Local Self-government Institutions Research Articles

Women’s Political Participation and Leadership in India: Examining the Challenges

Women's political participation regarded as an essential element in all forms of development; however, gender equality policies of India remain under scrutiny. After independence in 1947, there have been many initiatives to increase the political representation of women by decentralization of power in various local self-government institutions of India. The act of Panchayati Raj Institutions has increased the engagement of marginalized segments of society, including women, into the decision-making role in political institutions. Hence, this study is trying to explore the political leadership of women in Local Self Government institutions. Through the use of qualitative methods such as document analysis of the Panchayati Raj Institutions amendment act and the expert interviews with elected women representatives in one district of Kerala state, the paper seeks to identify the challenges of women in political leadership positions in India, the largest democratic nation. Findings from the study reveal that there is considerable progress in women’s equality in the leadership role; however, there are certain crucial obstacles still exist for women to be active in the political realm.

The constitutional principle of establishing taxes and levies exclusively by the laws of Ukraine

The article covers one of the aspects of the problem of constitutionalizing public finances in Ukraine, namely the legal construction and content of the fundamental, enshrined in the Constitution, principle of the legal regulation of the tax system of Ukraine - the principle of establishing taxes and levies exclusively by the laws of Ukraine. The article argues that state taxes and levies, in accordance with Article 67 of the Constitution of Ukraine, can be considered to be established by law if they are established by the proper subject, the legislative body, in the proper form of the law on amendments and additions to the Tax Code of Ukraine and in accordance with the procedure prescribed by law and enacted in accordance with the legislation in force. It is emphasized that the necessity of establishing taxes by the laws is dictated not so much by the task of ensuring the reality of their collecting and contributing to the budget as by the purpose of guaranteeing the protection of the owner from unauthorized interference by public authorities (the state and local self-government institutions). Only through the adoption of the appropriate law one can oblige the taxpayer to transfer part of his revenue (property) to the state revenue, without violating the constitutional guarantees of the inviolability of the right of private property.
 Taxing is a necessary condition for the existence of the state. The imposition of taxes by the law is of great practical importance due to public relations in the field of public finances. It is concluded that the constitutional purpose of the taxation system is to protect rights of property from public entities pursuits, which are limitless in principle, and to keep the balance of public needs and interests. From the standpoint of constitutional values, tax law is intended to limit the fiscal sovereignty of the state and to protect taxpayers from arbitrarily, groundlessly imposed taxes. The taxation system established by the law must have sufficient constitutional justification to determine clearly what specific part of the taxpayer's property a public entity can lay claim to and why. The establishment of taxes cannot be arbitrary, that is, taxes should not interfere with the exercise by individuals of their constitutional rights. Macro- and microeconomic implications both for the state and municipal budgets and for a particular taxpayer should be taken into account when establishing the tax and determining its essential elements.

Институты местного самоуправления в России: реформирование и результаты

The paper presents a sociological analysis of the initial results of the local government reform. There nature of the main legal measures that directly affect the institutions of local self-government is considered; moreover, it identifies the problems of reform through the analysis of sociological research data. The author notes that despite the emerging positive trends, the main problem remains a clear definition of the extent of independence of newly created local authorities. Based on the consideration of the legal components, as well as these surveys suggest, a conclusion about some inconsistency in the implementation of the main goal of the reform is the creation of local self-government as a low management structure, which is outside the power management hierarchy. The powers of the heads of municipalities remain mainly a declaration, without being provided with real material capacities.

ПРОБЛЕМИ ЗАКОНОДАВЧОГО ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ЮРИДИЧНОЇ КАТЕГОРІЇ «ПИТАННЯ МІСЦЕВОГО ЗНАЧЕННЯ» В КОНТЕКСТІ МУНІЦИПАЛЬНОЇ РЕФОРМИ В УКРАЇНІ

