Institutional Trajectories Research Articles

Towards collaborative forest planning in Canadian and Swedish hinterlands: Different institutional trajectories?

Forest policy has developed from single to multiple objectives. This requires a transition from traditional sectoral planning to more open, multi-stakeholder approaches that take into account all dimensions of sustainability across entire landscapes and even regions. Comparisons of regions with different landscape histories and governance legacies can support collaborative learning. Following Patsy Healy’s and Frances Cleaver’s approaches, we compare institutional strategies and constraints for collaborative territorial planning in Canada and Sweden by focusing on two case study regions in steep urban-rural gradients. Both regions are facing severe challenges after a long focus on forest staples resources. To cope with the transition towards multiple objectives, efforts towards collaborative learning inspired by the Model Forest landscape approach were made. The Canadian case study had some quick successes because of government funding, and managed to begin collaborative planning, but changes in public policy led to a quick demise. The Swedish case study developed local islands of collaborative learning, provided that champions managed to sustain their work. To conclude, we see two trajectories towards collaborative territorial planning shaped by different institutions: (1) regional level public core funding that can support planning processes top-down, or (2) establishment of voluntary local win-win solutions bottom-up. Both require committed stakeholders that are willing to employ a holistic perspective, and able to sustain resources in the long-term. However, despite a clearly stated goal towards multiple-use forest management, institutional legacies aiming at supporting maximum sustained yield wood production that have ruled the relationships between the state and the industry for so many years remain key barriers for multifunctional landscapes and regions.

Wars, presidents, and punctuated equilibriums in US defense spending

Under what conditions does the USA adjust its defense spending dramatically? Scholars have identified many factors that affect military budgets, from international threats to domestic politics. Yet, most existing studies use regression analysis to estimate average marginal effects, thereby neglecting large-scale outlier “punctuations” that, though rare, supply theoretical insights, set institutional trajectories, and shape aspirations for future policy. Blending scholarship from public policy, international relations, and defense analysis, this article uses punctuated equilibrium theory (PET) and a mixed-method research design to argue that either a change in war policy or a presidential transition is necessary for a US defense spending punctuation. War debates and presidential transitions facilitate punctuations by triggering shifts in policymaker attention and policy subsystem structure, two mechanisms central to PET theorizing. In its quantitative section, the article uses a mathematical threshold to identify four punctuations since 1950: Truman’s Korean War buildup, Eisenhower’s post-Korean War drawdown, Kennedy’s peacetime civil defense buildup, and Bush I’s post-Gulf War, post-Cold War drawdown. War policy or a presidential transition figured prominently in each case. In its qualitative section, the article analyzes the Kennedy period in greater detail because, lacking a hot war, the case was least likely to witness a punctuation and therefore represents the hardest test for PET. In line with the theory’s expectations, Kennedy’s muscular agenda setting and subsystem shaping interacted with rising Cold War tensions to cause a dramatic-but-brief increase in civil defense funding to guard against a Soviet nuclear attack.

Politics of exclusion and institutional transformation in Ethiopia

ABSTRACTEthiopia experienced a critical juncture in 1991 with the defeat of the military dictatorship, opening up the possibilities of a new political order. Since then the country underwent social engineering and institutional transformation emerging as a leading reformist state under hegemonic-party rule with high institutional state capacity but also a concentration, and even personalisation, of decision-making power. This approximates to a path of ‘authoritarian institutionalisation’. This article argues that Ethiopia’s institutional trajectory can be explained by the nature of coalition politics in the formative years of transition, specifically the extent to which credible challengers were excluded from transitional processes. The strategy of excluding Pan-Ethiopian parties and sideling the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) set the country on the path of establishing a hegemonic rule by the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). Sustaining hegemonic rule entailed fending off threats from excluded groups in the 1990s but which coalesced into a strong electoral performance in the 2005 elections in whose aftermath the ruling party embarked on aggressive pursuit of state-directed development for political legitimation.

