Institutional Performance Research Articles

Measuring the efficiency of banks using high-performance ensemble technique

The importance of technology and managerial risk management in banks has increased due to the financial crisis. Banks are the most affected since there are so many of them with poor financial standing. Due to this problem, an unstable and inefficient financial system causes economic stagnation in both the banking sector and overall economy. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) has been used to examine decision-making units (DMUs) performance to enhance efficiency. Currently, with the rapid growth of big data, adding more DMUs will likely require a large amount of memory and CPU time on the computer system, which will be the biggest challenge. As a result, machine learning (ML) approaches have been used to analyze financial institution performance, but many of them have variances in predictions or model stability, making measuring bank efficiency extremely difficult. For this, ensemble learning is commonly used to evaluate the performance of financial institutions in this context. This paper presents a robust super learner ensemble technique for assessing bank efficiency, with four machine learning models serving as base learners. These models are the support vector machine (SVM), K-nearest neighbors (KNN), random forest (RF), and AdaBoost classifier (ADA) which represent the base learners and their results utilized to train the meta-learner. The super learner (SL) approach is an extension of the stacking technique, which generates an ensemble based on cross-validation. One important benefit of this cross-validation theory-based technique is that it can overcome the overfitting issue that plagues most other ensemble approaches. When SL and base learners were compared for their forecasting abilities using different statistical standards, the results showed that the SL is superior to the base learners, where different variable combinations were used. The SL had accuracy (ACC) of 0.8636–0.9545 and F1-score (F1) of 0.9143–0.9714, while the basic learners had ACC of 0.5909–0.8182 and F1 of 0.6897–0.9143. So, SL is highly recommended for improving the accuracy of financial data forecasts, even with limited financial data.

Development Proposals for Implementing the 17 SDGs in Higher Education Institutions: Early Stages

Universities, as key players in global development, have a vital role in implementing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) within their environments. However, measuring progress toward the SDGs poses methodological challenges due to the complex framework comprising 17 goals, 169 targets, and 247 indicators. Within the diverse landscape of university ranking systems, in 2019 emerged the Times Higher Education Impact Rankings (THE IR) being so far the only ranking dedicated to evaluating the performance of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in relation to the SDGs. Despite its validation and participation, there are emerging issues, such as the need to consider local contexts and available resources. This study, originating from the Greek context, aims to serve as the initial stage in formulating a more practical and efficient assessment tool utilizing Multi-criteria Decision Making (MCDM/A), specifically by developing a streamlined set of indicators. Its primary objective is to introduce internationally applicable and unbiased indicators that can provide more accurate evaluations of universities’ progress, toward achieving the SDGs. To achieve this, various criteria were applied to an existing set of indicators, to determine their effectiveness in measuring SDG implementation. The findings of this analysis reveal the emergence of 34 indicators that meet the specified criteria.

Do health-care institutions perform better under leaders with medical or non-medical backgrounds? A scoping review

PurposeThis study aims to summarize studies that compared the performance of health-care institutions led by leaders with medical background versus those with no medical background.Design/methodology/approachA systematic search was conducted on three databases: PubMed, Ovid Medline and Google Scholar to identify relevant peer-reviewed studies using the keywords “performance,” “impact,” “physician,” “medical,” “doctor,” “leader,” “healthcare institutions” and “hospital.” Only quantitative studies that compared the performance of health-care institutions led by leaders with medical background versus non-medical background were included. Articles were screened and assessed for eligibility before the relevant data were extracted to summarize, appraise and make a narrative account of the findings.FindingsA total of eight studies were included, four were based in the USA, two in the UK and one from Germany and one from the Arab World. Half of the studies (n = 4) reported overall better health-care institutional performance in terms of hospital quality ranking such as clinical effectiveness and patient safety under leaders with medical background, whereas one study showed poorer performance. The remaining studies reported mixed results among the different performance indicators, especially financial performance.Practical implicationsWhile medical background leaders may have an edge in clinical competence to manage health-care institutions, it will be beneficial to equip them with essential management skills to optimize leadership competence and enhance organizational performance.Originality/valueThe exclusive inclusion of quantitative empirical studies that compared health-care institutional performance medical and non-medical leaders provides a clearer link between the relationship between health-care institutional performance and the leaders’ background.