У статті аналізуються нормативно-правові основи і теоретичні підходи до розгляду юридичної ка-тегорії «питання місцевого значення». Встановлено, що найважливішим напрямом удосконалення системи місцевого самоврядування в Україні має бути чітке те-оретико-правове обґрунтування юридичної категорії «питання місцевого значення», що враховує конститу-ційний принцип самостійності вирішення населенням питань місцевого значення та виключає можливість некоректного визначення і неефективної реалізації повноважень органів місцевого самоврядування. Дове-дено, що взаємозв’язок теоретичних проблем тракту-вання юридичної категорії «питання місцевого значен-ня» і повноважень органів місцевого самоврядування створює практичні труднощі для ефективних меха-нізмів участі громадськості у виробленні органами місцевого самоврядування важливих управлінських рішень, зокрема і з питань визначення стратегії роз-витку територіальної громади, затвердження статутів територіальних громад тощо. Запропоновано визначи-ти питання місцевого значення як частину публічних справ, здійснення яких спрямоване на безпосереднє забезпечення життєдіяльності населення на терито-рії відповідної територіальної громади. Ці справи ма-ють виконуватися населенням безпосередньо і (або) через виборні та інші органи місцевого самоврядуван-ня. Зроблено висновки про можливість застосування низки теоретичних підходів до осмислення питань міс-цевого значення як складової частини інституту міс-цевого самоврядування. Це надасть можливість більш ефективно та системно реалізувати головне завдання муніципальної реформи – визначення питань місце-вого значення, від змісту яких залежить безпосереднє забезпечення життєдіяльності населення територіаль-ної громади, зміст діяльності органів місцевого само-врядування, склад комунальної власності, обсяг видат-ків з місцевих бюджетів, джерела доходів місцевих бюджетів.

The Problem of Emigration and Deportation in the Fate of Academician Community of the Kamianets-Podilskyi State Ukrainian University

The problem of further development of the national university structure in the context of the European integration processes of the Ukrainian educational system and its internal transformation significantly foregrounds research studios, in which the subject of retrospective approaches has being developed various aspects of the topic, including the fate of representatives of professorial teaching corporations and studentship in the event of defeat of national liberation struggles the beginning of the 20th century and the establish­ment of the Soviet form of statehood in Ukraine. This process has been analyzed on the example of the Kamianets-Podilskyi State Ukrainian University, which was founded on the eve of Hetman P. Skoropadskyi with the direct participation of representatives of government structures, local self-government and public institutions. The authors used the problem-chronological and historical-typological methods, which provided a distinction in the topic of research of certain problems. The change of political regimes in Ukraine has led to the use of the historical-comparative method, and the biographical has allowed to ascertain the activity of concrete activists in a fractious period of history. It was emphasized that at the end of 1920, the academician community of the Kamianets-Podilskyi State Ukrainian University faced the problem of further life choices. It has been noted that a part of the staff of the educational institution, based on the previous experience of Bolshevik governance in Podillia, has made a decision in favor of emigration. It has been proved that 18 members of the corporation sent abroad from among the professors, private associate professors and assistants, were headed by rector I. Ohiienko. Students were a separate group. The challenges of everyday life have been described in the conditions of emigration being, and attempts have been demonstrated to overcome them. I. Ohiienkoʼs active position in solving urgent questions concerning the assignment of members of the professorial corporation to European scientific centers has been shown with purpuse to complete the researches begun at home and their employment in educational institutions organized in the camps of the interned. Great efforts were also made by I. Ohiienko to help students continue their studies at European Higher Education Centers. Despite the unstable political and difficult financial situation, these tasks have been successfully implemented to a certain extent. With the rest of the projects and programs it looked less important. It has been demonstrated that the expectations of those representatives of the corporation that remained in Ukraine, in order to contribute to the development of the educational system in its national forms by its own work, in view of the general strategy of the Bolshevik Party to unify all spheres of social and political life, have not been justified. Some representatives of the corporation were included in the list of prominent figures of science and culture, which the Soviet authorities preferred to deport abroad at the end of 1922 – early 1923 has been shown. The precondition of this process has been proved by the fact that the communist education system was oriented to satisfy the needs of the state, Bolshevik model of socialism, but much less to improve social relations. As a result, political purges and permanent terror, including deportation, have become an inalienable and key method of «sovietization» of the intelligentsia in scientific and educational institutions.

Trans-disciplinary Project Based Learning Models for Community Service

Abstract For technological advancements to trickle down to the downtrodden and differently abled sections of society, it is necessary that academic institutions take up socially relevant projects directly impacting the community around them. Getting to know the needs of the community around them and attempting the solutions for the problems, presents the engineering students with the opportunity for project based learning. Many of the problems require inter disciplinary and Trans disciplinary skill sets across various branches of study. Local self-government institutions have to tap into the technological advancements to provide better service to the people. This often calls for the expertise of people with strong technical knowledge from different branches of technical education. The two, engineering colleges and local self-government institutions, can engage in mutually beneficial collaborative projects for the benefit of the society. This paper reports two such successful projects, the students have completed with the guidance of the faculty members and in association with Government departments and local self-government institutions.

