Instruction Leaflet Research Articles

Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, Impatiens necrotic spot tospovirus and Watermelon silver mottle tospovirus

<i>Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus</i>, <i>Impatiens necrotic spot tospovirus</i> and <i>Watermelon silver mottle tospovirus</i>

A collaborative study to validate novel field immunoassay kits for rapid mycotoxin detection

Kits designed to detect ochratoxin A (OA) and T-2 toxin by a membrane-based flow-through enzyme immunoassay were studied collaboratively by screening cereals (wheat, rye, maize and barley) for the presence of these mycotoxins. Sample preparation and test procedure were clearly described in the instruction leaflets included in the kits. A simple methanol-based extraction followed by filtration and dilution steps was prescribed. Reagents were successively pipetted to the membrane of the device, then colour development was evaluated visually. Limits of detection for the ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin tests were 4 and 50 μg kg −1, respectively. Five laboratories took part in the first stage of this study, and five more joined the second stage. Cereal samples (blank, spiked or inoculated) were shipped with the kits to the participating laboratories, while results obtained were confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin, respectively. Some initial difficulties were encountered. In the second stage, four ochratoxin A and four T-2 toxin kits were used by 10 collaborators to analyse 21 cereal samples. For the ochratoxin A kits, the percentage of false positive and false negative results were 2% and 4%, respectively. The results of one T-2 toxin kit were outliers and when excluded, the overall percentage false positive and false negative results were 6% and 3%, respectively.

Drug advertising--users want information. Report of telephone survey conducted by North-Rhine Westphalia Public Health Service on the topic of drug advertising and drug information for users

In Germany, drug advertising of non-prescription drugs is a controversial subject. On the one hand, consumer organisations plead for placing a ban on advertising or at least to offer a detailed description of medical risks in respect of protection. On the other hand, the pharmaceutical industry is keen on liberalizing the specific advertising law for drugs. A representative telephone survey among the population of North Rhine-Westphalia was conducted in April and May 1999. It showed consumer interest in advertising, the value of information on risks, the institution with maximum credibility in drug information for consumers, the importance of the now obligatory sentence after every advertisement: Regarding risks and side effects read the leaflet in the package and ask your physician or pharmacist, and to what extend the consumer would take advice from independent experts over the telephone about drugs. It was found that, in particular women, about 30% are occasionally interested in advertising, younger people are more open-minded about advertising than older people; and that doctors and pharmacists have the most credibility and are consulted for further information. It was also found that more than 80% of the population demanded precise information on the side effects of drugs. One-third of the consumers declared that the obligatory sentence (see above) led to greater demand for information from doctors or to read attentively the instruction leaflet. Nevertheless, there is a need for more information from more than half of the consumers, who would take advantage of an independent advice centre if this should exist.

Évaluation de la facilité d'apprentissage d'un système d'inhalation déclenché par l'inspiration chez l'enfant asthmatique

Poor inhaler technique in asthmatics is well documented. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of reading the instruction leaflet and the consultant's explanations on the use of the new breath-actuated inhaler (Autohaler 3M). In this study were participating 379 asthmatic children and adolescents, aged from four to 17 years (mean age: 10; 64% boys), recruited by 80 pediatricians. The use of the Autohaler device was considered to be correct if the shaking, lip position, deep inhalation and apnea were all properly performed. The Autohaler was used correctly by 42% of the subjects simply after reading the instruction leaflet (phase I), and by 75% of the subjects who, having failed phase I, received the consultant's explanations (phase II). At the end of phases I and II, the device was correctly used by 84% of the subjects. In multivariate analysis, those under the age of nine years and those with no prior use of inhaler systems accounted for a significant amount of the incorrect use of the Autohaler during phase I. In phase II, only the fact of being less than nine years old was significantly related to incorrect use. More than four-fifths of the asthmatic children and adolescents properly used the Autohaler after merely reading the instructions and after receiving additional explanation from the consultant. The marked improvement obtained after medical explanations underlines the essential educative role of the physician when prescribing. Young children require specific training and particularly careful attention.

Is the EPR paradox really a paradox?

The EPR paradox and the meaning of the Bell inequality are discussed. It is shown that if the quantum objects are considered as carrying `instruction leaflets' with them, telling them what to do when meeting a measurement apparatus, then any paradox disappears. In this view the quantum state is characterized by the prescribed behaviour rather than by the specific value a parameter assumes as a result of an interaction.