Institutional Arrangement of Land Administration and Legal Frameworks for Providing Urban Land to Housing Cooperatives in Ethiopia: Evidence from Bahir Dar City

At global level, raising awareness of land management and institutional development plays an important role in building strong institutions for urban, regional, and national development, especially for housing. This can help the urban homeless by providing urban land when they need it. Hence, robust and well-structured urban land administration institutions are crucial for meeting planned housing land demand and achieving national, regional, and city-level objectives, contributing significantly to urban development. Because an effective urban land delivery system for housing favors low-income groups organized as housing cooperatives. However, substantial gaps in the current literature on land administration institutional structure have not been addressed in depth, notably in performing the land delivery process and utilizing communication as a tool between and within land administration functions and levels. The objective of this article is to investigate how an insufficient land administration institutional structure affects urban land supply to housing cooperatives as a capacity bottleneck. To achieve the study’s objectives, interviews and desk reviews were used as part of the mixed-methods approach to identify institutional structure challenges that limit effective communication and impede institutional performance in land delivery. The study found that inadequate institutional structures, conflicting roles, and poor communication channels were responsible for poor urban land delivery for housing cooperatives. Thus, without well-structured institutions in place, managing urban land may become an impossible mission, impeding progress towards sustainable development goals in cities. To this end, it is necessary to reform existing institutional structures to close current performance gaps related to institutional arrangements in urban land administration in general and land delivery for housing in particular. Ultimately, this conclusion calls for further research on responsible land stewardship and institutional arrangements, emphasizing the importance of understanding urban land institutions for housing developers in urban Ethiopia and analogous cities worldwide.

The Impact of Knowledge Management on Institutional Performance: An Applied Study on Greater Amman Municipality

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على أثر إدارة المعرفة في الأداء المؤسسي من وجهة نظر موظفي أمانة عمان الكبرى، ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة تم بناء استبانة لغرض جمع البيانات، وتكونت عينة الدراسة من 89 موظف من أمانة عمان الكبرى المركز الرئيس من المستوى الإداري التنفيذي، وقد تم اختيارهم بطريقة العينة العشوائية البسيطة، وقد تم استخدام مجموعة من الأساليب الإحصائية المناسبة لتحليل بيانات الدراسة. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى نتائج كان من أهمها أن مدى توافر إدارة المعرفة في أمانة عمان من وجهة نظر موظفي الأمانة جاءت بدرجة مرتفعة، كما أن مستوى الأداء المؤسسي في أمانة عمان قد جاء بدرجة مرتفعة وان هنالك أثراً ما بين إدارة المعرفة والأداء المؤسسي. وتوصي الدراسة بضرورة الاستمرار بتوفير المتطلبات الضرورية لإدارة المعرفة للعاملين في أمانة عمان الكبرى من اجل تحسين أداء العاملين فيها، وبالتالي تحقيق أهدافها باستمرار.

Investigating Task-Oriented Leader’ Behavior in Public and Private Universities to Establish the Structure of Quality Improvement

This study aimed to ascertain if task-oriented leaders' behavior and the establishment of structures to improve the caliber of universities are correlated. Furthermore, this research also assessed the disparity in the quality improvement framework between public and private universities and the variation in task-oriented leadership behavior shown by leaders in these universities. The survey comprised 369 participants, including Punjab's heads of departments, faculty deans, and directors of quality improvement cells drawn from public and private universities, as well as those accredited by the Higher Education Commission (HEC). Task-oriented leaders' behavior was assessed using the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ), while universities' quality improvement progress was gauged using the Institutional Performance Questionnaire (IPQ). The independent sample t-test and Pearson Correlation Coefficient were used to examine the data. According to the research, leaders at public universities are more task-oriented than private ones. Furthermore, the study showed that private universities had better quality improvement structures than public universities. The results of this study indicate that enhancing the quality of universities may benefit from a task-oriented leadership style.