The International Governance of Competition and Trade – Differences in Theoretical and Institutional Trajectories

Economic globalization brings forms of global governance. Multilateral economic institutions, such as the IMF and the WTO, emerged as mechanisms of regulation of international markets. Countries decide to abide by the rules emanated from transnational institutions in order to tackle externalities derived from otherwise unregulated market transactions in international trade and finance. For developing countries, the adoption of rules from the abovementioned institutions may enhance institutional learning, hence, contributing to economic development. Contrary to what occurred with trade and finance, there was no headway on a global institutional framework to regulate international competition. Yet, global firm strategies in the area of production and services may have effects on international and domestic competition, for example: cartels with transboundary effects, agreements to exclude foreign competitors, abuse of dominant positions, mergers between companies in different countries, vertical markets integration in regional trade blocks, among others. There is a trend toward “globalization anticompetitive practices”. This paper discusses this apparent contradiction, that is: the rise of antitrust aspects in the global economy not matched by an international institutional response. First, it discusses some stylized facts regarding the relation between economic globalization and competition, focusing on trade issues. Second, it identifies theoretical foundations of trade and competition policies, emphasizing the political economy of antidumping, a policy in which trade and competition intersect. Antidumping policy and international cartels are examples. The third section suggests that, despite the lack of formal international regimes, there has been institutional convergence in competition policies among countries; based on “order without formal law” and “competition advocacy”.

Incorporating the Relational in Museums of Art: Mapping the Institutional Trajectory

Incorporating the Relational in Museums of Art: Mapping the Institutional Trajectory

De Heidelberg a Frankfurt: Norbert Elias no círculo de “mandarins” alemães pós 1920

Este artigo tem como foco a passagem de Norbert Elias por Heidelberg e Frankfurt, a fim de analisar de que modo ela repercutiu sobre a formação, a trajetória e algumas produções desse autor. Tomando como ponto de partida a sua obra autobiográfica, a análise contemplou algumas produções nacionais e internacionais acerca de sua trajetória intelectual, pessoal e institucional. A rede de relações na qual Elias esteve engendrado foi decisiva para a sua formação sociológica, para a elaboração de suas principais obras e também para o seu reconhecimento, mesmo que tardio. Para além das particularidades de Elias, elementos comuns encontrados nas narrativas de “mandarins” alemães permitem detectar um relativo “padrão de pensamento” pós 1920, em razão do momento de efervescência weberiana, do nazismo e do clima de “crise da cultura” alemã.

WHY IS PATRIOTISM IN THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA LACKS CITIZENSHIP? (BASED ON A SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY)

Contemporary Russia needs a platform for intercultural dialogue, the foundation of Russian identity as the basis of inter-ethnic consolidation and solidarity practices. Patriotism can become such a platform, and in this connection there is a need for a scientific analysis of patriotism in the local communities of the Southern Russia from the standpoint of identifying its cognitive, value and behavioral aspects and manifestations in the context of modern reality. In the article, following a sociological empirical study conducted in five regions of the Federation in the South of Russia (Rostov Region, the Republic of Crimea, Kabardino-Balkaria and Adygea, Stavropol Territory), the main types of patriotism and trends associated with the spread of archetypal patriotic practices based on etatistic attitudes and heroic experience of the past as the basis for the formation of the patriotic consciousness of young people in the present. In other words, patriotism in the studied subjects lacks citizenship, and it develops in line with the patriotism of the state (holding, mobilization) type, which corresponds to the mental and institutional trajectory of the formation of patriotism in the history of the Russian state.

What Happened, Mr. Ricardou? A Theatre of Metamorphoses

This article examines the institutional trajectory and theoretical legacy of Jean Ricardou. I begin by observing the reactions to the news of Ricardou’s death in 2016, both in the public press and ...

Translation that dare not speak its name: Amara Lakhous as an ambivalent self-translator

ABSTRACT This article seeks to address translation as a transaction, a negotiation and an intervention on behalf of the translating agent. Looking at the institutional trajectory and the public persona displayed by the multilingual Algerian-Italian novelist and self-translator, Amara Lakhous, I analyze his many interviews as discursive interventions and ‘position-takings’ (Bourdieu: prises de position) in the Italian literary field. By contrasting a constructed Author-persona with an equally constructed figure of the Translator as Other, Lakhous not only reactivates rhetorical commonplaces but takes a stance against translation that should not be taken at face-value but deconstructed on its own terms.

