Institutional Variables Research Articles

Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: An Empirical Study for Major Countries

This paper aimed to measure the determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in countries that are leaders in attracting foreign capital. Drawing from empirical literature, economic and institutional variables that influence the level of FDI in selected countries were identified. Using a panel data approach, the significance of these variables in determining FDI inflows in these economies was estimated. The results indicate that variables such as GDP, trade openness, exchange rate, corruption control, interest rate, imports of goods and services, and country risk are significant drivers of FDI for the selected group of countries.

The impact of socioeconomic determinants on the access to care and survival in patients with spinal chordomas- a national cancer database analysis.

Chordomas are rare malignant neoplasms primarily treated surgically. Disparities related to race and socioeconomic status, may affect patient outcomes. This study aims to identify prognostic factors for access to care and survival in patients with spinal chordomas. The NCDB database was queried between the years 2004 and 2017. Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed to compare survival probabilities among different groups, based on race and socioeconomic determinents. 1769 patients were identified, with 87% being White, 5% Hispanic, 4% Black, and Asian each. The mean age was 61.3 years. Most patients received care at academic/research centers and lived in a large metropolitan area, with no difference between races. A significantly higher percentage of Black patients did not undergo surgery (p < 0.001), with no statistically significant difference in survival between races (p = 0.97). A higher survival probability was seen in patients with other government insurances (p < 0.0001), in higher income quartiles (p < 0.0001), in metropolitan areas (p = 0.023), and at an academic/research center (p < 0.0001). A lower survival probability was seen in patients who are uninsured, in rural areas, and at community cancer programs (p < 0.0001). This study highlights disparities in access to surgical intervention for patients with spinal chordomas, especially among Black individuals. It emphasizes the significant impact of insurance status and income on access to surgical care and highlights geographical and institutional variations in survival rates. Addressing socioeconomic differences is crucial for fostering equity in neurosurgical outcomes.

Peer Review in Radiation Oncology: Where Does the Middle East, North Africa, and Türkiye Region Stand?

This study aims to assess the status of radiation oncology peer review procedures across the Middle East, North Africa, and Türkiye (MENAT) region. A cross-sectional electronic survey was conducted among radiotherapy centers in the MENAT region in March 2024. It assessed peer review practices, departmental demographics, perceived importance of peer review, and potential barriers. Data from 177 radiation oncology centers revealed varying peer review implementation across the MENAT region. Egypt had the highest participation (16.4%) among all responders. Most centers (31%) treated 500-1,000 cases annually. The majority (77.4%) implemented peer review, with varying levels between countries and across different centers. Advanced radiotherapy techniques significantly correlated with implementation of peer review (P < .05). Peer review meetings were mostly scheduled on a weekly basis (46%) and organized by radiation oncologists (84.7%). Target volume contouring (89%) and radiotherapy prescription (82%) were frequently peer-reviewed. Respondents with peer review at their institutions significantly valued peer review for education, adherence to guidelines, improving planning protocols, and reducing variation in practice institutions without peer review (P < .05). The most frequently reported barriers to peer review were having a high number of patients (56%) and shortage of time (54%). Peer review is essential for improving the quality of practice in radiation oncology. Despite some discrepancies, numerous obstacles, and challenges in implementation, it is instrumental in the improvement of patient care in most centers throughout the region. Raising awareness among radiation oncologists about the importance of peer review is paramount to lead to better outcomes.

Public Health Financing and Population Health: What Role Do Institutions Play?

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the multifaceted interactions among public health financing, institutions, and population health. It also sought to determine whether the efficacy of government health interventions to reduce child mortality and improve life expectancy in Africa's most populous country had been hampered by its institutional framework. The research analyzed the links among institutional, socioeconomic, and health variables using the autoregressive distributed lag estimator across a 37‐year period (1984–2020). The findings show that short‐term public health spending in Nigeria has a significant negative effect on health outcomes, whereas long‐term spending has a significant positive effect. Although public health financing significantly impacted long‐run life expectancy, its short‐run impact is statistically insignificant. Moreover, public health financing is positively linked with lower infant mortality in the long run but directly associated with higher rates in the short run. It further discovered that weak institutional framework is responsible for low life expectancy and high infant mortality. Institutions exert an unconditional significant negative impact on short‐ and long‐term health outcomes. Findings also show that both the short‐ and long‐term net effects of government health financing and institutions on the health outcomes are negative and statistically significant. So, institutions and public health financing are substitutes, with institutions unable to adequately improve their role in the public finance–health outcomes relations. Furthermore, the thresholds at which short‐ and long‐term institutional settings will modulate direct links between public finance and health outcomes are 5.01 and 2.62, respectively. Hence, the empirical findings validate the defective nature of the Nigerian institutional settings. Policy prescriptions for improving health outcomes are recommended based on the findings.

