Institutional Design Research Articles

Regulatory frameworks and experience in designing interiors and equipment of premises for holding persons in isolation

The article highlights the acute problem of the formation of architectural and object-spatial environments of penitentiary institutions in Ukraine. Today the correctional system in the state is improving and bringing Ukrainians closer to a safer and more tolerant society, but the problem of functioning of existing places of detention remains. Predominantly they are morally and materially obsolete buildings with problems of compliance with technical, sanitary, and hygienic standards, as well as the unsatisfactory functional and aesthetic organization of space. The article considers the problems of harmonizing the architectural environment of domestic correctional complexes, in particular, the design of interiors and furnishing of premises for the detention of persons deprived of their liberty. There is no objection that the complex design of a correctional facility building and interior design of premises for the detention of arrested (imprisoned) persons should be based on versatile requirements reflected in the normative documentation. Today in Ukraine there is a development of normative construction documentation for the design of premises for the detention (accommodation) of persons subject to isolation, based on the current state documents of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, the National Police of Ukraine, the State Migration Service and the like. This rather wide range of documents, relying in turn on international provisions, puts forward requirements not only for the design of sites and buildings for the detention of persons in isolation but also for a certain interior design and equipment of the premises. The study and analysis of the available examples of world experience in the design and construction of penitentiary institutions can show a direct link between the design of the premises where prisoners are kept and the methods of re-socialization and re-education, the positive results of which are an important goal of the functioning of such institutions in socio-economically developed countries. The experience of designing, constructing, and operating foreign prisons and correctional centers of various security levels has been studied and analyzed, and the peculiarities of interior design and equipment of premises (cells) for the detention of the contingent have been revealed. It was found that the more qualitative the process of socialization in a safe and humane environment of places of deprivation of liberty, the lower the percentage of recidivism achieved under the influence of this environment, the higher the justification of state expenditures in this subsidized sphere. The article highlights several regulatory requirements and provides recommendations on the formation of a subject-spatial environment for the detention of persons in correctional institutions in Ukraine. The result of this research can be several conclusions, guided by which, it is possible to form a full-fledged object-spatial environment for the detention of prisoners (arrested) in a correctional institution, as well as to design interiors and furnishings for the staff, whose work is difficult and stressful.

Trends of architectural and planning structure of children's preschool institutions in modern conditions

In the conditions of a large-scale war in Ukraine, which began on February 24, 2022, the problem of protecting the population has become urgent. This problem is considered both in the context of housing and businesses that continue to operate. In order to improve the level of safety and comfort, it is important to evaluate the architectural and planning features of existing preschools, to determine the nomenclature of the necessary premises and the possibilities of their arrangement. At this stage, the question arises regarding their improvement and development in accordance with modern achievements of pedagogy, levels of safety and accessibility from the point of view of inclusion. The list of existing standards that can be operated by an architect during the design of preschool institutions is minimal and is supplemented every year with new standards that meet the needs of society. It is necessary not only to provide children with spaces for physical and psychological safety, but also to pay special attention to the filling and zoning of such spaces so that current realities do not prevent children from developing and learning safely. To solve such tasks, it is necessary to analyze the real state of preschool institutions and find directions for their renovation. The reform of preschool education in Ukraine includes a number of measures that will in some way affect the structure of kindergarten buildings in the future. A flexible system of preschool education provides for the creation of different groups in kindergartens: advisory, outing, seasonal, partial weekend, etc. Such a list of options for preschool training will consistently affect the selection of rooms in kindergartens. It will be appropriate to review the number of group cells, the location of the entrances to them, create a room with additional functions, and also take care of a barrier-free space. Examples of additional rooms: salt rooms, psychological relief rooms (sensory rooms), shelters and bomb shelters. Such initiatives contribute to the improvement of psychological well-being and preservation of children's nervous system, solve the issue of children's safety during their stay in kindergartens. In modern projects of preschool institutions, special rooms are already being created that were not relevant before, however, such innovations are rare and their arrangement does not yet have clear requirements. The relevance in the design of shelters, sensory and salt rooms cannot be doubted. The value of rehabilitation spaces in children's institutions grows every year and acquires a new meaning. The use of the additional facilities mentioned in the article allows children to be rehabilitated and to improve their sense of security, easy adaptation to the changes that are happening around them. Such proposals contribute to the preservation of the children's nervous system, which is an important factor in full-fledged development. An analysis of the planning solution of existing kindergartens confirms the need to implement a number of measures regarding their renovation, which are aimed at creating additional functional areas by reducing the number of group cells, replanning and arranging the basement floors, addressing opportunities for creating a barrier-free space on the territory for parents with inclusiveness. Also important are issues related to the solution of strengthening basement floors, equipment of additional ventilation ducts, review of vertical communications - stair-elevator units, evacuation stairs, arrangement of new premises within the existing structure, completion of additional floors.