Perception Among Paediatric Patients of the Diskus® Inhaler, a Novel Multidose Powder Inhaler for Use in the Treatment of Asthma

162 asthmatic children aged 4 to 14 years were recruited in this study. All were regular and experienced users of the metered-dose inhaler (MDI), but had no history of powder inhaler use. The majority (90%) had suffered from asthma for more than 1 year, and most (78%) had used an MDI for more than 1 year. Children were interviewed either directly or via their parents (depending on their age) to determine their asthma history, attitudes towards their current inhaler, views on the ideal inhalation device and their attitude towards 2 different powder inhalers, the Diskus® (or Accuhaler®) inhaler and the Turbuhaler® inhaler. 82% found their currently used MDI easy or very easy to handle, with effectiveness in delivering the drug (54%) and ease of operation (43%) being regarded as the features of the device they were most satisfied with on spontaneous response. A dose counter and ease of use during an attack were the 2 features of an ideal inhaler that were rated most highly (62 and 69% of respondents, respectively). Other important features of an ideal inhaler included sensation of taking a dose, a pleasant tasting dose, and a hygienic device that was small in size. When their attitudes towards 2 different powder inhalers, the Diskus® inhaler and the Turbuhaler® inhaler, were assessed using an objective and independently administered questionnaire, 88% indicated that they would be quite happy or very happy to have a Diskus® inhaler prescribed for them, compared with 71% who would be quite happy or very happy to have a Turbuhaler® inhaler prescribed. When specific features were assessed for each device, the Diskus® inhaler scored significantly better (p < 0.0001) than the Turbuhaler® inhaler for the presence of an attached cover, assessing the number of doses left, attractiveness, shape, perceived ease of use, ease of holding, comfortable mouthpiece, hygiene, instruction leaflet and weight. The Turbuhaler® inhaler scored significantly better on size (p = 0.02), but only amongst the parents of the 4- to 9-year-old children. Overall, the Diskus® inhaler was preferred to the Turbuhaler® inhaler (p < 0.0001), with perceived ease of use and attractiveness being cited as the main reasons for preference.

Factors affecting total and "respirable" dose delivered by a salbutamol metered dose inhaler.

Many factors contribute to the high variability of doses delivered to the lungs of patients using metered dose inhalers (MDIs). Relatively little attention has been paid to the contribution to this variability of the way in which the MDI is handled before the inhalation manoeuvre. Instruction leaflets often recommend procedures at odds with those used for in vitro testing of the device. The standard protocol for in vitro assessment of salbutamol MDIs involves shaking the MDI vigorously for 30 seconds and wasting the first two actuations. Subsequent actuations are introduced into the testing device at five second intervals. Patient instructions do not include a recommendation to waste the first two actuations and recommend a delay of one minute between actuations. A series of experiments was performed to determine whether such differences might be important. The total and "respirable" doses delivered by a salbutamol MDI (Ventolin, Allen & Hanburys) under various conditions were assessed with a multistage liquid impinger. The quantity of drug deposited on each stage was measured by an ultraviolet spectrophotometric method. The effect on the delivered dose of not shaking the canister, not wasting the first two doses, waiting 30 seconds between actuations, and using multiple rapid actuations was assessed by comparing the results with those obtained using the standard in vitro testing protocol. Compared with a standard protocol, it was found that not shaking the MDI before use reduced the total and "respirable" dose by 25.5% and 35.7%, respectively. The dose delivered when actuating the MDI at 30 second intervals was no different from that when intervals was no different from that when intervals of five seconds were used. Two actuations separated by one second had no effect on the total dose but reduced the "respirable" dose by 15.8%, while four rapid actuations reduced the total and "respirable" doses by 8.2% and 18.2%, respectively. Storing the MDI stem down reduced the total and "respirable" dose delivered in the first actuation by 25.0% and 23.3% despite shaking the MDI before use. MDIs containing drug in suspension must be shaken before use to resuspend the drug contained in the MDI, but shaking does not alter the composition of the suspension in the metering chamber and hence the dose in the first actuation remains low. Very rapid actuations can reduce the dose delivered per actuation, but salbutamol MDIs can be actuated immediately after a 10 second breath holding pause without affecting the dose delivered.

The use of balloon catheters in the treatment of epistaxis.

Inflatable balloon catheters are widely used in the treatment of severe epistaxis and are designed to be filled either with air or liquid. A postal survey revealed that 87 per cent of respondents used an inflatant which was deemed inappropriate by the manufacturer. When balloons designed for water or saline were filled with air, they deflated rapidly, in some cases being virtually empty after 24 hours. Better and more accessible instruction leaflets are required if the balloons are to be used as intended. Foley catheters are frequently used as nasopharyngeal packs, in conjunction with anterior nasal packs. Paraffin in the commonly used anterior packs damages the rubber of the catheter, resulting in the balloon bursting. This should be recognized by clinicians as a possible cause of rebleeding.

