Managers Of Institutions Research Articles

The Effect of Work Motivation and Work Skill on Career Decision Moderated by Internship Program in The Hotel Industry of Lampung Province

The global tourism and hospitality industry continues to show rapid growth, making significant contributions to economic development, job creation, and education. Lampung Province is experiencing similar developments, marked by an increase in the number of tourits visits and significant growth in accommodation businesses. This competitive hospitality sector demands human resources (HR) with superior skills (work skills) and work motivation, which can be obtained through internship programs. Internship programs are designed to provide practical experience to students, so that they are better prepared to face the world of work. This study aims to analyze the influence of work motivation and work skills on career decisions, with internship programs as a moderating variable in the Lampung Province hospitality industry. The study focuses on hotel employees from formal and non-formal educational institutions, who have participated in internship programs in accordance with vocational education policies in Indonesia. With this approach, the study is expected to fill the gap from previous studies, as well as provide recommendations for educational institution managers and industry players to improve the work readiness of graduates in supporting the competitiveness of the hospitality sector. This research methodology uses a quantitative approach to test the relationship between variables. The object of this study was starred hotel workers in Lampung who participated in an internship program, with a population of 1,499 people. A sample of 266 respondents was selected using purposive sampling based on internship experience criteria, according to Roscoe's theory for multivariate research. The test results showed that Work Motivation and Work Skill had a positive and significant effect on Career Decision. Internship Program moderation also strengthened the relationship, where Work Motivation and Work Skill moderated by the Internship Program significantly influenced Career Decision. This confirms the importance of motivation, skills, and internship experience in supporting career decisions.

유아교사의 조직갈등 요인과 경험에 대한 내용분석

The purpose of this study is to explore the factors contributing to organizational conflict and analyze the meaning of organizational conflict as perceived by early childhood teachers working in early childhood education institutions. A review of the literature revealed that research on organizational conflict has extensively examined factors such as communication, job satisfaction, resilience, burnout, organizational climate, organizational culture, and organizational effectiveness. Additionally, the factors contributing to organizational conflict were categorized into individual and group dimensions, resulting in eight conflict factors: communication, job satisfaction, burnout, resilience, organizational culture, organizational climate, organizational effectiveness, and social support. An analysis of the meanings derived from experiences of conflict in organizations, collected through open-ended surveys based on the classified categories, revealed that teachers experience conflict due to challenges in communication, relationships, expression, methods, goals, and adaptation. Despite these various organizational conflicts, the majority of teachers working in early childhood education institutions expressed high job satisfaction derived from the growth of young children and the gratitude expressed by children and their parents. Furthermore, factors such as the principal's interest in teachers, leadership, competence, and the qualifications or roles of the institution's director significantly influenced teachers' job satisfaction and sometimes served as determinants in decisions to leave their positions.

Perceived value and pressure: drivers or barriers? A study on physicians’ continuous intentions in online health communities

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of multidimensional perceived value and perceived pressure on physicians’ continuous intention to use (CIU) online health communities (OHCs) based on perceived value (PV) theory and conservation of resources (COR) theory.Design/methodology/approachThis study developed a research model to test the proposed hypotheses, and the proposed model was tested using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) for which data were collected from 481 physicians with OHC experience using an online survey.FindingsThe empirical results show the following: (1) Physicians’ CIU is influenced by perceived value and perceived pressure, with attitude towards OHCs using (ATU) playing a crucial role in the pathways. (2) Additional value, work pressure, peer pressure and social pressure have a positive impact on CIU, with consultation value, relationship value, work pressure and peer pressure positively influencing CIU through ATU as a mediator. (3) Reputation value has a positive effect on CIU moderated by seniority (online seniority and offline seniority).Originality/valueThis study emphasises the importance of different dimensions of perceived value and perceived pressure in CIU. Meanwhile, we broaden the research scope of PV theory and COR theory and provide inspiration to OHC managers and healthcare institution managers.