A dual summit of power? Career movements and multilevel circulation in the Spanish executive elite

ABSTRACT Drawing from the literature on political ambition, this article examines whether politicians holding executive offices exhibit similar patterns of movement between different levels of government as parliamentary elites. It also tests the influence of various institutional and political variables typical of federal systems. Focusing on Spain, the study classifies career movements based on the initial position and the direction of advancement, analyzing their variations depending on the availability, accessibility, and attractiveness of the structure of opportunities. The article particularly aims to elucidate why certain regions are more advantaged to provide decision-makers with more opportunities to circulate across political layers. Our sample includes cabinet members (prime ministers and ministers) and regional chief executives in Spanish regions from 1980 to 2021. The findings suggest that the status of regions, the availability of parliamentary seats, and the regional party system, among other factors, contribute to understanding regional variations in opportunities for executive level-hoppers.

Explaining the stringency of environmental policies: Domestic determinants or international policy coordination?

This paper examines how and to what extent spatial interactions among EU national governments affect the stringency of environmental policies (EP). We innovate on the literature along three dimensions: 1) we evaluate the spatial interactions across countries to assess the “interaction dividend” associated with international treaties; 2) we better examine how political and institutional variables shape EP when such interactions are taken into account; 3) we identify the type of EP for which these interactions play a more relevant role by considering for the first time the new EPS21 disaggregated indexes of policy stringency. In a sample of 21 European countries between 2000 and 2018, a benchmark model shows that, among country-specific effects, proxies for the industries' lobbying power, quality of governance, government's ideology, decentralization and the urbanization rate of voters play important roles. When the model consider spatial interactions among countries, the estimates reveal that between 1/3 and more than one-half of a country's commitment to EP can be attributed to positive spillover effects from other countries, depending on the type of policy, with more prominent effects in technology support policies. These results reinforce the need of supranational coordination through international organizations and treaties.

Capital structure in Latin America: institutional and macroeconomic effects

PropósitoEste estudio analiza la influencia de los factores institucionales y macroeconómicos, además de los factores a nivel de empresa, en la estructura de capital de las empresas industriales cotizadas latinoamericanas (LATAM). El objetivo es proporcionar evidencia empírica sobre las empresas latinoamericanas desde (1) la perspectiva de las teorías tradicionales trade-off y pecking order, y (2) desde los enfoques que introducen el impacto de los factores institucionales y macroeconómicos en el análisis.Diseño/metodología/enfoqueEl análisis empírico adopta una metodología econométrica, utilizando datos de panel de empresas de Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, México y Perú, de 2008 a 2018.HallazgosLos resultados indican que, además de las características a nivel de empresa, las características institucionales y macroeconómicas de los países influyen en la estructura de capital de las empresas latinoamericanas.Limitaciones/implicaciones de la investigaciónEl estudio presenta algunas limitaciones, principalmente se centra en empresas cotizadas provenientes de solo seis países de LATAM, debido a la falta de datos. Sería recomendable realizar estudios similares con factores de gobierno corporativo, con empresas familiares y PYMES.Implicaciones prácticasLos resultados pueden servir de referencia para los agentes económicos y profesionales, animándolos a considerar la evolución de las variables institucionales y macroeconómicas a la hora de tomar decisiones. Académicamente, nuestros hallazgos verifican la validez de las teorías convencionales y la relevancia de incorporar variables institucionales externas en el marco de la estructura de capital.Originalidad/valorLa importancia de esta investigación radica en analizar la estructura de capital de empresas en un área geográfica poco explorada, LATAM, incluyendo factores institucionales y macroeconómicos y utilizando la nueva base de datos Orbis.

Trends in using intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring during parathyroidectomy: Protocol and rationale for a cross-sectional survey study of North American surgeons.