How are Physiotherapists Using the Vessa Pneumatic Post-amputation Mobility Aid?

<h2>Summary</h2> A questionnaire survey was carried out among 58 physiotherapists assessing and treating amputees, to study their use of the Vessa pneumatic post amputation mobility aid (PPAM aid). The availability of equipment, the physiotherapists' knowledge of its component parts, its use in the clinical setting and the problems encountered with its use were investigated. The results showed that there was restricted availability and/or a lack of knowledge of some components. Application procedures varied from those recommended by the manufacturer and from others in relevant literature, and consequently the PPAM aid was sometimes being used in a potentially hazardous way. All physiotherapists reported practical problems with the PPAM aid equipment. Results of the survey suggest the need for modifications of the equipment and a new instruction leaflet to improve knowledge of its application and maintenance. It must be noted that this study was carried out prior to the introduction of the PPAM Aid Mark II which, along with detailed instructional literature, was introduced in Spring 1991. The PPAM Aid Mark I referred to in this article is now obsolete.

Contact lens care systems : an update

Contact lens care products on the UK market are safe and effective when used in accordance with the product data sheets and instruction leaflets. Correct adherence to protocols results in a low level of adverse reactions. However patients and practitioners can easily become complacent and abuse care products with potentially disastrous consequences; the recent concern over the incidence of Acanthamoeboid keratitis and contact lens wear is an example. The presentation will consider some currentapproaches to simplification of lens care regimens which should prove beneficial to the task of promoting patient compliance.

Calcul d'efficacite theorique et image theorique du depot pour un impacteur en cascade modele casella MK 2

A theoretical study of impaction in the Casella MK2 cascade impactor (Casella, undated, 2) is carried out. The starting point is the fluid pattern proposed by Hochrainer and Zebel (1970) and derived from Davies and Aylward (1951), Ranz and Wong (1952) and Mercer and Chow (1968). Two theoretical efficiency functions bracketing the experimental efficiency function quoted by Casella & Co. Ltd., are evaluated: the lower function is for an obstacle of determined height, the higher one for an infinitely high obstacle. From these results. a theoretical picture is obtained of the deposits on the collector plates. The theoretical calibration is compared with the experimental results of Casella instruction leaflet 3018/RD (undated, 1), due regard being given to the differences between the MK1 pattern described in the leaflet and the MK2 pattern submitted to the study.

Book Review: Framework Molecular Models. Construction set with 24‐page instruction leaflet

Angewandte Chemie International Edition in EnglishVolume 8, Issue 4 p. 293-293 Book Review Book Review: Framework Molecular Models. Construction set with 24-page instruction leaflet H. Grünewald, H. GrünewaldSearch for more papers by this author H. Grünewald, H. GrünewaldSearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1969 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.196902932AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume8, Issue4April 1969Pages 293-293 RelatedInformation

Cell construction for current limiting reactors

FOR MANY YEARS, current-limiting reactor manufacturers have been showing on outline drawings dimensions for distance to magnetic materials. Instruction leaflets define magnetic materials as “… I-beams, channels, plates, and other steel structures hidden or exposed. Steel reinforcing rods not over 3/4 inch in diameter which do not form a complete electric circuit are not considered magnetic material.” Warning is given that conducting loops which enclose flux act as the short-circuited secondary winding of a transformer. The clearances to magnetic materials shown in Fig. 1 are sufficient to keep magnetic saturation losses low enough so parts will not exceed 30 C rise. However, clearances do not permit constructing the cell to form a closed circuit about the reactor; nor are they great enough to permit use of high conductivity metals. The construction in Fig. 1 of an all-metal cell is not recommended unless the coils are magnetically shielded. Consider a 5%, 400 ampere feeder reactor having 40 turns of conductor placed in such a cell. From Fig. 2, we can approximate wall currents in the cell. For 20 times normal current, the coil would develop 400 × 40 × 20 = 320,000 ampere turns plus the possibility that the first half cycle would be fully offset to increase the ampere turns to 512,000 rms. For W/d = 2 we find the current in the cell wall will be 6.4% for aluminum (32,700 amperes); 2.4% for 11 microhm magnetic steel, 3,200 amperes per sq. in. (12,300 amperes); 0.66% for 70 microhm nonmagnetic metal (3,400 amperes). The aluminum cell would probably be blown open. The magnetic and nonmagnetic steel cells might also be opened, depending on how many and how tightly the bolts were drawn up that fasten the side sheets to the framing. At normal reactor current, the aluminum cell wall would have 6.4% of normal ampere turns (1,024 amperes); the current density in the magnetic steel would make its ampere turns the same as the 70 microhm nonmagnetic 0.66% (106 amperes). None of the foregoing cells would have excessive heating at normal current but, under fault conditions, they might prove to be dangerous. Insulated joint or magnetic shielded construction should be used.