Reservations for Women in Kerala’s Local Self-government Institutions: A Mere Tokenism?

Kerala is one of the many states in India which allow 50 per cent reservation for women in local self-governance through the Panchayati Raj act of 2005 and hence the representation of women in the same has risen to almost 54 per cent, as of 2015. However the same is not reflected in the upper levels of governance namely state legislature and parliamentary elections despite Kerala being praised as a forerunner of women empowerment in India. The current state legislature has a mere 8 female members out of 141, which was almost the same since the first assembly which had 7 women members. Not to mention the state also send only one member to the Parliament, a numerical trend which has been consistent since 1950. Through this article, I would be examining whether women members of various local self-government bodies (Panchayat, Municipality etc.) have the same agency as that of a man and what are the factors and conditions preventing her from achieving the same.

CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGES IN UKRAINE IN SHERE OF DECENTRALIZATION: DO WE NEED THE FRENCH EXPERIENCE?

The experience of the French Republic in the sphere of state construction has influenced significantly on the development of state and municipal institutions of the independent Ukrainian state. It was in 1996 when the Constitution of Ukraine accepted the French municipal governmental form as a mixed (presidential-parliamentary) republic. The existing system of regional governance in Ukraine largely calqued the French model of regional governance. Of course, it can`t be insisted that Ukraine has borrowed fully the model of cooperation between local authorities and state authorities, but we can undoubtedly see many features in common. Mention should be made that the process of decentralization and municipal reforms is being continuing both in Ukraine and France. We consider it to be a natural process of searching of an optimal and effective model of regional governance, the purpose of which is to find a harmonious balance between the local self-government and public administration. Therefore, we find it important to investigate and analyze the evolution of the formation and development of local self-government institutions in Ukraine and France in the context of decentralization reform and municipal reforming. France has gone a long way of searching an effective model of regional governance, where powerful and effective local self-government occupies a key position today. Systemic and comprehensive reforms in France in this sphere are characterized by logical changes and understandable reform paradigm - from centralization of power to its decentralization (after the reform of 1982). In Ukraine, on the contrary, there doesn`t exist a systematic approach and there are no strategic approaches to understanding the algorithm for the implementation of decentralization processes and the reformation of the local- government system. Therefore, in this context, the positive experience of France should be taken into account in Ukraine on its the way towards self- government decentralization and implementation of the municipal reform in order to become a reliable foundation for the development of a democratic and legal Ukrainian state. France has a considerable experience in the activities of prefects as state representatives in regions, while the legal status of the prefect has changed significantly since the reform of 1982. The introduction of the institution of prefects in the constitutional field of Ukraine has a lot of nuances, taking into account the concern regarding the establishment of possible total control over the activity of local self-government bodies and officials.

