Instituto Nacional De Salud Research Articles

Estandarización de la obtención de amplificados del genoma del virus de la rabia para su uso en estudios de epidemiología molecular

In order to improve the diagnosis and typification of rabies viruses at the Instituto Nacional de Salud National Reference Laboratory for rabies, we standardized techniques for the amplification of a 902 nucleotide DNA fragment, complementary to a selected region of the rabies virus genomic RNA. This region codes for a segment of both the glycoprotein and protein L, and contains the G-L intergenic noncoding region known as Pseudogen Psi. The standardized techniques included: 1) biological amplification of rabies viruses by intracerebral mouse inoculation; 2) total RNA extraction from the brains of infected mice, 3) RT-PCR amplification of a 902 nucleotide DNA fragment complementary to the selected RNA region. The study sample consisted of 30 rabies virus strains isolated from dogs and selected from the virus bank of the Virology Laboratory. Due to their simplicity the methods described have several advantages when compared to methods reported in previous papers. The technology proposed is a precise complement to rabies diagnosis techniques, and can be applied to the identification of phylogenetic relations among rabies isolates, and, therefore, it is also used to identify rabies transmission dynamics and geographical distribution.

Risk of dying of retinoblastoma in Mexican children.

Medical and Pediatric OncologyVolume 38, Issue 3 p. 211-213 International Note Risk of dying of retinoblastoma in Mexican children Leal-Leal Carlos MD, Leal-Leal Carlos MD National Institute of Pediatrics (Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Departamento de Oncología). Oncology Department, Mexico CitySearch for more papers by this authorRivera-Luna Roberto MD, Rivera-Luna Roberto MD National Institute of Pediatrics (Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Departamento de Oncología). Oncology Department, Mexico CitySearch for more papers by this authorTovar-Guzmán Victor MD, MPH, MSc, Tovar-Guzmán Victor MD, MPH, MSc National Institute of Pediatrics (Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Departamento de Oncología). Oncology Department, Mexico CitySearch for more papers by this authorHernández-Girón Carlos MD, MSc, Corresponding Author Hernández-Girón Carlos MD, MSc [email protected] National Institute of Public Health (Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública) Center for Research in Population Health (Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional) Cuernavaca, Morelos, MexicoNational Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad 655, C.P. 62508, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.Search for more papers by this authorLazcano-Ponce Eduardo MD, MSc, PhD, Lazcano-Ponce Eduardo MD, MSc, PhD National Institute of Public Health (Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública) Center for Research in Population Health (Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional) Cuernavaca, Morelos, MexicoSearch for more papers by this author Leal-Leal Carlos MD, Leal-Leal Carlos MD National Institute of Pediatrics (Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Departamento de Oncología). Oncology Department, Mexico CitySearch for more papers by this authorRivera-Luna Roberto MD, Rivera-Luna Roberto MD National Institute of Pediatrics (Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Departamento de Oncología). Oncology Department, Mexico CitySearch for more papers by this authorTovar-Guzmán Victor MD, MPH, MSc, Tovar-Guzmán Victor MD, MPH, MSc National Institute of Pediatrics (Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Departamento de Oncología). Oncology Department, Mexico CitySearch for more papers by this authorHernández-Girón Carlos MD, MSc, Corresponding Author Hernández-Girón Carlos MD, MSc [email protected] National Institute of Public Health (Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública) Center for Research in Population Health (Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional) Cuernavaca, Morelos, MexicoNational Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad 655, C.P. 62508, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.Search for more papers by this authorLazcano-Ponce Eduardo MD, MSc, PhD, Lazcano-Ponce Eduardo MD, MSc, PhD National Institute of Public Health (Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública) Center for Research in Population Health (Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional) Cuernavaca, Morelos, MexicoSearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 February 2002 https://doi.org/10.1002/mpo.1314Citations: 9AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume38, Issue3March 2002Pages 211-213 RelatedInformation

Frecuencia de grupos sanguíneos y factor Rh en donantes de sangre, Colombia ,1996