Prospects for the development of the system of architectural and planning organisation of special preschool education institutions in Ukraine

The publication considers the prospects for the development of the main aspects of reforming the legislative and regulatory framework of Ukraine's special preschool education institutions, which needs to be modernized, in relation to the needs of children's inclusive groups. Four main aspects are identified: regulatory, financial and economic, architectural and planning, and socio-cultural. According to the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, as of 2020, there are 101 special preschool education institutions, but many of them lack comfort and inclusiveness. The study also identified the main problems that hinder the introduction of the necessary changes: insufficient number of institutions, inadequate planning, and lack of opportunities for inclusive education. Recommendations include increasing funding, modernizing infrastructure, and implementing inclusive education. Special preschool education institutions are an important part of the education system for people with special needs in Ukraine. They provide early detection, diagnosis, correction and preparation of children with various developmental disabilities for studying in general education schools. However, the existing system of special preschool education requires significant improvement and modernization, in particular in terms of architectural and planning organization of special institutions. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that in Ukraine, the theoretical and practical foundations for the design and construction of special preschool institutions have not been sufficiently developed, which would take into account the specifics of their functioning, the needs and capabilities of children with special needs, requirements for accessibility, comfort, safety, aesthetics and energy efficiency.

Three pathways for standardisation and ethical disclosure by default under the European union artificial intelligence act

Under its proposed Artificial Intelligence Act (‘AIA’), the European Union seeks to develop harmonised standards involving abstract normative concepts such transparency, fairness, and accountability. Applying such concepts inevitably requires answering hard normative questions. Considering this challenge, we argue that there are three possible pathways for future standardisation under the AIA. First, European standard-setting organisations (‘SSOs’) could answer hard normative questions themselves. This approach would raise concerns about its democratic legitimacy. Standardisation is a technical discourse and tends to exclude non-expert stakeholders and the public at large. Second, instead of passing their own normative judgments, SSOs could track the normative consensus they find available. By analysing the standard-setting history of one major SSO, we show that such consensus tracking has historically been its pathway of choice. If standardisation under the AIA took the same route, we demonstrate how this would lead to a false sense of safety as the process is not infallible. Consensus tracking would furthermore push the need to solve unavoidable normative problems down the line. Instead of regulators, AI developers and/or users could define what, for example, fairness requires. By the institutional design of its AIA, the European Commission would have essentially kicked the ‘AI Ethics’ can down the road. We thus suggest a third pathway which aims to avoid the pitfalls of the previous two: SSOs should create standards which require “ethical disclosure by default”. These standards will specify minimum technical testing, documentation, and public reporting requirements to shift ethical decision-making to local stakeholders and limit provider discretion in answering hard normative questions in the development of AI products and services. Our proposed pathway is about putting the right information in the hands of the people with the legitimacy to make complex normative decisions at a local, context-sensitive level.

Institutional Design In Collaboration To Strengthen Food Fortification In Consumption Salt Smes In Pati Regency

Fortifying salt with iodine is one of the government's strategies to achieve food and nutritional security. Iodine deficiency can hinder mental and intelligence development, affecting the quality of Human Resources. Pati Regency can contribute to strengthening food fortification with the potential of its salt-consumption SMEs. However, the test results stated that 40.70% of the salt consumption of SMEs in Pati needed to meet standards. The fortification program is implemented and integrated into the government and private sectors. Successful fulfillment of product quality by SMEs requires effective collaboration between development institutions and business actors and good coordination between the development institutions. Institutional design contributes to the collaboration process that occurs. This research aims to analyze the institutional design and problems in collaboration with development actors to develop consumer salt SMEs in the Pati Regency. The research uses qualitative methods, collecting data through observation, in-depth interviews, document studies, and FGDs. The development of consumer salt SMEs in Pati Regency involves government institutions at the district level, namely the Ministry of Trade and Industry and Bappeda, at the provincial level, namely the Ministry of Industry and Trade and BBPOM in Semarang, as well as non-government organizations, namely the NGOs Nutrition International Indonesia and APROGAKOB. Institutional design in collaboration with actors developing iodized salt SMEs requires strengthening the dimensions of basic rules, participation, exclusive forums, and transparency. Strengthening the institutional dimension will increase collaboration so that the potential of Pati Regency can support strengthening the fortification of salt consumption

