação popular em relação ao Centro Histórico de Belém. Por uma ótica transdisciplinar, o artigo analisa como intervenções no patrimônio, subsidiadas pelo Estado, provocam segregação social e perda de referências identitárias ao favorecer um processo de privatização do espaço urbano, que se contradiz à narrativa de abrangência das políticas de patrimonialização inclusiva e plural e torna proeminente a percepção de mercantilização da cidade. O artigo argumenta ainda que é necessário o alargamento e a inclusão de representatividade imaterial e participação social na construção de instrumentos de preservação.

Indexing environmental sustainability literacy knowledge among malaysian youth: confirmatory factor analysis approach (cfa)

An index is one of the approaches to measuring behaviour and is commonly used in economics and social sciences. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the key factors for indexing environmental sustainability literacy knowledge among Malaysian youth using exploratory and confirmatory analyses. Respondents consisted of 100 Malaysian youth who were selected using a simple random sampling technique. A questionnaire using a Likert scale was used to get the responses. The results show that study items achieved acceptable reliability with Cronbach Alpha values for each variable greater than .70 and meet the test of normality. Then, the data obtained were processed through an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to observe the factor structure of environmental sustainability literacy knowledge. Next, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was also conducted to validate the accumulated variables. In conclusion, the findings from both analyses have identified and validated the four key factors in Malaysian youth environmental sustainability literacy knowledge, namely lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. The findings also indicate that a fit indices value is in compliance with the terms set forth. Therefore, the four factors set out should be emphasized in the construction of instruments for indexing environmental sustainability literacy knowledge among Malaysian youth.

An Instrument for Measuring Perception about Social and Human Factors that Influence Software Development Productivity

In terms of productivity in software development, there is specific interest in identifying its influencing factors. For this purpose, several classification approaches have been previously used, which have already recognized technical factors, organizational factors, product factors, project factors, and personal factors. However, these approaches often focus on technical factors over social and human factors (SHFs). Nevertheless, in addition to the obvious technical aspects, the software development process involves problem-solving skills and cognitive aspects and social interaction. In this sense, determining SHFs can lead to software organizations designing strategies for improving team productivity. In this study, we first conducted a preliminary classification of the SHFs identified in the literature. Because this study seeks to assess the factors from the standpoint of software development professionals, we developed and validated an instrument to measure the perception of software development team members about SHFs that may be affecting their productivity. For this purpose, the first four stages of survey-based research were followed: objective definition, survey design, instrument construction, instrument validity, and reliability assessment. The instrument included 79 items assessing 13 different SHFs. After assessing both their validity and reliability, the results demonstrated that the instrument is a valid and reliable tool for measuring SHFs perception among software development team members.