Державне управління у сфері пожежної безпеки Японії: досвід для України

Abstract. The article examines the experience of public administration in the field of fire safety and the elimination of the consequences of natural and man-made emergencies in Japan. The author analyses the structure of public administration in a certain sphere, describes the hierarchical model of the construction of public administration in the area under consideration, describes in detail each of the hierarchical levels of the system. In doing so, the author presents the functions, responsibilities and tasks performed by each of the elements of the system of fire safety and the elimination of the consequences of natural and man-made disasters in Japan. The article discusses the regulatory framework for the activities of the relevant services and agencies established in Japan to prevent the occurrence of fires and their elimination, and to reduce the negative consequences of disasters caused by natural factors, the chances of which, according to the author are very high in Japan due to its geographical location. The author gives statistics on the number of fires, losses from them and the number of deaths in Japan over a period of time since 1992. At the same time, the author has made a statistical analysis of the given data array, which resulted in obtaining regression equations for approximating dependencies for the number of fires and deaths in those fires for the ten-year period from 2007 to 2016, which, according to the author, reflect the presence of a steady downward trend. At the same time, the author calculated the determination coefficient and described his essence and value for use in public administration. According to the author the steady tendency to reduce the number of fires and deaths is a consequence of Japan's reform of public administration in the field of fire safety, as well as the consistency, internal consistency and consistency of the legal framework governing the relevant public services as well as private companies in Japan. The author uses the method of historical parallelism when considering public administration in the field of fire safety in Japan, the USSR and, in particular, the Ukrainian SSR (before 1991) and Ukraine, after gaining independence. The article emphasizes particular importance to those parallels in reforming the system of local self-government that is being conducted in Ukraine today and the positive experience already existing in the work of the municipalities of Japan regarding the provision of fire safety and response to the various environmental challenges that are the source of emergencies of different origin. It should be noted that in spite of all the efforts of public administration and local authorities in Japan, aimed primarily at the organization of preventive measures to prevent the fires, in the said country, there are still quite large fires, but the conclusions made by the relevant state institutions, in order to prevent such a repetition in the future, are reflected almost immediately in the methodological recommendations, and the change in regulatory and regulatory regulation of some economic entities. This conclusion is achieved by the author applying case-study method of analysis of large-scale fires that have arisen in Japan in the last few years. The data obtained from the article indicated that the experience of organizing the Japanese fire service at the municipal level is appropriate and time-consuming in the conditions of decentralization and deconcentration of power in Ukraine. But at the same time the author cautions against the danger of loss of control and an increase in entropy in the process of reforming non- pockets of local self-government institutions. The author concludes that in public administration in the field of fire safety in Ukraine there are a number of unresolved problems regarding the construction of an effective security system for the protection of personality, society and the state from the current challenges associated with the emergence of fires and emergencies. In conclusion, the author focuses his research on the practical application of Japanese experience in the reform of local self-government bodies in Ukraine, as well as provides specific methodological recommendations for public administration and local government bodies regarding the implementation of the reform of the State Service of Ukraine for Emergency Situations.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ВЛАДИ В УКРАЇНІ

The article discusses the principles of organization, functioning and interaction of the system of central executive bodies and local authorities, models of the distribution of powers and responsibilities between them. Attention is drawn to the essence of such interaction and the connection of these bodies with other facts and processes of public and state life is manifested. The search for ways to improve the legislation of Ukraine, in accordance with the standards of the Council of Europe, in the context of decentralization and local government reform, has been carried out. In particular, attention is drawn to problematic issues related to the fact that the citizens of Ukraine getting their own administrative centers with clearly defined territories can simultaneously destroy the decentralization reform, concentrating all the powers in the hands of the central government. In this regard, the issue of establishing territories of territorial communities cannot be the authority of a centralized executive power, that is, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. It should be determined by the legislative body – the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine jointly with the local self-government bodies. Further re-organization of local state administrations into prefectural bodies, which will oversee the legality of certain community decisions, also needs in-depth analysis. The spheres of activity of the state are directly transformed into the spheres of public administration. Recognizing the leading idea of the self-government`s study, the authors do not negate the concept of “public administration”. The article proves that it is the democratic transformation of public administration that will enable modern local self-government institutions to be formed. In this context, the powers of local governments and executive authorities in their interaction are analyzed in detail. The powers are delegated by the state to local self-government bodies only at the level of the administrative-territorial structure at which it is possible and appropriate to exercise them. And legal acts of local governments, adopted in violation of the Constitution and legislation of Ukraine, must be stopped until the question of their legality is resolved.

An Assessment of Needs of Rural People for Economic Development and Social Justice: A Case Study on the Role of Gram Sabha in Nellore District of Andhra Pradesh

The 73 rd Constitutional Amendment provision empowers the gram sabha to function as a key institution of local self-governance, particularly significant for the economic development and social justice of its members. The gram sabha is the fulcrum for the local self-governance and devolution of the finances, functions, and functionaries is vital for the empowerment of people. In this backdrop, this paper documents the outcome of the gram sabhas held in the coastal district, Nellore, covering 932 Gram Panchayats offers a baseline for implementation, planning and strategic changes for effective local self-governance. The study offers few policy suggestions including bringing all the grassroots level functionaries and elected representatives under the direct control of gram sabhas in addition to delegation of law enforcement functions to the gram sabhas to improve accountability. The paper lays a key emphasis on the need for increasing the territorial and demographic jurisdiction of local self-government institutions to make them financially sustainable to fulfill the constitutional intent for effective local self-governance. However, empowering the people through gram sabhas is not possible unless the existing both defacto and dejure challenges to strengthen the local governance units are not addressed.