The Impact of Accounting Knowledge Management on Improving Institutional Performance in the Greater Amman Municipality

The study was designed to explore the influence of accounting knowledge management (AKM) on enhancing institutional performance across various dimensions such as learning and growth, internal processes, customer satisfaction, financial performance, and the strategic dimension within the Greater Amman Municipality. Utilizing a combination of descriptive and inferential analytical approaches, the research targeted the entire cohort of employees working in the financial department, encompassing financial managers, department heads, accountants, and auditors, amounting to a total of 244 individuals. To fulfill the study’s aims, 200 questionnaires were disseminated, out of which 156 were returned and deemed valid for analysis, marking a substantial response rate of 78%. The findings of the study were quite revealing, indicating that all aspects of accounting knowledge management attained high levels of relative importance. Similarly, each dimension of institutional performance was also deemed to hold significant importance. Crucially, the study unveiled a positive correlation between the implementation of AKM and the enhancement of institutional performance within the Greater Amman Municipality. It was further discerned that the application of AKM concepts played a substantial role in the amelioration of institutional performance. One of the pivotal recommendations emerging from the study emphasized the need for the Greater Amman Municipality to augment its focus on generating accounting knowledge. The study advocates for the adoption of modern management methodologies that foster teamwork, cooperation, and active employee participation in conferences and meetings, to enhance knowledge generation and application within the organization.

Effect of Procurement Planning on Public Institutions Performance: A Case of Rwanda Development Board

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of procurement planning on public institutions performance. The Rwandan Development Board (RDB) has included state agencies in the creation of procurement strategies, but their efforts have been fruitless so far. An everyday scenario would be an organization's signed contracts with its contractors seeing a rise in the amounts due to the unexpectedly high pricing on global marketplaces. In conducting this research, three objectives were laid out to assess the effects of procurement needs identification and specifications on performance of Rwanda Development Board, to find out the effect of procurement budgeting on performance of Rwanda Development Board and to examine the effect of procurement risk management on the performance of Rwanda Development Board. To accomplish these goals, we first conducted a literature study that centered on the resource-based perspective, stakeholder theory, and relationship management theory; then, we used a census sample approach to choose 156 RDB workers from whom we gathered data. Methods for gathering information included an interview guide, documentation, and a questionnaire. We used quantitative and qualitative data to examine the data. The results show that, with all procurement planning set to zero, the performance of RDB will be 147.4 percent; there will be a 36.8 percent boost in RDB performance with an increase of one unit in the use of procurement needs identification and specifications; a 63.2% boost in RDB performance with an increase of one percent in the use of procurement budgeting; and a 68.4 percent boost in RDB performance with an increase of one percentage point in the use of procurement risk management planning. From a high level of analysis, it was found that procurement risk management planning, procurement budgeting, and procurement requirements identification and specifications were the three factors that had the most impact on the performance of public institutions at RDB. Procurement requirements identification and specifications, procurement budgeting, and procurement risk management planning all had 0.011, 0.018, and 0.31 levels of significance, respectively, at a 5% level of significance and a 95% level of confidence. With p<0.05, all of the factors were considerably different. Also, the Rwanda Development Board's procurement plans and the performance of public institutions are significantly different (p=.000), according to the ANOVA test. Public sector organizations' efficiency and effectiveness are both improved by procurement planning, according to the research. Procurement planning allows the government agency to save money by consolidating comparable needs under a single contract and by dividing more complicated needs into smaller, more manageable packages. The researcher concluded that RDB could benefit from identifying possible product issues before purchase through procurement needs identification and specifications; as a result, the researcher advised that RDB and suppliers typically enter into a transactional relationship. It is recommended to collaborate with suppliers when acquiring commodities that have a greater supply risk.

Industrial relations management practice and performance of tertiary institutions in Enugu State Nigeria

The study examined effect of industrial relations management practices on the performance of tertiary institutions in Enugu State. Survey research design was adopted. The population of the study was 11802. Taro Yamani statistical sampling formula was employed to determine the sample size of 387 for the study. The hypotheses were tested using t-test analysis. The findings revealed that expressive participatory management practices had a significant positive effect on the efficiency of tertiary institutions in Enugu State (where t-calculated = 7.39 is higher than the t-table value = 2.776, that employment practices had a significant positive effect on quality of service of tertiary institutions in Enugu State (t-calculated= 6.93 is higher than the t-table = 2.776) and that disengagement practices had a significant positive effect on the efficiency of tertiary institutions in Enugu State ( where the t-value =11.20, whereas the t-table value = 2.77). The study concluded that expressive participatory management, employment practices and disengagement practices influenced the performance of tertiary institutions in Enugu State. The study recommended among others that since industrial democracy effect the performance of tertiary institutions, management should give more room for unions in the organisation to air their views and try as much as possible to align the needs of the employees to that of the institutions so to improve on service delivery