Theorising vertical urbanisation

Taller, denser and more diverse city skylines are a hallmark of 21st century urban change. Although vertical urbanisation is increasingly ubiquitous, this development has not followed a single universal pattern. It is not uniform in its scale, its target neighourhood types, nor in its design, which spans ‘starchitect’-designed skyscrapers and generic tower blocks. Urban scholars have traditionally considered vertical development via less specific concepts such as intensification, and only recently has the expression ‘vertical urbanisation’ risen in prominence. There remains however a lack of integration and theorisation of vertical expansion across social science debate. This siloing of diverse perspectives encourages isolated accounts and hinders shared understandings around the processes it entails. Yet interest lies not only in examining the specifics of each new local crop of towers, but also in explaining the process of vertical expansion itself as performative and constitutive of shifting social relations. Equally, integrating distinct local, historical, and institutional trajectories within robust theoretical schema can enhance understandings of vertical expansion in particular times and places. This paper steps towards these ambitions by conceptualising residential vertical urbanisation as a special kind of spatial fix. Using intertextual theorisation and drawing upon Aalbers and Christophers’ recent theorisation of housing’s functions under capitalist political economy, this article positions residential high-rise development within the circuitry of capitalist accumulation. In particular, and independently of national or local specifics, it develops an exploratory conceptual schema for high-rise housing development based on its three interrelated functions as: labour and capital intensive commodities; as investments on real estate markets tied to financial markets; and as cultural artefacts of distinction both in inter city competition and geopolitics, and in class relations. The proposed theorisation does not explain vertical expansion in every case, indeed it emphasises the importance of interrogating the role of intermediaries, states, and local opportunity structures in understanding the local contours of vertical expansion. Nonetheless, by providing a theoretically informed heuristic that is sensitive to temporal and geographic contingencies, and into which specific occurrences of vertical expansion can be embedded, this framework offers to promote communication between these occurrences as related yet locally contingent phenomena of financialised capitalism.

Do Estado empreendedor ao mito da não-intervenção: A inovação como instituição nos Estados Unidos

Os Estados Unidos consolidaram durante o século XX um ecossistema de inovação responsável por garantir a liderança econômica do ciclo sistêmico do capitalismo mundial. A despeito das reformas nesse ecossistema implantadas durante as desregulamentações neoliberais do governo Reagan, o sistema nacional de inovações norte-americano continua competitivo em virtude da sólida trajetória institucional construída.

La Salle e a formação de mestres-professores: as orientações contidas no guia das escolas cristãs para o ensino da aritmética

Os Irmãos das Escolas Cristãs, mais conhecidos como lassalistas, têm sua trajetória institucional atrelada à história da formação de professores. Atribui-se a La Salle a criação da primeira Escola Normal no modelo como a temos hoje. Neste artigo, propõe-se apresentar e discutir alguns elementos sobre a formação dos primeiros mestres-professores, que ensinavam a ler, escrever e contar. Este estudo situa-se no campo da História da Educação Matemática, tomando como fonte histórica a obra de La Salle, o Guia das Escolas Cristãs, de 1706, traduzido para o português, em 2012, pelo Ir. Edgard Hengemüle. Constatou-se, entre outras coisas, que é com La Salle que o ensino da aritmética se eleva ao mesmo patamar da leitura e da escrita nas escolas para pobres na França do século XVII. O ensino da aritmética tem como intuito a preparação para o trabalho e para a vida. Dá-se essencialmente por meio da leitura, repetição e memorização dos números com o auxílio de cartazes, bem como com a cópia e o exercício das quatro operações, com ênfase para o uso do dinheiro. O ensino de aritmética integra uma formação mais ampla, de caráter humanista, voltada à salvação da alma e à glorificação de Deus.