Self-government of territorial communities and the Constitution — the search for consensus or a conceptual revolution?

The state begins a public discussion of amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine regarding decentralization of power. It is assumed that the system of local self-government and a new territorial organization of power will be consolidated, as well as the decentralization of power. The principles that are laid down in the text of the European Charter of Local Self-Government will also be introduced. These principles are basic for the implementation of an appropriate level of management and development of local self-government. Inadequate reproduction of the principles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government leads to the dependence of the institutions of local self-government, «second-rate» territorial communities and the declarative nature of municipal authorities, the growth of its dependence and accountability to public authorities. The existing legislative base of local self-government in Ukraine and the projects that were implemented in the field of formation and development of territorial communities are fragmented. Relevant is a comprehensive solution to the main problem of the organization and functioning of local self-government in modern Ukraine. Such is the creation of constitutional legal conditions for the formation of territorial communities as primary subjects of local self-government, the main carriers of its functions and powers. Different countries apply different management systems at the local level (within the respective administrative-territorial units), the choice of which is influenced by such factors as: state regime, form of government, different approach to understanding the essence and nature of state power, and delimitation of administrative-territorial units into «natural» and «artificial», national and historical features and traditions, and the like. Conclusion: the generally proposed position on replacing the term «territorial community» with «residents of the municipality», especially from the point of view of increasing the subjectivity of local authorities, should be considered an attempt at a conceptual upheaval of the constitutional legal understanding of the essence of local self-government in Ukraine. Key words: self-government of territorial communities, decentralization, local self-government, the Constitution.

Wages Indexation: Some Legal Problems of Implementation of Art. 134 of the Labour Code of the Russian Federation

The article analyzes the legal problems of implementation of Art. 134 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation in terms of imperative obligation of employers to adjust wages. On the basis of the interpretation of the provisions of the Labour Code, the analysis of the legal standings of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, and other court decisions, the authors have determined the legal mechanisms that ensure, on the one hand, implementation of a socially necessary result for employees, and, on the other hand, does not violate the balance of rights and legally protected interests of employees and employers as a condition for harmonization of labor relationships. The article emphasizes that the employer should have legal mechanisms to protect his economic interests. However, consideration of such interests should not negate the statutory obligations of the employer that include the obligation to increase the real wage levels. The authors of the article focus on the problem of indexation of wages of employees of state bodies, bodies of local self-government, state and municipal institutions. The general conclusion is made about a declarative character of Art. 134 of the Labour Code of the Russian Federation, which does not allow establishing effective working mechanisms aimed to increase the level of employees' real wages.

ЕКОЛОГІЯ МІСЦЕВОГО САМОВРЯДУВАННЯ В УМОВАХ ДЕЦЕНТРАЛІЗАЦІЇ ПУБЛІЧНОЇ ВЛАДИ

The concept «ecology of local self-government» is analyzed as a manifestation of a systematic approach in the science of public administration. The functional interrelations between the institute of local self-government and other public institutions as well as the constituent elements of the system of local self-government itself are studied: the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, the President of Ukraine, executive and judicial authorities, and the prosecutor's office. The means of this relationship is revealed. The prospects of the ecology of local self-government, which are connected with the newest constitutional process, are revealed.

Peculiarities of construction of local self-government models in the modern slavic states

The peculiarities of construction of local self-government models in the modern Slavic States, which in the 90-s of XX century abandoned the socialist path of development, – have been examined. The aim of the study is to identify specific features and common approaches to the construction of local self-government system, based on the analysis of the practice of local self-government institutions of the Slavic States and the provisions of the Constitutions of the Republic of Serbia, the Republic of Poland, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, Ukraine, the Republic of Croatia, the Russian Federation, etc.The organizational forms of local self-government and the particularities of the implementation of local issues, taking into account national traditions, – have been analyzed. In this connection, the majority of modern Slavic States recognizes and guarantees local self-government as the most important constitutional value and institution of the people’s right. It has been determined, that the list of issues of local importance mainly affects the areas of urban planning, municipal activities, culture, sports, social protection of the population and children, preschool education, healthcare, approval of municipal programs of economic development, local budgets, taxes and fees, the appointment of local referendums, etc. However, there there is a number of countries, in which local government issues are not specified in the Constitution. Among the criteria for the difference between the models of local self-government are the following: the list of issues of local importance and competence of local self-government bodies; relations with public authorities and the degree of freedom of local self-government from the state; territorial organization of local self-government, etc.It has been concluded, that the most common form of interaction between public authorities and local self-government for the Slavic states at the beginning of the XXI century, was the Zemstvo-state model, that takes into account the mutual interests of a sovereign power and the population, living within certain territorial communities.