The establishment of a nationwide blood group distribution pattern provides an opportunity to identify non-frequent blood group units and their derivates when emergency transfusions involving these blood types are required. This also provides a useful tool for genetic and anthropological studies. In order to determine A, 8, AB, 0, and Rhesusfactor blood group frequency and distribution amongst blood donors for the different Colombian geographic regions or health services, data provided from blood banks al1 over the country and sent to the Blood Banks Co-ordination Office (located at the Instituto Nacional de Salud in Bogota) was reviewed and analysed in 1996. A descriptive study was carried out using this information, identifying proportions for each A,B,O blood group and the presence or absence of Rhesus factor. During this period, 393.063 blood units were processed for blood typing in 180 blood banks. The following results were obtained from 338.063 (86%) tests for groups A, B, AB, O and Rh factor as reported to this office. From the total blood units classified, 91.16% were Rhesus factor positive. Blood group distribution for positive Rhesus factor was 56.2% for group 0; 26.0% for group A; 7.3% for group B and 1.4% for blood group AB. Negative Rhesus factor blood groups accounted for 8.83% (5.1 % belonging to group O; 2.7% to group A; 0.7% to group B and 0.3% to group AB). The highest proportion of blood units classified as Rhesus factor negative were found in the Antioquia, Caldas and San Andres health services' blood banks. The availability of this data is useful for the integration of the blood banks' national network (Red Nacionai de Bancos de Sangre) so as to develop a database including potential donors for less common blood groups in order to provide timely exchange and delivery of blood units and their derivates according to geographical distribution.

Panorama epidemiológico de exposición a plaguicidas inhibidores de colinesterasa en 17 departamentos del país

Organophosphorates and carbamates are responsible for the greater part of the pesticide poisonings which are presented in the country. They are potent inhibitors of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, causing serious acute work-related poisoning as well as long term effects. In 1982, faced by this problem, the Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), through its Environrnental Health Laboratory (Laboratorio de Salud Ambientao created the epidemiological vigilance for organophosphorate and carbamate pesticides (Programa de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Plaguicidas Organofosforados y Carbarnatos (VEO)), employing the Lovibond method to determine acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) as indicator, in order to detect cases of high pesticide absorption. From 1993 onwards, information from 17 of the countty's departments was ready, this being the data which was analysed. The total number of people who participated in the study during the years 1993 to 1995 was 41,899, al1 of whom had antecedents of exposure to organophosphorate or catbarnate pesticides 80% of the workers who participated in the study were male, the age-group rnost affected being 18 to 40 years old. The greatest prevalence of ACHE abnormality, according to economic activity, was for urban application and related to the jobs of mixer-sprayerwarehousing. In relation to the social security of the 23,917 workers, only 31.7% were found to be afiiliated to this type of entity. The data obtained allowed an epidemiological panorama to be established concerning poisoning by cholinesterase inhibitor pesticides, thus determining the population at greatest risk, which will lead to new research studies of this population.

Treatment of snake bites by Bothrops species and Lachesis muta in Ecuador: laboratory screening of candidate antivenoms

Bothrops xanthogrammus/asper, B. atrox and Lachesis muta are probably responsible for most cases of severe envenoming in Ecuador. In recent years, the most widely used antivenom (‘Myn’ Ronti, imported from Mexico) has proved clinically ineffective. There is an urgent need to identify an effective alternative for clinical testing. Five antivenoms with activity against Bothrops venoms were compared using standard World Health Organization rodent and in vitro assays: (i) ‘Myn’, Ronti Mexico SA ( ‘B. atrox’, ‘ Crotalus terrificus’, (ii) Instituto Butantan ( Bothrops polyvalent, Brazil), (iii) Instituto Nacional de Higiene y Medicina Tropical ( Bothrops polyvalent, Ecuador), (iv) Instituto Nacional de Salud ( B. asper, C. durissus and Lachesis muta, Colombia), and (v) Laboratorios Probiol ( Bothrops, Lachesis and Crotalus, Colombia). The venoms against which these antivenoms were tested were Ecuadorian B. atrox, B. asper and B. xanthogrammus. Brazilian antivenom proved to be the most effective, followed by the Ecuadorian and Colombian antivenoms. Mexican antivenom was completely ineffective in neutralizing the lethal effects of Ecuadorian Bothrops venoms. Monospecific Brazilian L. muta antivenom (Instituto Butantan) proved effective against Ecuadorian L. muta venom, but the Colombian polyspecific antivenoms did not. Clinical trials of Brazilian and Ecuadorian antivenoms are planned in the Amazon region of Ecuador in the near future.