CSR and its impact on employees’ emotions: social information processing

Purpose This study aims to investigate the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in reducing employees’ negative emotions. Based on social information processing, a new conceptual framework was developed and tested in the Indian context. Design/methodology/approach Cross-sectional design was used in the study. A total of 240 managers of financial institutions were surveyed through a self-administered questionnaire, and the responses were collected using a convenience sampling technique. Findings The findings indicated that CSR induces compassion and reduces employees’ negative emotions. Contrary to expectations, compassion did not emerge as a mediator in the relationship between CSR and negative emotions. Originality/value The findings contribute to the literature by scrutinizing the persuading influence of CSR on employees’ negative emotions directly and indirectly through compassion. Furthermore, this study also tested the moderating effects of positive emotion in the relationship between CSR and negative emotions. The linkage between CSR and negative emotions was established by introducing the social information processing mechanism, adding another novelty to the literature.

Program and Institutional Coordinator Well-Being: Results From a National Survey.

This study explores the mental health and well-being, overall job satisfaction, likelihood to leave position, and perceptions of job satisfiers and stressors and dissatisfiers in a national sample of program and institutional coordinators in graduate medical education (GME). Between August and September 2022, 11,887 program and institutional coordinators and managers with email addresses listed in the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education database were emailed a survey link. The survey queried mental health using the Patient Health Questionnaire 8 depression scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7, and a 2-item burnout scale derived from the Maslach Burnout Inventory; overall satisfaction with work; likelihood to leave work; and drivers of satisfaction and dissatisfaction. A total of 6,372 coordinators and managers responded to the survey, with 1,367 (23.9%) reporting moderate to severe depression symptoms on the Patient Health Questionnaire 8 and 1,767 (30.4%) reporting moderate to severe anxiety symptoms on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7. A total of 2,069 respondents (36.3%) reported feeling burned out at least once per week, 1,288 (20.4%) reported being dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with work, and 1,510 (27.9%) reported being likely or very likely to leave their job in the next year. Positive interactions with administrative staff, residents, fellows, faculty, and program leadership were the highest ranked drivers of job satisfaction. Tracking down residents, fellows, and faculty to complete required tasks, low pay, overall workload, level of detail to manage, time pressure, lack of appreciation by faculty, and sense of entitlement of residents were leading job dissatisfaction drivers. Coordinators are vitally important members of the GME community who play critical roles in supporting the GME enterprise. This study aims to raise awareness of the challenges and struggles faced by coordinators to lead to improvements in their job satisfaction, mental health, and well-being.

ТЕХНІЧНА КУЛЬТУРА МЕНЕДЖЕРІВ СТРАТЕГІЧНОГО ПЛАНУВАННЯ Й РОЗВИТКУ В ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯХ: ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ТА МЕТОДИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ

Strategic planning involves defining the organization’s long-term goals and ways to achieve them through the development and implementation of strategies. In the military sphere, strategic planning managers play a key role in ensuring the efficient use of military resources, achieving national defense goals, and responding to possible threats. The article reveals that technical culture is a set of knowledge, skills, values and practices related to the effective use of technologies, technical means and methods in professional activities. It includes not only knowledge of technical aspects, but also the ability to apply them rationally, improve them, and integrate them into work processes. Technical culture reflects the level of technical awareness, innovation and ability to adapt to new technological challenges. The technical culture of strategic planning managers encompasses a set of knowledge, skills, and values that allow effective use of modern technologies and tools to make reasonable decisions in strategic management. Among the components of technical there is the ability to analyze data, innovate, and coordinate resources to achieve the goals of the organization. The aim of the article is to reveal the theoretical and methodological aspects of formation and development of technical culture of strategic planning managers, its essence and content. The methodology of the study is based on an integrated approach that combines several research methods for a comprehensive analysis. The main components of such a methodology involve the analysis of scientific and educational sources related to technical culture, strategic planning and management of organizations; obtaining information about the essence and content of technical culture; identifying traditional and innovative forms and methods of formation and development of technical culture; generalizing the data obtained, making conclusions about the impact of managers’ technical culture on strategic planning. Conclusions. Effective formation of the technical culture of strategic management managers in higher education institutions can be achieved through interactive forms of learning, such as simulation games, project-based learning, and gamification. The use of methods such as flipped learning, adaptive learning, and cross-disciplinary teams helps engage students and develop their analytical and technological skills. Such approaches provide the practical experience needed to successfully integrate technology into strategic management. Key words: technical culture, strategic management managers, higher education institutions, interactive forms of learning, innovative teaching methods, strategic planning.