Analyzing The Influences of Cyber-Loafing, Quiet Quitting, and Job Satisfaction On Teacher Performance in Non-Formal Educational Institutions

Non-formal educational institutions play a crucial role in enhancing human resource quality. Teacher performance is a key factor determining the effectiveness of the teaching and learning process within these institutions. In the digital age, the emergence of cyber-loafing and quiet quitting phenomena can negatively impact teacher performance. This study aims to analyze the influences of cyber-loafing, quiet quitting, and job satisfaction on teacher performance in non-formal educational institutions, utilizing 42 data samples. This research employs a quantitative method with a survey design. Data was collected from 42 teachers in non-formal educational institutions within the Bekasi area, West Java, Indonesia. Multiple linear regression was used as the data analysis technique.The research findings indicate that cyber-loafing and job satisfaction have positive significant influences on teacher performance, while quiet quitting has a negative significant influence.These findings differ from previous studies suggesting a significant impact of cyber-loafing, quiet quitting, and job satisfaction on teacher performance. This discrepancy might be attributed to factors such as differing sample characteristics, measurement methods, or research contexts.More extensive studies with larger and more diverse samples, alongside more accurate measurement methods, are necessary to confirm these findings.

Institutional Pressure and Business Sustainable Performance: Does Environmental Management Accounting Matter?

This study investigates the relationship between institutional pressures (IP) and sustainable business performance (SP) within Oman’s industrial sector, emphasizing on the mediating role of environmental management accounting (EMA). Drawing from the institutional theory, a sample of 307 respondents from Oman-based manufacturing firms listed on the Muscat Stock Exchange was considered. Data were gathered via an online questionnaire directed at accounting and finance professionals, with an impressive response rate of 96%. Using structural equation modelling through SPSS and AMOS, the analysis revealed that coercive pressure has a positive yet insignificant influence on SP, while normative pressure significantly correlates with SP. Additionally, while most dimensions of IP positively influence EMA, normative pressure was found to have no significant relationship with EMA. The results further confirm the significant positive impact of EMA on SP. This study underscores the pivotal role of EMA in fostering a sustainable business environment in Oman, accentuating the need for environment-friendly policies driven by IP.

“Determinan Kinerja Karyawan Muslim Pada Lembaga Keuangan Syariah”

Realizing the importance of improving the performance of employees who are members of sharia financial institutions, it is necessary to identify the factors that can influence it. According to studies from previous research, innovative ability, Islamic leadership and personality are factors that can improve the performance of Muslim employees, especially among employees of sharia financial institutions. This theoretical review aims to conduct a study on the influence of Islamic leadership, personality and innovative abilities on the performance of Muslim employees in Islamic financial institutions. Apart from that, it also aims to understand several indicators of these variables which can be used as references in further research. Based on the results of Islamic leadership studies, innovative abilities and employee personality have a significant influence on employee performance in Islamic financial institutions.

The effects of leadership behaviours on departmental performance in Ethiopian public research universities