Seguridad e inmunogenicidad de la vacuna oral anticólera CVD-103 HgR: estudio en 29 voluntarios

The safety and immunogenicity of a single doce of CVD-103 HgR oral vaccine was evaluated on 29 healthy volunteers from the Instituto Nacional de Salud. Side effects were registered during the 7 days following the ingestion of the dose. Blood was taken on the first day and on days 7, 10, 14 and 28. Antibacterial antibody titers were determined using vibriocidal techniques and antitoxin antibodies (classes IgG and IgA) using the ELlSA test. Nine volunteers presented slight side effects (nausea, abdominal pain and cephalea) which were more frequent on the first and second day afler vaccination. The highest percentage of seroconversion (93%) of antibacterial antibodies using vibriocidal techniques was obtained 7 days after the administration of the dose. Seroconversion for antitoxin antibodies, IgG and IgA, was obtained in 71.4% of the participants on the fourteenth and tenth day, respectively. Asingle dose of the oral vaccine CVD-103HgR was found to be safe and immunogenic.

Seguridad e inmunogenicidad de la vacuna oral contra el cólera: estudio en 20 voluntarios

The safety and immunogenicity of a three-doce course of oral recombinant B subunit whole-cell cholera vaccine (rBSNVC) was evaluated on 20 healthy volunteers from the Instituto Nacional de Salud. Participants received three doses, separated by two-week intewals. Blood was taken on the day of the first dose administration, and weekly during the following eight weeks. Side effects were registered during the 5 days following the ingestion of each dose. Sera were tested for antibacterial antibodies using vibriocidal techniques and antitoxin antibodies (class IgG and IgA) using the ELlSA test. Side effects such as nausea, headache and abdominal discomfort were negligible. The highest seroconversion percentage (50%) for antibacterial antibodies when vibriocidal techniques were employed, and the highest geometric mean titer (GMT 21.38) were obtained three weeks after the administration of the first doce. Seroconversion for antitoxin antibodies was obtained in 84% (IgG) and 89% (IgA) of the participants at eight and six weeks, respectively. Athree-dose course of the oral vaccine (rBSNVC) was found to be safe and immunogenic in the population studied.

Examen coproparasitológico en niños: comparación de resultados obtenidos por dos métodos en dos instituciones de Santafé de Bogotá, D.C.

This survey was carried out in order to compare the frequency of intestinal parasite detection by direct wet film in stool specimens from children done simultaneously at the Hospital Infantil Lorencita Villegas de Santos (HILVS) and at the Parasitology Department of the Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS). The usefulness of tao methods for the detection of intestinal parasites in the same institution (INS) was compared - direct wet examination and concentration by the formalin-ethersedimentation technique, Four hundred and eighty seven faecal samples of children were taken randomly from 2,954 received at HILVS during six months. A fraction of each sample was sent from the hospital to INS for its parasitological examination. Later on, 305 out of 398 clinical records belonging to children whose stools had been examined every day during three consecutive days, were retrospectively reviewed to describe some demographic factors and the possible signs and symptoms which necessitated the stool examination. The signs and symptoms found by the revision of the clinical records did not necessarily correspond to those associated with intestinal parasites. I No parasites were detected in two hundred and seventy seven (56.9%) samples. Of the two hundred and ten (43.1%) positive samples, pathogenic parasites were found in ninety three (19.1%) The concordance between the examination of faeces at HILVS and INS was measured by the Kappa index. The strength of agreement was almost perfect for Giardia lamblia, substantial for Trichomonas hominis, moderate for lodamoeba bütschliiand Entamoeba coli, fair for Endolimax nana, Trichuris trichiura and Blastocystis hominis, slight for Entamoeba histolytica and poor for Entamoeba hartmanni. The sensitivity and specificity values obtained from direct wet examination and the forrnalin-ether sedimentation technique showed a greater identification of parasites by the concentration method. Nevertheless, there is overlapping between the upper limit of the confidence interval for the direct wet mount and the lower limit of the confidence interval for the formalin-ether sedimentation technique. It is therefore not possible to conclude that the sensitivity of the concentration method is better than that of the direct wet mount. The overall and specific prevalences of parasites were lower than those reported by the National morbidity survey on intestinal parasitism. The study emphasizes the following topics: 1) the need to set up guidelines and precise indications for ordering faecal examinations in order to avoid loss of time and money; 2) the importance of the accuracy of the diagnostic methods, and 3) the need to establish precise morphological criteria for the correct identification of parasites at any laboratory.