Svetlana Suveică, Virgil Pâslariuc, Chișinău during World WarI: From the Western Borderland of Russian Empire to the Eastern Borderland of Romania / Chişinăul în anii primului război mondial: de la hotarul de vest al Imperiului rus la hotarul de est al României Mari

Between 1914 and 1921, the population inhabiting the region of Bessarabia witnessed, although from behind the frontline, the world conflagration, which was followed by major political changes that detached the region from the Russian Empire, then created the conditions for a short independence period, to finally attach the province to “Greater Romania” in 1918. The history of the city of Chișinău during this tumultuous time period is discussed – for the first time – with a specific focus on its dynamics as a place in which two political systems, defined by the imperial and the national model, confronted each other while also coexisting in different settings. The authors are especially interested in the trajectories of individuals, communities, and institutions linked to the city. They reconstruct the way local actors acknowledged political changes, but also how they exercised agency and imposed their own agendas, frequently based on local, group, or personal needs. The case of Chișinău is relevant for the understanding of the major impact of political transition(s) on the local level. It shows that there were various local actors, all of them being part and parcel of this transition, within which they had their own story to tell. Whereas for some political or social groups 1918 meant a new beginning, for others it was the time of political vacuum, from which certain dividends could be extracted.

EVOLUÇÃO DA INFRAESTRUTURA GRAVIMÉTRICA NO BRASIL

Com o avanço das técnicas de medição da aceleração de gravidade, houve considerável aumento das aplicações gravimétricas em diversos segmentos de atividades mundo afora. Por conseguinte, uma profusão de dados gravimétricos espaciais, aéreos, marinhos e terrestres tem sido adquirida, sobretudo desde meados do século passado. Ao desafio de aprimorar as aplicações, soma-se o interesse da comunidade científica em estabelecer padrões acerca da aquisição e manutenção do acervo auferido, visando dar maior homogeneidade às informações obtidas e disponibilizadas ao usuário. No quadro brasileiro, a falta de uma política gravimétrica nacional tem acarretado iniciativas difusas, fazendo com que cada instituição preencha suas necessidades de forma independente e sem a devida padronização. O presente artigo visa a trazer à tona informações que possibilitem um melhor conhecimento das atividades gravimétricas até então empreendidas em território brasileiro, retratando as principais técnicas e instrumentos utilizados. Adicionalmente, retrata-se brevemente a trajetória das principais instituições que atuam no campo da gravimetria, no intuito de conhecer o passado, compreender o presente e antever futuras ações devidamente concatenadas.

A brief history of worker's health in Brazil's Unified Health System: progress and challenges.

This article draws on current understandings of workers' health in Brazil that emerged concomitantly with advances in the field of public health. It describes the institutional trajectory of the field of workers' health within the Unified Health System (SUS), emphasizing the challenges faced in developing actions in the sphere of workers' health surveillance. It synthesizes the often tortuous path taken over the last 30 years between multiprofessional training processes, coordination between different levels of the SUS, interinstitutional support, especially from public universities, and interaction with participatory processes. It provides an overview of progress and challenges in the face of continuous changes in working conditions and work organization and the limited effectiveness of government policies designed to address occupational health risks. Finally, it suggest that progress has come out of the intertwining of social and academic movements, with the opening up of institutional spaces that transform the SUS, reviving the underlying principles of participation and health promotion in broad vision of state policy.