ЕВОЛЮЦІЯ СУБ’ЄКТНОСТІ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНОЇ ГРОМАДИ В УМОВАХ РЕФОРМИ МІСЦЕВОГО САМОВРЯДУВАННЯ

Problem setting. The article examines the problem of the territorial community subjectness evolution in the context of local self-government reform in Ukraine, its role changing in regional policy. The development of subjectness is considered on the background of solving the problems of investment activity, the resolution of regional targeted and integrated programs, the creation in amalgamated communities centers for the provision of administrative services, ensuring the effective use of natural resources, etc.In the course of local self-government reform, with the emergence of amalgamated territorial communities, actually as a new institution of local self-government, it is right to speak about the evolution of subjectness of local self-government bodies, in particular the territorial communities. The amalgamated territorial communities have broad powers of decision-making, not only within the limits of their community, but also in the regional policy as a whole, by providing a wider scope for the democratization of public administration, with the greatest possible consideration of the needs of local people in decision-making, accessibility and quality assurance public services to citizens, effective local development at the basic level of management, interaction with foreign funds and programs.Recent research and publications analysis. Issues of territorial community’s development, as well as the management of this process are considered by such scientists as M. O. Баймуратов, О. В. Batanov, I. P. Butko, Ya. A. Zhalilo, V. S. Kuibida, Yu. O. Kuts, Yu. B. Newlywed, N. I. Ruda, V. V. Tolkovanov and others. The research of these scholars has unconditional theoretical significance, but there is a lack of modern scientific works in which the essence of the concept of «amalgamated territorial community» and the subjectness of the amalgamated territorial community would be investigated.The paper objective is an analysis of the ways of the territorial community subjectness evolution in the context of local self-government reforming.The paper main body. The notion of «subjectness of a territorial community» determines its place in the institutional system of local self-government, the activity of which implements its capabilities and potential, the ability to freedom of choice of actions, the ability to independently solve complex tasks of social, economic and political life, influence the adoption of political decisions regarding the interests of citizens. The study of the territorial community subjectness evolution in the course of the reform of local self-government becomes especially relevant for understanding the essence of transient processes, the problems that arise and the ways of overcoming them.An important place in the development of the subjectness of the amalgamated territorial communities is the question of financial support of their activities for the development of rural areas, ensuring their sustainability and attractiveness for investors, development of investment potential.The role of communities in solving regional targeted and integrated programs that contribute to the achievement of the strategic objectives of regional policy is increasing.In the process of decentralization, communities have wider powers, resources and responsibilities. The list of services that can be provided on the ground is constantly expanding; the creation of Centers for the provision of administrative services in amalgamated communities plays an important role.Conclusion. The evolution of the territorial community subjectness is connected, above all, with the process of association of territorial communities in the course of the reform of local self-government and territorial organization of power on the principles of decentralization. Amalgamated communities received wide powers in solving socio-economic problems, significantly strengthened their role in regional policy. This role will continue to grow with the completion of the process of association of communities, solving problems of their interaction with territorial state authorities, improving the institutional system of local self-government

Teorijski pristupi o područnoj (regionalnoj) samoupravi u Republici Hrvatskoj

Croatia has, as an independent state, and from the year 2013 as a full member of the European Union; chosen to fully affirm the institutions of local and regional self-government. Croatian administration science has made significant advances in terms of acceptance of basic, for now, European, profiling of these institutions, but it is also aware of its' particularities on that path. As one of the most significant dubieties, the one on the concept of regional self-government appears, i.e. on the organization of that area, especially which territory would be encompassed by the units of regional self-government in the Republic of Croatia, as well as the authorities which would these units possess. In order to critically and wholly analyse the crucial questions of regional self-government in the Republic of Croatia, this paper also analyses perspectives of scientists in other areas: economists, political scientists, geographers and sociologists.