Hyperparathyroidism is a common endocrine disorder that occurs secondary to abnormal parathyroid gland functioning. Depending on the type of hyperparathyroidism, surgical extirpation of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands can be considered for disease cure. Intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) monitoring improves outcomes in patients undergoing surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism, but studies are needed to characterize its institutional adoption and its role in surgery for secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, as these entities can be difficult to cure. Hence, we will perform a cross-sectional survey study of surgeon rationale, operational details, and barriers associated with IOPTH monitoring adoption across North America. We will utilize a convenience sampling technique to distribute an online survey to head and neck surgeons and endocrine surgeons across North America. This survey will be distributed via email to three North American professional societies (i.e., Canadian Society for Otolaryngologists-Head and Neck Surgeons, American Head and Neck Society, and American Association of Endocrine Surgeons). The survey will consist of 30 multiple choice questions that are divided into three concepts: (1) participant demographics and training details, (2) details of surgical adjuncts during parathyroidectomy, and (3) barriers to adoption of IOPTH. Descriptive analyses and multiple logistic regression will be used to evaluate the impact of demographic, institutional, and training variables on the use of IOPTH monitoring in surgery for all types of hyperparathyroidism and barriers to IOPTH monitoring adoption. Ethics approval was obtained by the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board (2024-17173-GRA). These findings will characterize surgeon and institutional practices with regards to IOPTH monitoring during parathyroid surgery and will inform future trials aimed to optimize the use of IOPTH monitoring in secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism.

Implementation of Skills-Based Vocational Education Programmes for Youths Empowerment and Community Development in Ogun State, Nigeria

Due to some institutional, structural, personnel, and environmental variables of performance limitations, the expectations of vocational education programmes seem to have been compromised. This paper therefore presents an investigation on the implementation of vocational education programmes for community empowerment in Ogun State, Nigeria. Descriptive survey research was adopted for the study. From a total population of 384,740 technical education students, a sample of 380 students and 60 instructors were selected using a random sampling technique. A 5-point Likert structured questionnaire titled: “Vocational Education and Community Empowerment Scale (VECES)”, r=0.86 was used for data collection. Mean and standard deviation scores were used to answer the research questions, while a t-test was used to test the hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. Results showed that inadequate training facilities and an acute shortage of qualified instructors challenged vocational education programmes for community empowerment. Respondents did not significantly differ in their opinions on the contents, challenges and strategies to enhance the effective implementation of vocational education programmes. It was concluded that youths in the communities were yet to be empowered because of the performance limitations associated with implementing vocational education programmes as expected in the state’s policy document. Based on these findings, it was recommended among others that government and private sectors should provide qualified instructors, equipment and facilities in technical and vocational institutions for the acquisition of skills.

Analyzing the Nexus of Institutional and Individual Factors on Students' Willingness for Online Learning among Universities Students

The reasons why students choose online learning at educational institutions are investigated in this qualitative and inductive study. The researchers used a triangulation strategy that comprised documentation, participant observation, and semi-structured interviews with undergraduate and graduate students from three different universities to guarantee the results were accurate and reliable. By examining the information gathered from various techniques, the research aims to provide insightful insights into the decision-making process of students who choose to learn online. Grounded theory was used in our study to manually examine the data and create three categories: empirical themes, theoretical concepts and theoretical dimensions. Our research looked at the aspects that contribute to the climate of online learning and how they affect students' desire to utilize it. One of our most important findings was that both institutional and individual variables affect students' willingness to utilize online learning. In addition, online learning has been important, individual factors that are computer anxiety, student engagement and subjective norms becoming important factors to influence student’s willingness. Students understand themselves as having benefitted from online learning and they believe this benefit extending beyond their students lives. Respondents were in view that online learning has certain boundaries so students develop their competencies and avoid challenges that would prevent them from using online learning like computer anxiety. Furthermore, the impact of online learning is not only predicated upon the students' willingness to take an active role, but also greatly affected by institutional factors. These factors include the attributes of the system, including the level of design and user-friendliness of the online platform, as well as the technical and equipment readiness of the institution.