AbstractDespite the abundance of research linking leadership behaviours to organisational effectiveness in various sectors, there is a lack of empirical studies that investigate how leadership behaviours influence performance in the context of research universities. The present study examined the effects of leadership behaviours on departmental performance in public research universities in Ethiopia. The study employed a quantitatively driven embedded type of mixed methods design. The participants of the study were 1176 academic staff (969 instructors and 207 department heads). They were selected from four public research universities using a simple random sampling technique. In addition, 14 key informants were selected using a purposive sampling technique based on their teaching‐learning, research and leadership lived experiences in higher education institutions and interviewed using semi‐structured guiding questions. Quantitative data were collected using questionnaires composed of demographic questions and adapted versions of two scales: Multifactor Leadership Questionnaires and a new tool for measuring global academic performance. The quantitative data were analysed using frequency, percentage, multiple correlations and regression, one sample t‐test, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Version 23.0 of Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) and SPSS‐23 were used for data analyses. Qualitative data were analysed thematically using open code version 4.03 software. The analyses showed that transactional leadership dimension and teaching‐learning dimension of departmental performance were practised predominantly. Dimensions of leadership behaviour were found to be positively and significantly related to dimensions of departmental performance. The joint contributions of dimensions of leadership behaviour were larger than their separate contributions, thereby supporting the formulated alternative hypotheses. Implications of the findings were discussed.Context and implicationsRationale for the studyLeadership is one of the indispensable factors that determine organisational success. However, empirical study findings that show the effects of leadership behaviours on departmental performance in public higher education institutions were scarce.Why the new findings matterThe new findings matter because the transactional leadership dimension of leadership behaviours and the teaching‐learning dimension of departmental performance are practiced predominantly in the sampled research universities. The findings demonstrated that the stated dimensions of leadership behaviour are positively and significantly related to departmental performance. It is more informative and contributes to knowledge and practice that the combined contributions of leadership behaviours are larger than their separate contributions.Implications for practitionersThe findings of the study have policy and practical implications for improving effectiveness of higher education leadership and departmental performance dimensions: the teaching‐learning process, research and community services in the context of Ethiopian public research universities. This finding further implies that schools and department heads need to use a combination of appropriate leadership behaviours in order to improve departmental performance dimensions.

Building Healthcare Brand: Role of service, image, and trust

Objective: Healthcare branding is a recent concept, and its theoretical modeling is still somewhat inadequate. This paper examines how perceived service quality affects healthcare brand performance, brand image, and behavioral intention. Methods: The present study uses survey responses from 678 patients who have taken treatment in multi-specialty medical institutes. Standard scales were used from the literature to measure the variables used. The conceptual model was validated using structural equation modeling using AMOS. SPSS was used to determine the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Results: The theoretical model has a relatively high and significant coefficient path for each of the hypotheses. The R2 value for satisfaction was 0.70 or 70 percent. The R2 value for the trust was 0.78. For Brand performance, Brand image and behavioral intentions were 81, 82.5, and 74%, respectively. Overall, the scores suggest an acceptable level of measure score and predictive ability of the relevant constructs. The results disclose the dimensions of service quality in the circumstances of healthcare. The patients place relatively more importance on healthcare service quality than any other attributes of healthcare institutions. Service quality has a high beta value of 0.98 and p p-value of 0.000. Conclusion: The study makes an innovative theoretical contribution by establishing a relationship between experience-centric healthcare brand performance and brand image. Patient satisfaction and trust were demonstrated to mediate the relationship between perceived service quality, brand performance, brand image, and behavioral intention in a healthcare context. The study established the novel finding that trust and satisfaction play a significant role in service quality, brand performance, and brand image of healthcare institutions. This study also shows that brand performance has a positive and significant direct effect on brand performance. This shows the dependency of brand image on brand performance in the healthcare institution context.

Penerapan Staffing untuk Meningkatkan Produktivitas Lembaga Pendidikan

Proper staffing in educational institutions is a key factor in improving organizational productivity and efficiency. Employees' knowledge, skills and attitudes are key considerations in the staffing process. This article discusses the application of staffing to improve the performance of educational institutions, focusing on employee recruitment, training and development. The purpose of this study is to explore the importance of an effective recruitment approach, careful selection of human resources and targeted training in improving the quality of human resources. The results showed that proper staffing has a positive impact on organizational productivity and performance. In conclusion, good staffing requires careful planning, clear identification of needs, and ongoing support to ensure the long-term success of educational institutions.

ESG-driven ecopreneur selection in European financial institutions: entropy and TOPSIS analysis

PurposeThis is the application of the Entropy and TOPSIS model to assess the eco-efficiency of European financial institutions using environmental, social, and governance (ESG) strategies. The aim is to categorize financial institutions based on key factors such as environmental training and management and to examine the alignment between ideal ESG performance and eco-efficiency.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses environmental, social, and governance (ESG) strategies to identify and categorize eco-entrepreneurs in European financial institutions. The study utilizes data to examine the structure between environmental training, effective management practices, and the green performance of financial institutions.FindingsThe study shows that European financial institutions exhibit varying degrees of eco-efficiency as assessed using the Entropy and TOPSIS model applied to ESG strategies. Surprisingly, the study found that institutions with a high ESG performance do not always match those with the highest eco-efficiency.Research limitations/implicationsThey emphasize the need for financial institutions to align their operations with sustainable practices. This research provides insights to increase eco-efficiency and improve the ESG performance of financial institutions. It also informs policy and decision-making in these institutions in relation to environmental training and management practices, contributing to the wider dialogue on sustainable finance.Originality/valueThis indicates a discrepancy between ESG ratings and actual eco-efficiency, emphasizing the need to reassess the ESG framework. The study findings are crucial for aligning financial institutions with sustainable practices and improving the effectiveness of the ESG framework, especially for institutions at the lower end of the eco-efficiency spectrum.