Аналіз дотаційності місцевих бюджетів України

One of the main directions of development of Ukraine is the decentralization of state power through the development of the institution of local self-government. In particular, the effectiveness of the functioning of local authorities is directly dependent on the potential of the region and the possibility of the qualitative provision of public goods to the local population, which is closely linked to the effective management of financial resources at the local level. The welfare of the state depends on the state of local budgets. It is extremely important to allow local governments to function autonomously, act as a center of development, create public goods, innovations and scientific and technological progress. Consequently, financial security and autonomy of local communities are inherent characteristics of the ability of local government as such. Now in Ukraine, local budgets do not correspond to the powers vested in them. There is no adequate financial base for the maintenance of municipal institutions transferred to local governments in whose territory these institutions are located, and whose population they serve. For example, schools, medical stations, as a rule, serve the residents of one city, and their content is within the competence of local governments. That is, the state transfers powers to local authorities without financial support for the fulfillment of these obligations. The analysis of subsidies to local budgets in general indicates how much local governments in Ukraine are financially capable of fully resolving issues of local significance. In other words, the state of local budgets indicates how much the state in its policy seeks to achieve the goals defined by the Constitution. Indeed, in the Constitution, local self-government is defined as the right and the real possibility of local communities independently in their own interests and under their responsibility to resolve issues of local significance. It is the question of whether this right is being exercised and whether a real opportunity for territorial communities is provided for this, indicates the state of local budgets. The availability of decent financial support is an essential element for the independence and independence of the united territorial communities. As far as local government is developed in financial and economic terms, so will be a strong state. Without strengthening the financial basis of local self-government, increasing the financial independence of local communities, it is impossible to achieve the effectiveness of local self-government and the quality public services provided by municipal services.

К вопросу становления института органов местного самоуправления в городах и значения местных финансов для населения публично-правовых образований: историко-правовой аспект

The history of the establishment of the institution of local self-government is one of the key aspects for understanding the fundamental principles of empowering local governments with financial powers. Given the enormous importance of municipal finance for the public of legal entities, it is necessary to clearly understand the origins of the emergence of the principle of independence of local budgets. The article analyzes the development of ideas about local selfgovernment from the financial point of view. The main ideas and ways of their realization in various historical periods are designated.

Constitutional values: from theory to practice. For the 100th anniversary of the constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic

The origins of the formation and development of the newest Ukrainian constitutionalism in close connection with the process of state-building in Ukraine at the initial stage of the Ukrainian national revolution of 1917-1921 are analyzed in the article. The development of the constitutional process of this period and the influence on its evolution of the political situation associated with the adoption of the main state acts - I-IV Universal by the Ukrainian Central Rada are revealed. The main stages of the work of the Constitutional Commission on the Constitution of the newly formed Ukrainian statehood are disclosed. A key turning point in the creation of the Constitution was the proclamation of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in January 1918 of its independence. There was a sharp ideological struggle around the main provisions of the constitutional act, in particular, the consolidation of the form of the future Ukrainian statehood, was a reflection of the distribution of political and class forces in the main state body – the Ukrainian Central Rada and in society as a whole. June 1917 - April 1918 was the period of birth of the Basic Law of the Ukrainian statehood at the beginning of the twentieth century. April 29, 1918, the draft Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic was approved by the Little Rada on the last day of its existence. Through a coup, the Constitution of the UPR has not entered into force. But its development and adoption have become an outstanding milestone in the development of national constitutionalism. The Constitution of the UNR accumulated the best achievements of national constitutional thought and the advanced European standards. The principles of the division of state power, the functioning of a developed institution of human and civil rights and freedoms, and the existence of an institution of local self-government were put in the basis of the Constitution of the UNR. The Basic Law of the Ukrainian People's Republic enshrines the system of government bodies, defines their main functions and powers. However, the Constitution had serious drawbacks. It did not solve one of the main issues of the revolution – the issue of land ownership, did not fix the strategic directions for the implementation of the state’s domestic and foreign policy; outside the constitutional limits, there were problems of clearly defining the territory of the UPR, its symbolism – the coat of arms, anthem, flag, etc. The UPR was an outstanding monument of national statehood and domestic constitutionalism, its theoretical ideas had a great influence on the development of the following constitutional acts in Ukraine