WHICH DETERMINANTS EXPLAIN MUNICIPALITIES' DEBT? THE CASE OF PORTUGUESE MUNICIPALITIES FROM 2014 TO 2017

Objective: Municipality sustainability is crucial for promoting the country's wealth and the citizens' well-being. Therefore, understanding municipalities' indebtedness is relevant to avoid situations of severe financial constraints. This work aims to understand the determinants that explain Portuguese municipalities' debt levels (both total and excess of debt), after the introduction of the Regime Financeiro das Autarquias Locais e Entidades Intermunicipais (RFALEI) published in 2013 (Law no. 73/2013). Theoretical Framework: In this work, the indebtedness of Portuguese municipalities is studied, from the perspective of net debt and excess indebtedness in order to give a broader picture of this topic and to be able to characterize the main determinants that explain debt in Portuguese municipalities. Method: Municipalities' debt is measured using not only the net debt ratio (as most of the works) but also the excess of municipalities' indebtedness. Institutional, political, and financial-economic variables are analyzed to explain debt using a linear regression model with fixed effects. The sample includes all Portuguese municipalities for the period from 2014 to 2017. Results and Discussion: Results show that only institutional and financial-economic determinants are relevant to explain municipalities’ indebtedness. Municipalities with less tourism, less State transfers, and with more capital revenues are the ones more indebtedness. Beyond these factors, municipalities with more investments and less tax revenue tend to present more excess debt. Research Implications: The results of this work are useful to a group of users of the information provided by municipalities: By knowing the main reasons that lead to debt, municipal managers can somehow reduce debt; Regulatory entities can create laws to limit debt and citizens know how public money is being managed. Originality/Value: This work analyzed all Portuguese municipalities, during four years, a larger sample than used in previous works. Moreover, institutional, and financial-economic determinants are also used, in addition to political variables, and these determinants show relevance to explain municipalities' debt. Finally, we focus not only on the debt ratio but also on excess of debt which was the main concern of RFALEI.

Institution-level Patterns of Care for Early-stage Oropharynx Cancers in the United States.

The adoption of transoral robotic surgery and shifting epidemiology in oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer have stimulated debate over upfront and adjuvant treatment. Institutional variation in practice patterns can be obscured in patient-level analyses. We aimed to characterize institutional patterns of care as well as identify potential associations between patterns of care and survival. This was a retrospective cohort study of patients identified from 2004-2015 in the National Cancer Database. We analyzed 42,803 cases of oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer Stage cT1-2N0-2bM0 (AJCC 7th edition) treated with curative intent surgery and/or radiotherapy. We defined facility-4-year periods to account for changing institutional practice patterns. The 42,803 patients were treated within 2578 facility-4-year periods. We assessed institutional practice patterns, including the ratio of upfront surgery to definitive radiotherapy, case volumes, use of adjuvant therapies (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy), and margin positivity rates. Survival associations with institutional practice patterns were estimated with Cox regression. The ratio of upfront surgery to definitive radiotherapy ranged from 80-to-1 to 1-to-23. The institution-level median rate of adjuvant radiotherapy was 69% (IQR 50%-100%), adjuvant chemoradiotherapy was 44% (IQR 0%-67%), and margin-positive resection was 33% (IQR 0%-50%). On patient-level MVA, worse overall survival was not significantly associated with institutional case volume, adjuvant radiotherapy, or adjuvant chemoradiotherapy utilization. High rates of multimodal therapy and positive margins underscore the importance of multidisciplinary care and highlight variable patterns of care across institutions. Further work is warranted to explore indicators of high-quality care and to optimize adjuvant therapy in the HPV era.

Is there a trade-off between MFls' financial efficiency and outreach in macroeconomic and institutional context?

This paper analyses whether there is a trade-off between microfinance institutions (MFIs)' financial efficiency and outreach in macroeconomic and institutional context. We first theoretically discuss the potential impacts of macroeconomic and institutional factors on financial efficiency of MFIs, then present empirical evidence in support of theoretical analysis. The main results show that there is a potential trade-off between MFIs' financial efficiency and outreach when we consider the influences of macroeconomic and institutional variables on financial efficiency of MFIs.

Surgical Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Low-Risk Cholecystectomies is Associated with Fewer Surgical Site Infections: Nationwide Cohort Study in Switzerland.