Fatores de Risco ao Patrimônio Cultural do Estado de Mato Grosso

The objective of this article is to identify the risk factors that most affect the intangible, archaeological and architectural-landscape heritage of Mato Grosso, from the perspective of managers of public institutions linked to its preservation and conservation. The research started from a survey (questionnaire) of participants' opinions regarding risk factors that affect cultural heritage, with subsequent quantification and qualitative analysis (data tabulation) and quantitative analysis (assessment of reliability and internal consistency using a statistical instrument). The most common risks for architectural-landscape heritage are Abandonment (72%, Social dimension), Mismanagement (67%) and Successive reforms and renovations (67%), both in the Governance dimension; in the Environmental dimension they are Fires (44%) and Construction of various projects (44%). For archaeological heritage, the most common risk factors in the Environmental dimension are Construction of hydroelectric plants, dams and similar (50%), Intensive crops in sensitive areas (50%), Livestock in sensitive areas (50%) and Deforestation (50%). The most common risk factors for intangible heritage are: in the Governance dimension - Mismanagement (44%) and, in the Environmental dimension: Livestock in sensitive areas (50%), Deforestation (56%) and Fires (50%). Cronbach's Alpha values ​​were 0.965 for intangible heritage, 0.962 for archaeological heritage and 0.97 for architectural-landscape heritage, concluding that the results obtained are reliable.

Institutional Trading and Managers' Complex Disclosure: Evidence From Conference Calls

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the impact of managerial linguistic disclosures on institutional trading behaviors during earnings conference calls from 2006 to 2016. Utilizing the linguistic Fog decomposition methodology on textual analysis, it analyzes how the linguistic complexity of managerial communication influences institutional ownership changes. Findings indicate that both obfuscation and informativeness of managerial discourse significantly affect institutional trading, with effects varying based on the informativeness of post‐call analyst reports. This impact is more pronounced under conditions of earnings quality uncertainty, suggesting a heightened reliance on managerial cues by institutional investors during such periods. Additionally, the study differentiates responses among investor types: transient investors are more sensitive to linguistic cues, while dedicated and quasi‐indexer investors focus on the informational content of disclosures. These insights enhance understanding of how managerial communication and analyst report informativeness shape institutional trading behaviors through linguistic complexity's influence on institutional ownership.

The Legal Regime of Portuguese Higher Education Institutions: Contributions for Future Changes

The Portuguese higher education system is binary, divided into two subsystems, university and polytechnic, being regulated, since 2007, by the so-called RJIES (Legal Regime of Higher Education Institutions). The RJIES regulates the organic structure of the higher education institutions (HEIs) as well as the competencies of mandatory bodies, such as the general council, which is also given the power to elect the rector/president, another of the mandatory bodies. The RJIES, in place for 17 years, has not been revised since 2007 despite being subject of criticism and claim for changes. This paper presents a reflection for future changes to this RJIES regarding the process of electing the rector/president. This is noted and complained about by a wide range of the academic community – teachers, students, and non-teaching academic staff, in addition to other interested parties in universities and polytechnic institutes. Therefore, we present a brief review of the literature related to this topic, the results of survey and interviews carried out with top managers of Portuguese Higher Education Institutions (HEIs).The survey was completed online by a wide range of public HEIs managers (rectors and directors, presidents, vice-rectors and vice-presidents, pro-rectors and pro-presidents) and their stakeholders (teaching and non-teaching workers and students, through their representative structures, unions and student unions, and other leaders of professional and business associations). Interviews were also carried out in 2021, which remain completely current, given the fact that legal changes have not occurred so far. The results that will be presented indicate that changes should be made. Brief conclusions and a proposal for amendments to the current legislation, covering the rector/president election process, will be presented. It is advocated a new model of election of rector/president, the intervention of two different bodies, one of them being the general and supervisory council (new designation defended), with a composition mainly of external members, selected in a different way in relation to the current one.