Group composition of income types and the absolute-relative framing of public good contributions

This paper examines the effect of absolute-relative framing on contributions to a public good. Group members have high and low endowments and the number of high-income members in each group varies between treatments. They make contributions without and with a minimum contribution level. We express the contribution metric either in absolute amount or as a relative proportion of a member's initial endowment. We propose that these institutional designs affect contribution behavior through shifting reference points in decisions. First, as the number of high-type members increases, the average contribution increases, especially among the low-type members in absolute framing. Second, relative framing makes the contribution proportions between high and low types move closer than in absolute framing. Third, the difference in contributions between absolute and relative conditions mostly disappears when the minimum contribution level is introduced. We show that the effects of group members’ endowments, relative framing, and the MCL policy represent the internal, external and the institutional reference point respectively with increasing strength.

The promises and pitfalls of disaster aid platforms: a case study of Lebanon’s 3RF

PurposeUsing critical disaster studies and state theory, we assess the disaster aid platform named Lebanon Reconstruction, Reform and Recovery Framework (3RF) that was put in place by international donors in the aftermath of the Beirut Port Blast in August 2020, in order to examine the effectiveness of its inclusive decision-making architecture, as well as its institutional building and legislative reform efforts.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses the case study approaach and relies on two original data sets compiled by authors, using desk reviews of academic literature and secondary data, in addition to 24 semi-structured expert interviews and participant observation for two years.FindingsThe aid platform appears innovative, participatory and effectively functioning toward recovery and reform. However, in practice, the government dismisses CSOs, undermines reforms and dodges state building, whereas the 3RF is structured in incoherent ways and operates according to conflicting logics, generating inertia and pitfalls that hinder effective participatory governance, prevent institutional building, and delay the making of projects.Research limitations/implicationsThe research contributes to critical scholarship as it addresses an important research gap concerning disaster aid platforms’ institutional design and governance that are under-studied in critical disaster studies and political studies. It also highlights the need for critical disaster studies to engage with state theory and vice-versa.Practical implicationsThe research contributes to evaluations of disaster recovery processes and outcomes. It highlights the limits of disaster aid platforms’ claims for participatory decision-making, institutional-building and reforms.Originality/valueThe paper amplifies critical disaster studies, through the reflexive analysis of a case-study of an aid platform.

Research on Artificial Intelligence Algorithm System for Medical Institutions Based on Construction Engineering and E-commerce

The architectural design of artificial intelligence and clinical institutions mainly uses digital twin technology and neural network technology. We have discussed Convolutional neural network and deep neural network, and put forward cutting-edge modeling exploration for the management system of building engineering in combination with Internet of Things technology. At the same time, we have integrated knowledge in the field of microbial medicine in architecture, and carried out detailed design for building engineering in this field, And various cutting-edge strategies have been proposed in architectural design using artificial intelligence technology, and research has been conducted to analyze and report on this situation.The preliminary CNN neural network regression analysis has achieved the function of predicting microorganisms, and we have published the algorithm and code.

Abstract 4960: PIONEER initiative: Providing patient access to functional precision medicine