To assess whether administration of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP) versus absence of SAP is associated with a decreased risk of surgical site infections (SSI) after low-risk cholecystectomies (LR-CCE). Current guidelines do not recommend routine SAP administration prior to LR-CCE. This cohort study included adult patients who underwent LR-CCE and were documented by the Swissnoso SSI surveillance system between 1/2009-12/2020 at 66 Swiss hospitals. LR-CCE was specified as elective endoscopic surgery, age <70, no active cholecystitis, ASA score <3, operating time <120 minutes without implantation of foreign material. Exposure was defined as the administration of cefuroxime or cefazoline ± metronidazole within 120 minutes prior to incision versus no SAP administration. Our main outcome was occurrence of SSI until day 30. Logistic regression models were used to adjust for institutional, patient, and perioperative variables. Of 44 682 surveilled adult cholecystectomy patients, 12 521 (8 726 women [69.7%]; median [IQR] age, 49.0 [38.1-58.2] years), fulfilled inclusion criteria. SSI was identified in 143 patients (1.1%). SAP was administered in 9 269 patients (74.0%) and was associated with a lower SSI rate (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.50; 95% CI, 0.35-0.70; P < 0.001). The number needed to treat to prevent one SSI episode is 100. The overall LR-CCE SSI rate was 1.1%. SAP was associated with a 50% lower overall SSI rate. Patients undergoing LR-CCE may benefit from routine surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis.

Investigation of Teachers' Professional Satisfaction Levels according to Various Variables

For an effective education process, it is essential that both students and teachers are highly motivated. In this context, it is necessary to determine teachers' professional satisfaction levels and take political steps according to these levels. In this study, the professional satisfaction levels of teachers and whether these levels differ according to gender, graduation status, and education level were examined. The research is structured on the relational survey model, one of the survey models. The sample of the study consists of 255 primary school teachers. 157 of the participants were female, and 98 were male. While 159 teachers graduated from the faculty of education, 96 teachers graduated from different faculties. 12 teachers have college degrees, 190 teachers have bachelor's degrees, 51 teachers have master's degrees, and two teachers have doctorate degrees. The scale for determining the level of teachers' professional satisfaction (TPSS) developed by Yurdakal &amp; Aktaş (2023) was used to collect data in the study. The Cronbach's Alpha value of the scale is 0.87, and it has three dimensions. The total variance value explained for the scale is 54.53%. The scale consists of 32 items. Necessary permissions were obtained during the data collection process. Then, the items in the measurement tool were uploaded to the Google form, and the data were collected online. Since the distribution was homogeneous, independent groups T-test was used to differentiate teachers' satisfaction levels according to gender and graduated institution variables. One Way Anova analysis was used for the education level variable. As a result of the research, teachers' professional satisfaction levels were determined as "medium level." Teachers' professional satisfaction levels do not differ according to gender in the overall scale and in the sub-dimensions. According to the graduated institution, differences were found in the overall scale and in the personal characteristics sub-dimension and administrative characteristics sub-dimension.

Production pathway of smallholders to nutrition-sensitive agriculture in Northwest Ethiopia

Nutrition-sensitive agriculture is an approach that aims to ensure the production of affordable, safe, culturally appropriate, and nutritious foods in sufficient quantity and quality to meet dietary needs. This study aims to examine the production pathway by which smallholder farmers adopt nutrition-sensitive agriculture in northwest Ethiopia. Data were collected from 478 randomly sampled households through a structured questionnaire-based survey, observations, and group discussions. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the influences of demographic, socioeconomic, and institutional explanatory variables on the production of various food groups in households. Arable land owned by households, the use of irrigation, access to the nearest markets, contacts with agricultural extension workers, and management practices affect plant-sourced food production. On the other hand, the number of livestock owned, the total crop produced, and contacts with extension workers affected animal-sourced food production. However, different factors, such as technological, institutional, and managerial challenges, that include dependency on rain-fed and free-grazing-based traditional herding systems adversely affect the production pathway to nutrition-sensitive agriculture. The study concludes that improving agricultural extension services, promoting small-scale irrigation schemes, and introducing improved animal feeding with improved crop and livestock management techniques could significantly contribute to increased household availability of diversified foods.

Impact of institutional variables on centre performance in long-term survival after heart transplant.