Strategi Memikat Hati Publik; Membentuk Citra dan Opini Publik di Lembaga Pendidikan Islam

In an increasingly complex digital era, Islamic educational institutions face the challenge of building a positive image and favorable public opinion. This study aims to analyze effective strategies for shaping the image and public opinion of Islamic educational institutions, with the research questions: what is meant by building image and public opinion in the context of Islamic educational institutions, and what strategies can be implemented to foster public trust? The methodology employed is a literature review, including tool preparation and critical analysis of relevant literature. The findings indicate that building a positive image requires high integrity, quality service, trusted leadership, and the application of educational exhibitions as an effective communication medium. Six main strategies that can be implemented include honesty in communication, provision of quality services, strengthening leadership, developing human resources, applying competitive strategies, and utilizing educational exhibitions. Success in building a positive image not only enhances the institution's reputation but also contributes to increased attractiveness and public trust, enabling Islamic educational institutions to establish harmonious relationships with the community and support sustainable institutional growth. This research is expected to provide insights for the managers of Islamic educational institutions in implementing appropriate strategies.

Managerial ethical principles and behaviours for nurse managers: A Delphi method.

Managerial ethical principles and behaviours guide the roles, duties, responsibilities, behaviours, and relationships of nurse managers in healthcare institutions. The aim of this study was to establish the managerial ethical principles and behaviours for nurse managers. What are the managerial ethical principles and behaviours for nurse managers? The Delphi method, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in this study. The Delphi process consisted of two rounds. Data were collected by e-Delphi technique. 42 experts were included in the first Delphi round and 39 in the second Delphi round. These experts consisted of nurse managers, academicians studying in the field of ethics and nursing management. Participation in the study was voluntary and informed consent of the experts was obtained before the study. Approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the university at which the researcher worked (Approval date: 24.07.2020, Decision No: 2020/12-16). At the end of the Delphi rounds, eight managerial ethical principles and 29 ethical behaviours of these principles were identified. The distribution of these behaviours and principles were: justice (six behaviours), equality (two behaviours), honesty (two behaviours), fairness (two behaviours), responsibility (eight behaviours), confidentiality (two behaviours), clarity (two behaviours), and humanity (five behaviours). These managerial ethical principles and behaviours are intended to guide nurse managers when providing nursing services but should be updated accordingly in line with changing conditions and developments.

Türkiye’de Eğitim Yöneticilerinin Kullandıkları İletişim Stratejileri ve Karşılaştıkları İletişim Problemlerinin İncelenmesi