Abstract Eighty-five percent of patients receive medical care in cancer centers without National Cancer Institute (NCI) designation or significant ongoing research. The ability to access fresh tumor tissue for immediate functional testing is now available with appropriate logistical coordination. Cryopreservation of these tissues also allows testing to be done at a later date. We hypothesize that patient access to and ownership of each individual's tissues will facilitate personalized testing, thus bridging the chasm between research and the clinical cancer care for the individual patient. The PIONEER Initiative stands for Precision Insights On N-of-1 Ex vivo Effectiveness Research. In this Initiative we save cancerous tissue for any patient at any location, with subsequent cryopreservation and functional testing as needed and as able within an environment in which neither are standard. Our endpoint was to determine if this process serves to alter care for individual patients, and to what degree. The SpeciCare PIONEER Initiative: Precision Insights On N-of-1 Ex Vivo Effectiveness Research Based on Individual Tumor Ownership Trial (MYCT001) received human subjects IRB approval (Approval Number: 33943/1) from Quorum Review. The PIONEER Initiative is our lead clinical trial designed to provide the foundation for subsequent adaptive trials. Our mission with this trial was to demonstrate the utility of carrying out functional precision medicine in that cohort of patients who receive local cancer care at institutions that do not have significant research capabilities or are not NCI-designated cancer centers. Most cancer patients (~85%) are in this category. It is imperative to open the possibility of the best-in-class functional precision medicine testing to these patients. Core aspects of the PIONEER Initiative involve scaling up this process to approximately 200 patients, showing that our proof of concept in a more limited set of patients can ultimately scale to arbitrarily large numbers of patients. We see this capacity filling an important unmet need within the cancer community. The primary endpoint was the return of actionable information to positively impact care as assessed by the patient's clinical team and the patient. The underlying basic assumption of the PIONEER Initiative is that the ability to receive the best in cancer care should not come with restriction as to location, age, or medical condition. The PIONEER Initiative design facilitates inclusion of subjects across all these divides, thus providing beneficence to all participants. Among the 60 patients whose tumors had ex vivo drug testing performed, none of the data was included in the clinical decision making of the healthcare team. We conclude that physicians are not adequately prepared to use ex vivo drug testing data and the more likely acceptance of molecular characterization is primarily driven by genomic sequencing. Citation Format: Ken Dixon, Jared James Barrott, David Booker. PIONEER initiative: Providing patient access to functional precision medicine [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 4960.

Authoritarianism and legality

ABSTRACT This symposium essay offers some generalized theoretical propositions on the connection between authoritarianism and legality. It suggests that there are least some sociopolitical contexts in which authoritarian regimes may be even more strongly motivated to pursue legality than their democratic peers. This conjecture comes in three steps: first, authoritarian regimes fear organic social mobilization significantly more than their democratic peers. This incentivizes them, especially in larger, more diverse societies with less predictable sociopolitical landscapes, to pursue the atomized governance of society. Second, legality is, at its core, an institutional design that both responds to and produces social atomization. Not only is law a necessary ordering device in stranger-oriented societies where communal self-governance and self-regulation is unlikely to be effective, but it also produces reliance effects that render social relations more distant. Third, combining these two arguments, in very large, very diverse societies, authoritarian regimes may have even stronger incentives to pursue law-centric modes of sociopolitical ordering than do democratic ones. This does not necessarily mean that they will always act upon such incentives, but it does offer a deeper explanation for why the Chinese regime in particular is very unlikely to decisively abandon its current legalistic trajectory at any point in the foreseeable future. This is very much a thought experiment, but hopefully, one that offers useful ideas for future research.

Towards local agency: critical reflections on community engagement programmes at Abkanisa/Amara West, northern Sudan

ABSTRACT Community engagement programmes are increasingly designed into archaeological projects in Sudan, largely prompted by the remit and funding of the Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project (QSAP; 2013-present). This paper provides a critical reflection on how a British Museum project in northern Sudan instigated, evaluated and modified its community programme across twelve years, before, during and after QSAP funding. We outline the transition from western institutional project design and information sharing, to enhanced collaboration and local agency, within the context of specific local understandings of heritage (turath). The case study highlights the challenges, opportunities and some possible methodologies for archaeology projects within post-colonial environments.

Regulation and Mechanisms of Carbon Effects by Land Use Change

Land use change is one of the most direct and significant impacts of human activities on the Earth system. It not only changes the physical characteristics of the land surface, but also affects the energy, water, and material cycles of the Earth, and thus affects the global and regional climate change and ecosystem services. Among them, the impact of land use change on the carbon cycle is particularly important, because the carbon cycle is one of the most basic and critical cycles in the Earth system. It determines the greenhouse effect and climate sensitivity of the Earth, and also affects the biodiversity and productivity. This paper systematically analyzes the impact and mechanism of the carbon effects of land use change on different ecosystem types, different geographic regions, different climate conditions, different land use modes and management measures from different angles and levels, using various methods and models, evaluates the factors such as the size, direction, persistence, and sustainability of the carbon effects of land use change, proposes some evaluation and promotion of management techniques and measures, as well as policy suggestions and institutional designs for the carbon effects, and provides scientific basis and reference suggestions for the optimization and control of the carbon effects of land use change.