The gold standard metric for centre-level performance in orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) is 1-year post-OHT survival. However, it is unclear whether centre performance at 1 year is predictive of longer-term outcomes. This study evaluated factors impacting longer-term centre-level performance in OHT. Patients who underwent OHT in the USA between 2010 and 2021 were identified using the United Network of Organ Sharing data registry. The primary outcome was 5-year survival conditional on 1-year survival following OHT. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models assessed the impact of centre-level 1-year survival rates on 5-year survival rates. Mixed-effect models were used to evaluate between-centre variability in outcomes. Centre-level risk-adjusted 5-year mortality conditional on 1-year survival was not associated with centre-level 1-year survival rates [hazard ratio: 0.99 (0.97-1.01, P = 0.198)]. Predictors of 5-year mortality conditional on 1-year survival included black recipient race, pre-OHT serum creatinine, diabetes and donor age. In mixed-effect modelling, there was substantial variability between centres in 5-year mortality rates conditional on 1-year survival, a finding that persisted after controlling for recipient, donor and institutional factors (P < 0.001). In a crude analysis using Kaplan-Meier, the 5-year survival conditional on 1-year survival was: low volume: 86.5%, intermediate volume: 87.5%, high volume: 86.7% (log-rank P = 0.52). These measured variables only accounted for 21.4% of the between-centre variability in 5-year mortality conditional on 1-year survival. Centre-level risk-adjusted 1-year outcomes do not correlate with outcomes in the 1- to 5-year period following OHT. Further research is needed to determine what unmeasured centre-level factors contribute to longer-term outcomes in OHT.

Safety and Efficacy of Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy as Upfront Therapy in Primary Glioblastoma and IDH-Mutant Astrocytoma: A Meta-Analysis.

Although primary studies have reported the safety and efficacy of LITT as a primary treatment in glioma, they are limited by sample sizes and institutional variation in stereotactic parameters such as temperature and laser power. The current literature has yet to provide pooled statistics on outcomes solely for primary brain tumors according to the 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (WHO CNS5). In the present study, we identify recent articles on primary CNS neoplasms treated with LITT without prior intervention, focusing on relationships with molecular profile, PFS, and OS. This meta-analysis includes the extraction of data from primary sources across four databases using the Covidence systematic review manager. The pooled data suggest LITT may be a safe primary management option with tumor ablation rates of 94.8% and 84.6% in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and IDH-mutant astrocytoma, respectively. For IDH-wildtype GBM, the pooled PFS and OS were 5.0 and 9.0 months, respectively. Similar to rates reported in the prior literature, the neurologic and non-neurologic complication rates for IDH-wildtype GBM were 10.3% and 4.8%, respectively. The neurologic and non-neurologic complication rates were somewhat higher in the IDH-mutant astrocytoma cohort at 33% and 8.3%, likely due to a smaller cohort size.

Impact of Institutions on Financial Inclusion in Africa

Abstract Financial inclusion, for which the keystone is access to a bank account, is crucial to overcome the socioeconomic backwardness of African countries and to improve the African societies’ well-being. The study concentrates on this continent to better understand the nature of its development in terms of financial inclusion. The research aims to identify the institutions’ impact on financial inclusion in 35 African countries in the years 2010-2019. The analysis is based on a panel model with fixed individual effects. Novelty of the study rests in incorporation of four institutional variables: constraints on the executive, resolving insolvency, property rights, and WGI. The results showed a positive and statistically significant impact of resolving insolvency on financial inclusion (a measure covering people with financial institution accounts) across the entire sample. However, this relationship is especially visible in more developed countries, while constraints on the executive turned out to be crucial for low-income countries. Another novelty of the study is creation of an index of financial inclusion covering Mobile Money which was used to verify the obtained results. In this case, no positive impact of any institutional variable was identified which may mean that a favourable institutional environment is not required for the development of Mobile Money.

Institutional effects of nonviolent and violent revolutions

This paper conducts a systematic review and comparative analysis of the institutional impacts of nonviolent versus violent revolutions. It examines sixty-six quantitative studies across disciplines on how revolutionary tactics affect post-conflict institutions. The analysis categorizes institutional outcome variables into five groups: democracy, military/police/courts, foreign relations, ethnicity/culture, and well-being. The comparative analysis finds a preponderance of evidence that nonviolent movements have more positive institutional effects than violent ones. Civil resistance is associated with democratization, reduced repression, loyalty shifts, human rights protections, inclusion of marginalized groups, and greater well-being compared to violent campaigns. The comparative analysis contributes strong cross-disciplinary evidence on the differential institutional impacts of revolutionary tactics.