Communication is considered as a structure that forms the basis of social life, a method that shows and influences individual behavior patterns, a means of realizing the orderly operation of organizational and administrative systems, a mandatory art for social cohesion and a necessary science in terms of social processes. Effective communication between the employees of the institution is ensured thanks to the successful and selfless initiatives of the education managers working in educational institutions in the educational management processes. Dec. A strong and different communication established by managers with their employees reveals a special difference for that institution. The qualities of the feedback that managers will provide during mutual communication with their employees should be to the situation, event, main, behavior, precise, transparent, clear, structured and should not be general-oriented. In educational management, the educational manager should examine a certain behavior pattern and measurement, not individuals or individuals' desires and characters, when communicating with those who are managed. In education management, managers should aim to help those who work in educational institutions while communicating, instead of criticizing and identifying shortcomings. The most effective and effective role of management in educational management is communication. The manager's ability to adjust and perform activities such as interviews with his interlocutors, instructions he will give, task sharing, feedback and decision-making according to the people and the environment in front of him in a functional way shows the strength of his communication skills. In educational management, a good administrator is a person who performs communication well and manages it well for the reason of his subject. This situation is based on the good communication ability of the educational institution manager. The mission of educational institutions due to good communication with both students and parents to provide mandating the presence of a teacher's communication skills because the process has become important. There is an idea that satisfaction will not occur in systems where there is no solid communication. But the real problem is in the question or negative attitudes toward the element to be located where the organization is pleased with the transformation of ideas showing. Today, more than one problem is encountered due to lack of communication within the school structures. These problems appear to us as negative feelings and insecurities towards a person, group, ideas or institution, characterized by prevention, loss of hope and disappointment. Key Words: Educational Managers, Communication Strategies, Communication Problems

Assessment of relationship between emotional intelligence and conflict resolution among nurse managers at tertiary Health Institutions of North Eastern States of Nigeria

Conflict in health care settings may be effectively managed if nurse managers possess conflict management skills such as reconciliation, listening, and effective communication to bring individuals closer and work together to find fair solutions and meet balanced needs. The study aimed at identifying the relationship between emotional intelligence and conflict resolution among nurse managers at tertiary Health Facilities, in the Northern States of Nigeria. The objectives of the study are to assess the level of emotional intelligence among nurse managers, also to identify the most common types of conflict, determine the causes of conflict, determine the conflict resolution strategies applied by the nurse managers and to identify relationship between emotional intelligence and conflict resolution among nurse managers in tertiary health institutions of North Eastern States. A mixed methods research design (quantitative and qualitative methods) was used. A total of 188 nurse managers and three Head Nursing Services departments formed the sample size. The nurse managers were given structured questionnaires and the Head of the Nursing Services department was interviewed (key informant interview). Three instruments were employed for data collection; Interview Guide, Structured Questionnaire and Participants Demographics Sheet. A simple random sampling technique was used for the study. The obtained data were coded and computed in an SPSS Version 26 and analyzed using percentages, mean and standard deviation for descriptive statistics while the Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used for the inferential statistics. The result of the study revealed that most of the nurse managers have a fair level of emotional intelligence when dealing with conflict among nurse managers. It also revealed that the most common type of conflict among nurses was related to environmental factors. The working environment was the highest cause of conflict among nurses. Social skill strategy was mostly used in conflict resolution. The study revealed that there was no significant relationship between years of experience and conflict resolution r=0.173. Based on the findings the researcher concluded that most of the respondents highly make use of social awareness in the application of emotional intelligence in conflict resolution, most of the causes of conflict among nurses were related to a working environment, and social skills were mostly used in conflict resolution among nurses. Based on the findings of the study, the researcher recommended that other sources of conflict management should be identified for nurse managers to manage conflict, nurse managers should use the skills they have to solve problems and conflict management to be part of a school of nursing curriculum.

Evaluation of Strategic Planning Practices of Managers in Primary Education Institutions

Purpose. Rapid changes that have affected the world from past to present have caused educational institutions to change in order to keep up with the times and raise people for the future. It has become important for educational institutions to turn to new approaches in order to keep up with the changes taking place, to overcome the problems they will encounter and to chart their future. What strategic planning, one of these approaches, can do in educational institutions has become more and more important day by day. One of the important factors in the applicability of strategic planning in educational institutions is the closeness of school administration and teachers to this concept. In this study, the strategic planning practices of administrators and teachers in primary education institutions in the Mesarya rural area, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus will be aimed and evaluated in order to shed light on the knowledge level of administrators and teachers in the country's educational institutions about strategic planning, whether they carry out these plans in their schools, and similar questions. Methodology. In this regard, in order to achieve the intended goal, semi-structured interview questions were prepared, and the collected data was finalized based on expert opinions and a pilot application. As a sample, 5 administrators and 5 teachers in the Meserya rural area of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus were selected, and content analysis was conducted based on the data collected through face-to-face interviews. Result. As a result of the research, it was underlined that the administrators and teachers mostly did not make strategic planning in the schools where they worked. In light of the results, it is recommended that administrators and teachers who lack knowledge on this subject receive in-service training. Conclusion. This study afforded us the opportunity to assess the perspectives, knowledge, and experiences of principals and teachers working in primary schools in the rural Mesarya region of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus regarding strategic planning in education.