The Urgency of Implementing Collaborative Governance in New Housing in Palangkaraya City

This research aims to investigate the urgency of implementing collaborative governance in fulfilling the obligation to hand over public and social facilities by developers to the Palangka Raya City government. The problem focuses on the rapid development of new housing developments in the city of Palangka Raya, resulting in residential growth in various areas. Housing developments built by developers are required to fulfill advice, infrastructure, and utilities as basic needs in a residential environment. Meanwhile, many new housing developments still do not provide public and social facilities as expected. Meanwhile, every developer must provide land and hand it over to the Palangka Raya City government. The approach taken by researchers uses collaborative governance according to the Ansell and Gash model which pays attention to 4 variables, namely 1) initial conditions, 2) institutional design, 3) leadership, 4) collaboration process. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation studies and analyzed qualitatively. This study concludes that the collaborative governance that is taking place is not yet in harmony due to the absence of regional regulations or regulations issued by the Regional Government. And, it was found that housing developers exceed needs and there is no adequate provision of public and social facilities.
 Keywords: collaborative, governance, development, settlement

School Committees' Effectiveness in the Context of School-based Management Policy

The background of this research is the granting of broad educational autonomy to schools, which is a big concern for the government of Indonesia. School-based Management (SBM) appears as an alternative to the new paradigm of education management offered. One of the characteristics of SBM is inseparable from the participation of the community. School Committee is a forum for parents, communities, stakeholders, and entrepreneurs in school development and can bridge the interests of all the parties. To date, not many School Committees have been able to play an effective role in supporting the implementation of education in schools. One of the contributing factors is that the institutional design is not seriously empowered into an independent and professional institution. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of school committees in school-based quality improvement management. The study method is qualitative descriptive. Data were collected through interviews, observation, and documentation. Validation of the collected data was done through triangulation techniques. The results showed that thematically the author underlined four important things, namely: first, the school committee has effectiveness as a consideration partner, material support, financial, thought and energy, and learning mediator; second, quality improvement strategies can be achieved through efforts to improve school subject competence and involvement in competitions; third, to measure the results of achievements, an education quality management audit is carried out, and; fourth, the budget as one of the determining factors in achieving school goals and objectives must be optimized by utilizing the flexibility of implementing Law No. 23 of 2014 and optimizing available resources. This research has implications for considerations in the preparation of internal school strategies to prioritize school needs and recommendations related to budget policies and inventory of school components.
 Keywords: effectiveness, School Based Management, School Committee

The role of institutional design in mobilizing climate finance: Empirical evidence from Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, and Indonesia

International climate finance is a crucial component of the response to climate change. This paper examines how national-level funding vehicles mobilize finance from international sources. Based on interviews with policymakers and various actors involved in the negotiation and design of four major early national climate funds, the Amazon Fund, the Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund, Ethiopia’s Climate Resilient Green Economy Facility, and the Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund, this paper identifies design features of national climate funds and highlights the trade-offs that developing countries face in their pursuit of climate finance. These design features have significant bearing on the overall effectiveness of the funds themselves. The findings from this study suggest that developing countries seek to maximize control over the funds even though it means that the design features do not minimize costs, as efficiency-oriented perspectives would suggest. The experience of these early national climate funds could be instructive to those governments and stakeholders considering establishing their own national climate funds or improving features. Three policy lessons are noteworthy: the importance of demonstrating commitment to climate policy through transparent data and results, instilling robust fiduciary standards and safeguards, and the virtuous cycle mobilizing climate finance and acquiring a track record on climate programming.