Cell Construction for Current-Limiting Reactors

FOR MANY YEARS, current-limiting reactor manufacturers have been showing on outline drawings dimensions for distance to magnetic materials. Instruction leaflets define magnetic materials as “… I-beams, channels, plates, and other steel structures hidden or exposed. Steel reinforcing rods not over 3/4 inch in diameter which do not form a complete electric circuit are not considered magnetic material.” Warning is given that conducting loops which enclose flux act as the short-circuited secondary winding of a transformer. The clearances to magnetic materials shown in Fig. 1 are sufficient to keep magnetic saturation losses low enough so parts will not exceed 30 C rise. However, clearances do not permit constructing the cell to form a closed circuit about the reactor; nor are they great enough to permit use of high conductivity metals. The construction in Fig. 1 of an all-metal cell is not recommended unless the coils are magnetically shielded. Consider a 5%, 400 ampere feeder reactor having 40 turns of conductor placed in such a cell. From Fig. 2, we can approximate wall currents in the cell. For 20 times normal current, the coil would develop 400 × 40 × 20 = 320,000 ampere turns plus the possibility that the first half cycle would be fully offset to increase the ampere turns to 512,000 rms. For W/d = 2 we find the current in the cell wall will be 6.4% for aluminum (32,700 amperes); 2.4% for 11 microhm magnetic steel, 3,200 amperes per sq. in. (12,300 amperes); 0.66% for 70 microhm nonmagnetic metal (3,400 amperes). The aluminum cell would probably be blown open. The magnetic and nonmagnetic steel cells might also be opened, depending on how many and how tightly the bolts were drawn up that fasten the side sheets to the framing. At normal reactor current, the aluminum cell wall would have 6.4% of normal ampere turns (1,024 amperes); the current density in the magnetic steel would make its ampere turns the same as the 70 microhm nonmagnetic 0.66% (106 amperes). None of the foregoing cells would have excessive heating at normal current but, under fault conditions, they might prove to be dangerous. Insulated joint or magnetic shielded construction should be used.

Fishery Conservation through Education

Abstract The Fish and Wildlife Service has formed an organization to engage in commercial fishery education. This section will prepare and collect instructional motion-picture films, film strips, manuals, leaflets, displays, and other visual material; arrange demonstrations; offer consulting services; sponsor training courses in colleges; and arrange cooperative training programs with fishery organizations. Training will include tested and approved methods for fishing, handling of products, distribution, fish cookery, and sanitation.

The Future Citizen and his Mother

WITH a falling birth-rate and the loss of life occasioned by the great war, the subjects of maternity and child welfare have assumed enhanced import ance, and the Chadwick Trustees were well advised to institute a series of lectures on these subjects. Needless to say, Dr. Porter has dealt with the question in an entirely satisfactory manner. In the introductory chapter attention is directed to the falling birth-rate and to the wastage of infant life that goes on. Whereas more than 1,000,000 babies should be provided every year, as a matter of fact only some 800,000 or 900,000 are forthcoming! In the next chapter the care of motherhood is considered. In the worst districts nearly nine, and in the best three or four, mothers die for every 1000 babies born, and it is important to note that maternal death-rate from child-bearing and infant mortality go hand in hand. Valuable suggestions are given for bettering this state of affairs—by the institution of maternity centres and ante-natal clinics, the circulation of instructional leaflets, etc. In the third chapter the infant and infant-mortality, and in the fourth the young child and child-mortality, are discussed at some length. In an appendix specimen leaflets relating to the matters discussed for distribution from infant consultations and, by health visitors are reproduced. A number of tables and charts are included, and Sir James Crichton-Browne contributes a characteristic foreword. The book is one which should have a large circulation, and we hope that it will be widely read. The Future Citizen and his Mother. Dr. Charles Porter By, with a Foreword by Sir James Crichton-Browne. Pp. xvi + 144. (London: Constable and Co., Ltd., 1918.) Price 3s. 6d. net.