Measuring efficiencies of Bangladeshi and Indonesian microfinance institutions

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to measure the technical efficiency and growth trajectory of Bangladeshi and Indonesian microfinance institutions (MFIs). The motivation for this study was derived from crucial roles that these institutions play in the socio-economic transformation of any nations, especially Bangladesh and Indonesia which are at least prominent in the Asian context in this regard. Rather than “proving” impact, research endeavors have shifted to focusing on “improving” the impact of MFIs, because the ability to improve their impact as socio-economic transformation platform may be hinged on their efficiency over time.Design/methodology/approachData were obtained from MIX market database covering a five-year period from 2007 to 2011 for 20 Bangladeshi and 11 Indonesian MFIs. The data obtained were subjected to both efficiency and trajectory analysis using data envelopment analysis (DEA) based on Malmquist productivity index, independent t-test, and latent growth curve modeling (LGCM).FindingsOverall, DEA results indicate that both Bangladeshi and Indonesian MFIs are approximately efficient under constant returns to scale, variable returns to scale, and scale. There has been an improvement in the management practices of Bangladeshi MFIs, while Indonesian MFIs have increased in optimum size. Independent t-test result shows that Bangladeshi MFIs are significantly efficient in terms of performance and firm’s size compared to Indonesian MFIs, but there is no significant difference in their efficiencies with regard to technology. The intercept and the slope of the regression weight in the estimated model using LGCM are not significantly different.Research limitations/implicationsThis study measures technical efficiency and growth trajectory of Bangladeshi and Indonesian MFIs over a five-year period. However, future studies could explore this in greater depth by incorporating more data.Practical implicationsThe research findings have great implications for the Bangladeshi and Indonesian MFIs. Since this study is among the first of its kind, the researchers have paved ways for further investigation in this area. Moreover, the study encourages the Bangladeshi and Indonesian MFIs to be more concerned of their efficiencies.Originality/valueThis study measures technical efficiency and growth trajectory of the Bangladeshi and Indonesian (MFIs). These have never been examined together in this way before.

The Bureaucratisation of Islam in Southeast Asia: Transdisciplinary Perspectives

Special Issue on this topic. In their specific local contexts, state- and non-state projects of bureaucratising Islam are driven by very different socio-political motivations and conditioned by equally different (albeit often interconnected and overlapping) historical trajectories and their discursive substrates. In this special issue, we examine this transnationally and transregionally observable phenomenon in the context of Southeast Asia, where the quest for “order” – no matter how messy or even entirely failed in its outcomes – is particularly strong. In this regional setting, the institutional trajectories of the “nation-state-ization” of Islam date back to colonial times, which have continued to cast a long shadow that informs the particular manifestations of bureaucratised Islam in each country.

Critical Terms in Caribbean and Latin American Thought: Historical and Institutional Trajectories by Yolanda Mart�nez-San Miguel, Ben Sifuentes-J�uregui and Marisa Belausteguigoitia (review)

Reviewed by: Critical Terms in Caribbean and Latin American Thought: Historical and Institutional Trajectories by Yolanda Martínez-San Miguel, Ben Sifuentes-Jáuregui and Marisa Belausteguigoitia Alexander M. Cárdenas-Jara Yolanda Martínez-San Miguel, Ben Sifuentes-Jáuregui and Marisa Belausteguigoitia. Critical Terms in Caribbean and Latin American Thought: Historical and Institutional Trajectories. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. 312 p. This anthology covers a comprehensive variety of fundamental cultural, socio-political, and historical terms, concepts and ideologies that have shaped different aspects of the history of the Caribbean and Latin America from the invasion by Europeans until today. Divided into 12 chapters, each dealing with introductory and analytical critiques of a specific key concept, the first six chapters cover a range of keywords that originated in or theoretically point to the colonial period: indigenismo, americanismo, colonialism, criollismo/creolization, mestizaje, and transculturation. The last six are related to concepts that acquired a specific meaning following the independence processes of the nineteenth century: modernidad, nation, gender, queer sexualities, testimonio, and popular culture. Selected keywords are critiqued in this review. Nelso Maldonado-Torres expounds "colonialism" by historically tracing its beginning and the consecutive periods in which it was reconfigured and ideologically contested. His hemispheric overview of the processes undertaken by colonialism is divided into five main periods: the European invasion and colonization, the wars for independence, the Cold [End Page 218] War and its impact on Latin America, post-Cold War and neoliberalism, and the formation of "massive resistance against neoliberalism" (68). Each of these periods provides the "colonialism" with a distinctive --although, relational--meaning. When the colonization period ended after bloody wars for independence, the new nations in the Americas went through different types of colonialism as each continued subjugating racial minorities and excluding most of them from the main spheres of power. For instance, the United States ended up marginalizing indigenous peoples and exploiting black slaves, and independent Latin American nations did not redeem the value of blackness– as the independent Haitians had done-- and anti-Amerindian racism still continued (71). Moreover, the lack of success in making Latin American countries as developed and powerful as European ones under the capitalist system led intellectuals to question their new inferior status. In the context of post-Cold War with the resulting condition of Latin American countries which were "in the dungeons of modernity" (67), concepts such as "dependecy theory," "internal colonialism," "neocolonialism," and "imperialism" started to be employed as a means to pinpoint the causes for their underdevelopment. This chapter aptly portrays how such ideologies underscored the political, economic, and ethnic-racial nature of a new facet of colonialism. José F. Buscaglia-Salgado approaches the keyword "mestizaje," which began racially and culturally in the colonial period, exclusively from its racial(ist) aspect, paying close attention to its manifestations in North as well as South America. He explains how racial differences were invented and codified by Spanish legislation as a means to profit from the free labor of the Amerindians and the slaves. To be sure, such a proslavery racialist legislation was in fact an organizing ground rule of European/North Atlantic economic systems since early modernity. As an example of the keyword's racialist codification, the critic admonishes the current uses of the word "mestizaje" to mean "benign" forms of racial mixing (114). By still carrying its colonial meaning--that is, a descriptor of the offspring of a Spaniard and an Amerindian--, this keyword continues to refer to bi-racial individuals, excluding and silencing Afro- and Asian-populations in the Americas. The author opines that the silencing of such peoples could be explained due to the consideration of black people not only as slaves but as the "absolute other to the European Ideal man" in early modernity (115). Graciela Montaldo approaches "modernidad" as category for four important movements of social and cultural changes--or epistemic rupturesin [End Page 219] Latin America. The first one occurs at the turn of the nineteenth century and refers to the "modernizing change to state institutions, the discipline of subjectivities, and social conduct" (155). After Latin American nations acquired their independence and the post-Independence civil wars diminished, national states consolidated institutional regimes in...