Cross-border regionalism in the EU and ASEAN: another dimension of the “varieties of regionalism”

ABSTRACT This article examines the governance norms of micro-regional cross-border cooperation (CBC) in Europe and Southeast Asia. We ask why world-wide cross-border micro-regional institutions, though at first sight pursuing similar economic and socio-political objectives, markedly differ in their institutional design. Guided by arguments derived from sociological institutionalism, we argue that cross-border institutions adopt the governance norms of the regional organization to which they are linked. Accordingly, while in Europe CBC is characterized by normative ideas, supranational tendencies tamed by subsidiarity, bottom-up processes, liberal participatory norms and legal formality, Southeast Asian cross-border institutions are more material, intergovernmental, hierarchical, state-controlled and informal. Cross-border regions established in countries acceding to a regional organization localize the latter’s governance norms if these deviate markedly from entrenched extant normative arrangements. The diversity of CBC in the two world regions studied suggests that the ‘varieties of regionalism’ concept also applies to micro-regionalism.

BIMBINGAN BELAJAR INTERAKTIF KOTA BANJARMASIN

Most of the tutoring institutions in Banjarmasin City are less interactive and less interesting from an architectural perspective. This impacted on the decrease in atmosphere and quality of learning, as well as interest in learning. The atmosphere and quality of learning in tutoring institutions can be improved through architectural design with interactive design concepts and contemporary architectural method approaches. The interactive design concept focuses on the shape of the space and location of the tutoring to build a learning atmosphere that is interactive and psychologically interesting. The tutoring institution design uses contemporary architectural approach in order to optimize the interactive design concept.

The Democratic Self-Defence of Constitutional Courts

Abstract Courts around the world are under attack. They are being captured, packed, threatened, and their authority and powers are being limited by governments that seek to undermine the democratic constitutional order. Once courts are weakened or captured, it is easier for these governments to undermine other democratic institutions and even set courts themselves against democracy. Accordingly, using the rationale of ‘militant democracy’, this article proposes the theory of democratic self-defence of constitutional courts. According to this theory, constitutional courts (including apex courts with constitutional review powers) should declare the unconstitutionality of reforms to their institutional design when these are instrumental to a process of democratic decay. Not only that they should do so, but they must do so – as a duty – when the viability of the democratic system of government is at stake. The aim of this self-defence is not the self-interest preservation of institutional powers but the protection of democracy itself. In order to be able to protect democracy, courts must be able to protect themselves.

Injustice by design

ABSTRACT Systemic epistemic failings in institutions are often explained through settler epistemologies and settler colonial frameworks that both obscure and reproduce the conditions necessary for those failings to endure. What is never questioned in the standard picture of institutional epistemic injustice is the implicit origin myth of an ‘institutional big bang’ that spawned many modern social institutions out of presumably noble orienting goals for a well-functioning society in democratic nation-states. We are concerned with the functional outcomes of institutions in settler colonial societies, and how these outcomes consistently undermine whitewashed narratives of any inherent institutional design allegedly aimed at promoting testimonial justice in settler colonial societies. Institutions are built to target and maintain a status quo, especially (but not only) when they are charged with securing part of the social order or fabric of settler colonial societies. We will illustrate this concern through a discussion of various functional outcomes of the U.S. institution of asylum using Shannon Speed’s (2019. Incarcerated Stories: Indigenous Women Migrants and Violence in the Settler-Capitalist State. The University of North Carolina Press) analysis of the violence Indigenous women migrants from Latin America experience within the complex administrative web of U.S. migration and asylum systems.

Design of Government Organs to Achieve Regulatory Reform in Indonesia: Learning from Malaysia and Vietnam

In an attempt to reform regulation in Indonesia, this study looks at best practice designs that have been adopted in Malaysia and Vietnam in order to determine the optimum government organ in the field of law. Indonesia ought to take a cue from the successful regulatory reform initiatives in Malaysia and Vietnam and establish dedicated agencies that have enhanced the calibre of legislation and regulations. This essay uses a normative legal approach that is descriptive as well as prescriptive. The talk explains how government bodies that deal with a variety of laws are designed to meet the specific demands of the several nations that make up the group. Vietnam adopts the institution's design, which is the assembly in the field of laws and regulations, which holds the position of the highest representative organ, while Malaysia adopts the design of a particular institution with the primary function of guaranteeing the entire process of forming laws and regulations that apply centrally. As per Law Number 15 of 2019 regarding Amendments to Law Number 12 of 2011 regarding the Establishment of Legislation, Indonesia is recommended to establish ministries or institutions whose specific design and existence must be determined as close to the center of government as possible.