The Role of Financial Cooperatives in Building Trust: A Gender Wise Global Analysis

Financial institutions are crucial for economic development. Lack of trust in financial institutions such as banks can have catastrophic consequences, as observed during past financial crises and the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the importance of financial institutions, we examine the major factors influencing trust in financial institutions among the female population at a global sample. We explore the potential impact of contextual factors, such as institutional performance and country-level trust, on trust in financial institutions by employing logit and Probit models in a global data set. We find that women tend to trust banks more than men on average. We propose that greater gender equality in society and financial inclusion can decrease the gender gap in trust in banks at the country level.

The role of institutional diversity in sustainable water use: Performance comparison among water user organizations

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the performance of water user organizations (WUOs) in the agricultural sector in terms of their managerial efficiency. A survey was carried out across the study area to evaluate 67 WUOs, including irrigation cooperatives, municipalities, village legal entities (VLEs) and water user associations (WUAs). The findings were then used to create a management performance index. It has been determined that municipalities excel in terms of physical performance, irrigation cooperatives in enterprise and social performance and WUAs in institutional and investment performance. The general management performance index revealed that the most successful WUOs in the Konya closed basin were WUAs. Therefore, proposals have been put forward to begin institutionalization processes in other institutions to attain the successful institutionalization in WUAs. Additionally, the shift towards prepaid systems is recommended to mitigate collection problems, while water should be priced according to the full cost method. Finally, supporting the use of alternative energy sources for irrigation is crucial.

The Influence of Project Monitoring Process on the Performance of Technical Vocational Educational and Training Institution’s Construction in Kenya

This study aimed to investigate the influence of project monitoring processes on the performance of TVET Institution's construction in Kenya. This study adopted a descriptive design with a target population of 146 and a sample size of 107 of TVET Institution's Construction. Data collection instrument was questionnaire. The quantitative data were analysed using inferential analysis. From the findings, the project planning process (β = 19.062, p< 0.05) was found to be positively significant to the performance of TVET Institution's construction in Kenya. The study recommends that various aspects that contribute to monitoring Processes and enhancing the performance of construction projects are monitoring project variations, monitoring project progress, resource tracking and use of monitoring tools and techniques.

A Pilot Survey Linking Antecedents of LMX Relationships and PWDs Institutions Performance: An Assessment of PWDs Institutions in Kenya

The modern working world has made strides in building a stronger equitable society. There has been great resilience in including policies that ensure persons living with disability play their economic role. The current study was guided by two objectives: effect of transformational leader-characteristics as antecedents of LMX on organization performance in PWDs in Mombasa and Kilifi Counties and moderating effect of organization culture on LMX and organization performance in PWDs institution in Mombasa and Kilifi Counties; Leader-Member exchange theory and social exchange theory formed the theoretical foundation of this study. A conceptual framework showing the correlation of the study’s variables is also given. The study applied descriptive research design and the target population of the study was managers and subordinates at all levels within the organizations. Stratified sampling, convenience sampling and random sampling techniques were used to generate the sample size. A sample size of twenty-five (25) respondents two (2) to three (3) employees from every department. Semi-structured questionnaires were used for the study. The study conducted and applied Cronbach alpha reliability estimate. The study used quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze data. The study results provided a good governance framework of engaging their business networks within their localities. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for windows version 21 was used. One of the significant findings was the realization that there was an increment in leader-characteristics of leaders in organizations. One of the conclusions of the study was that when leaders believe in their own abilities this often-enhanced LMX relationships hence improved organizational performance. A key recommendation of this study was the need for the Government ministries concerned with PWDs mainstreaming in the organizations have specific leadership practices that help build effective LMX relationships in organizations.