Capacity Building and Organisational Performance in Local Government Context, Kasese District, Uganda

Service sector is predominantly increasing in modern economic system raising prominence of staff competences in achievement of corporate goals. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between capacity building and organizational performance in local government context, Kasese district, Uganda. Mixed methods research design was used guided by both objective and subjective assumptions to achieve the research objectives. Data was collected at one point in time from Kasese district employees working in different departments including; Finance, Human resource, engineering, health, education and sports, natural resources and community based. 80 respondents were seen to be representative in study considering the Kabale district local government Human Resource Manual (2021) where the district had a total number of 100 employees. Apparently out of 80 questionnaires distributed only 65 were returned well filled making an acceptable response rate of 81.25%. Stratified and simple random sampling approaches guided this whole process in ensuring that every staff members had equal chances of participation. Questionnaire and interview guide was used to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. Study findings confirmed a positive and significant relationship between capacity building and Organizational Performance at Kasese district. Specifically, results reveal that conducting Induction training (Beta= .657, P<.01) is a significant influencer of performance; on the job training programs (Beta = .175, P<01) impact on organisational performance; and off the job training (Beta= .682, P > 01) significantly predict organisational performance. One key recommendation drawn from this study, linked to human capital theory is that institutional managers should prioritize individual employee learning and earmark resources that sufficiently caters for knowledge and skills enhancement.

The informational relevance of social accounting for the management of financial institutions. A case study: Banca Transilvania Financial Group

This paper analyzes the relevance of social accounting information for managing financial institutions, using Banca Transilvania Financial Group (BTFG) as a case study. It explores how social accounting data can enhance decision-making processes within these institutions. Social information from BTFG’s annual integrated reports was used to construct a social balance sheet, and financial data was collected to calculate economic value added (EVA) and social value added (SVA). Research question include: Does social accounting represent a lever for substantiating the managerial decision in financial institutions? Results show that SVA is a valuable indicator for financial institution managers, reflecting the institution’s contributions to social well-being, environmental impact, and community support. Policy implications suggest regulatory bodies should mandate the inclusion of social accounting metrics in financial reporting standards to encourage socially responsible practices, enhance transparency, and incentivize institutions achieving high SVA. This paper contributes to the literature by demonstrating the practical application of social accounting in financial institutions and highlighting the importance of SVA as a managerial tool. It aligns with existing research on integrating corporate social responsibility (CSR) metrics into financial decision-making, enhancing the understanding of combining social and economic indicators for comprehensive performance assessment The abstract covers motivation, methodology, results, policy implications, and contributions to the literature.

Availability of Services for Families of Children with Disabilities in Lithuania by View of Heads of Social, Health and Education Institutions in the Alytus Region

Family support is a crucial component affecting the functioning of parents of children with disabilities within society. Sufficient services that cater to both child support and the parents' quality of life are required, or else the state labor market runs the risk of losing able-bodied citizens who are responsible for raising children with disabilities. Thus, the research has twofold aim: to review the system of public services for families raising children with disabilities in Lithuania, and to analyze the availability of services from the perspective of managers of service-providing institutions. A structured interviews was conducted to collect information from eighteen experts who are heads of education, health and social services departments of municipalities and subordinate institutions, responsible for decision-making in the organization and provision of services to families raising children with disabilities in the Alytus region. According to research findings, the Alytus region has the potential to provide education, healthcare, and social services following legal provisions. However, the current range of services is inadequate in practice. Typically, most services are available only upon parental request for children with disabilities, with certain services not being available for numerous reasons. Based on the research findings, the insufficient provision of services in the Alytus region is mainly attributable to a shortage of service staff and limited financial resources. At the same time, the study highlights a slow responsiveness of the municipalities and their subordinate entities towards communicating and collaborating, as well as with parents of disabled children.