Seroepidemiología de la infección por el virus de la hepatitis B en niños de la Amazonía colombiana

Due to an outbreak of fulminant hepatitis (m) in a native elementary school in the remote State of Amazonas in Colombia, the Instituto Nacional de Salud (iNS) canied out two seroprevalence surveys of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection in that population; the fmt was performed in 1989 and the second, in 1991. Our main principal purpose was to identify the population susceptibiliiy to the infection in order to iniciate a vaccination program. A total of 404 individuals were surveyed in 1989 the global prevalence of infection reached 66% and the prevalence of surface antigenemia was 18%. Eighteen months later we obtained a second sample in 169 individuals; the acumulated incidence of infection for HBV was 67% and the likehood of death due to FH amongst the surface antigen-positive camers was 7% The global attack rate of FH for the population studied was 12 for 1000. Our resuts underline the importante of the introduction of Hepatitis B vaccine for the Expanded Program of Inmunization (EPI) in the Amazon region.

Quantitation by enzyme-immunoassay of antibodies against bothrops myotoxins in four commercially-available antivenoms

B. Lomonte, J. M. Gutiérrez, G. Rojas and L. Calderón. Quantitation by enzyme-immunoassay of antibodies against Bothrops myotoxins in four commercially-available antivenoms. Toxicon 29, 695–702, 1991.—An enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) for the quantitation of antibodies against myotoxins present in the venoms of Bothrops asper (Costa Rica), B. atrox (Colombia) and B. moojeni (Brazil), was developed. This EIA was utilized for the evaluation of four antivenoms produced in Mexico (Laboratorios Myn; MYN), Costa Rica (Instituto Clodomiro Picado; ICP), Colombia (Instituto Nacional de Salud; INS) and Brazil (Instituto Butantan; IB). Antivenoms ICP, IB and INS showed a high titer of antibodies against the three myotoxins tested, with only slight differences between them, depending on the antigen utilized. In contrast, MYN antivenom had very low levels of antibodies to the three myotoxins. Seventeen batches of ICP antivenom were analyzed by EIA, using B. asper myotoxin II as antigen. Although all batches had high anti-myotoxin titers, these varied significantly. Batches produced after 1988 had, in general, higher titers than older (1986–1987) ones. Antivenom stored for one year at 37°C had a slight, but significant ( P < 0.002) decrease of anti-myotoxin activity, compared to antivenom stored at 4°C or 23°C. No correlation was found between anti-myotoxin concentration and lethality-neutralizing ability of the ICP antivenom.

Esporotricosis diagnosticada por el laboratorio

Forty cases of sporotrichosis have been diagnosed from 1976 to 1989 at the Mycology Laboratory of the Instituto Nacional de Salud. The disease was present in patients 4 to 52 years old, and 35 of 40 (87.5%) were males. Fixed cutaneous and lymphocutaneous forms were predominant, 45% and 42.5% respectively. The diagnosis was established by isolation of Sporothrix schenckii in 92% of the cases. Two patients were diagnosed using direct fluorescence, skin test and tube agglutination.

Estudio citogenético de 288 Aotus colombianos (1)

Cytogenetic data on 288 Colombian Aotus are presented. All of the animals, for wich its exact geographical origin is well-known, are members of an experimental Malaria colony at the Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia. The animals were captured in three different geographic locations. Most of them (254) came from San Marcos, Sucre, (down San Jorge Valley, 7o 3D' NL; 74o 06' WL). The first 21 offspring obtained in captivity, were also included. Nine animals came from Rio Negro, Antioquia (middle Magdalena valley, 6o 09' NL; 75o 23' WL). Four animals were captured in the west slope of the Andes West chain of Mountains, high Cusiana River, (5o 25' NL; 72o 43' WL). The phenotype of these animals corresponded to the B or grey neck phenotype. Cytogenetic studies showed the presence of animals 2n=54, 2n=53 and 2n=52 which correspond to the karyotypes KII, KIII and KIV, or the so called kariomorpho 2. It was found that the population of down San Jorge valley was in equilibrium for the frequencies of the three karyotypes. No cytogenetic differences were found in the populations of the down San Jorge and middle Magdalena valleys. The four animals from the west slope of the Andes West Chain of Mountains showed a new karyotype for the genus Aoatus, 2n=58, proposed as karyotype KX.

Resistencia de M. Tuberculosis a las drogas

The results of the sensitivity tests of M. tuberculosis to anti-tuberculous drugs, performed over a period of 11 years (1970 1980) at the Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia are studied and analyzed. It was found: 1. A notorious increase in resistance to INH and Tb1, wich remains stationary since 1975 up to the present. 2. Resistance to RMP shows also a worrysome increase. 3. For the remaining drugs SM, PAS, TRE and CS there is an increase of its sensitivity.