A ínteri jr. e o movimento empresa júnior como instrumentos do ecossistema empreendedor do mato grosso do sul

O presente artigo se propõe a discutir como as empresas júniores são relevantes no debate sobre ecossistemas empreendedores. Como foco teremos a Ínteri Jr., Empresa Júnior do curso de Relações Internacionais da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD). Através da apresentação de sua trajetória institucional e de consultorias prestadas, abordaremos o funcionamento do Ecossistema Empreendedor do Mato Grosso do Sul. O movimento empresa júnior no estado começou de fato em 2012, com a caracterização da Ínteri Jr. como sendo a primeira empresa júnior na região a atuar em rede. Após sua fundação, outros universitários de outros cursos foram inspirados e novas empresas júniores começaram a surgir dentro dessa mesma perspectiva, o que levou à fundação da Federação de Empresas Júniores do Mato Grosso do Sul. Nesse contexto será apresentado que, a economia tradicional da região não deve ser tomada como fator limitante das possibilidades de desenvolvimento econômico e as empresas júniores do estado vieram justamente para potencializar este desenvolvimento de forma acessível e de qualidade.

Social enterprise in the United Arab Emirates

PurposeThis paper aims to summarise a contribution to the International Comparative Social Enterprise Models (ICSEM) Project from the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It particularly highlights the relevance of the social constructionist approach adopted in the study to investigate and make sense of the social enterprise concept as an imported concept in a new environment.Design/methodology/approachThis approach is used as a thread to follow through the structure proposed by the ICSEM Project, namely, to look at the concept in context, to identify social enterprise models and establish a typology, as well as to describe institutional trajectories shaping the models. This paper highlights the constructs and institutional trajectories shaping the concept, and the main findings of the study when identifying the models and establishing the typology, based on an in-depth survey of 12 social enterprises in the UAE.FindingsWhile this typology can be considered as a preliminary one, it reveals creative recurrent models, with the state and private sector involved as incubators. Although the UAE offers a tax-free environment, the lack of a legal and regulatory system conducive to social enterprises seems to hamper the opportunities for them to develop and scale up.Originality/valueThis contribution is the first study to investigate the ecosystem of social enterprise and its deriving models, and to propose a preliminary typology in the UAE.