Breaking gender-segregated dormitories: constructing a sustainable development space

The establishment of an atmosphere characterized by gender equality and the provision of a safe and inclusive public space are fundamental objectives for advancing the sustainable coexistence of diverse gender groups. This study specifically examines the two primary challenges associated with transforming university dormitories in Taiwan, where most male and female students reside separately, into gender-inclusive housing (GIH). These challenges include assessing factors that influence students’ willingness to reside in GIH and exploring the compromises made by institutional managers during the spatial transformation process. Utilizing the theory of planned behavior (TPB), this research employs a questionnaire survey methodology to gather insights into students’ perspectives regarding implementing GIH. The findings indicate that factors such as transgender literacy, attitudes toward GIH, subjective norms related to GIH, and perceived behavioral control regarding GIH significantly influence students’ willingness to live in such accommodations. Notably, the willingness to accept GIH was found to be higher among male students compared to their female counterparts. The gradual adjustment of GIH construction is deemed feasible. This paper demonstrates that modifying the campus living environment can facilitate students’ ability to communicate normally across multiple genders, thereby enhancing the feasibility of gender-related discussions within these spaces.

FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND THE INFORMAL SECTOR DURING AND POST-COVID 19 ERAS: STATUS, CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

COVID 19 is one of the major disasters that significantly disrupted the socio-economic statuses of various businesses and nations at large. The purpose of the study was to explore the extent to which COVID 19 affected financial inclusion in Zimbabwe. The quantitative research methodology and the purposive sampling technique were employed. Data was collected using in-depth and focus discussion group interviews from 35 participants. Data was analysed using thematic data analysis approach. Barred people in rural areas from accessing financial services which directly and indirectly increased the magnitude of poverty among people running informal businesses. Financial inclusion, is a key driver to poverty reduction; hence the negative impact of on financial inclusion significantly propels poverty in societies. Digitalizing financial services is one of the strategies which can be utilized to promote financial inclusion in the post- era. Financial institutions should use technology in financial services, so that those in rural areas do not incur transport and logistical costs for accessing financial services. Digital finance and other various financial innovations should be used to achieve financial inclusion in rural areas. Policies that encourage the delivery of formal financial services in rural areas should be developed. Governments should consider granting subsidy to providers of financial services so that they can offer basic financial services at low cost to the excluded population. Thus, governments ought to commit themselves to the delivery of accessible, affordable, appropriate and cost-effective financial services to unserved or underserved households. The study provides managers of financial institutions with various techniques of providing financial services to the informal sector in the post- eras in rural areas. It also provides managers with information pertaining to the risks in providing financial services in post-pandemic era in rural areas. Managers of internet service providers has a role in making sure that the rural folk have access to the facility so that digital banking systems become realizable.

Examining Leadership Styles in Academic Leaders: A Case Study of a University in Bogotá, Colombia

Leadership in institutions of higher education (HEIs) is important for the academic environment, educational quality, and student success. This research explored the leadership strategies implemented by a HEI in Bogotá, Colombia. A sample of 162 participants was surveyed, made up of collaborators and teachers of the institution. The results reveal that the leaders simultaneously adopt transactional and transformational leadership behaviors. This combination of leadership styles has characteristics that are directly related to the role of managers in the university institution. Understanding these dynamics can lead to improving educational practices, optimizing operational and academic management, and facilitating the interpretation of behaviors.