Credibility Of Institutions Research Articles

Fim de Ciclo dos Governos “Pós-neoliberais” na América Latina?

Há menos de duas décadas, a América Latina experimentava um intenso momento de lutas, ilustrando transformações no cenário político regional. A “onda rosa” latino-americana manifesta-se fundamentalmente com o triunfo eleitoral de Chávez na Venezuela em 1998, o fracasso da ALCA, a crise capitalista mundial em 2008 e as lutas por nacionalizações na Bolívia e Equador, seguidas pela ascensão presidencial de Evo Morales e Rafael Correa, respectivamente, que sinalizavam relevantes mudanças na geopolítica latino-americana. São governos que articularam institucionalidade e pautas nacional-populares num projeto de caráter heterogêneo e continental, que reascenderam na dimensão política uma tentativa de ruptura com as estruturas de poder e cultura antidemocrática que minavam a credibilidade das instituições políticas locais, trazendo a substituição das constituições em vigor e renovação dos quadros políticos dirigentes. Este estudo foca no caso boliviano, que vivencia o agravamento das críticas em relação às medidas econômicas baseadas na exportação de commodities, considerando o giro à direita na superestrutura política do subcontinente. Problematizaremos sobre as possibilidades de continuidade do novo bloco no poder inaugurado com o Estado Plurinacional da Bolívia.

Development and destruction of the liberal prison system in Spain: a general framework for studying the topic

During the Restoration and the Second Republic, up until the outbreak of the Civil War, the prison system that was developed in Spain had a markedly liberal character. This system had begun to acquire robustness and institutional credibility from the first dec- ade of the 20th Century onwards, reaching a peak in the early years of the government of the Second Republic. This process resulted in the establishment of a penitentiary sys- tem based on the widespread and predominant values of liberalism. That liberal belief system espoused the defence of social harmony, property and the individual, and penal practices were constructed on the basis of those principles. Subsequently, the Civil War and the accompanying militarist culture altered the prison system, transforming it into an instrument at the service of the conflict, thereby wiping out the liberal agenda that had been nurtured since the mid-19th Century.

The credibility of scientific communication sources regarding climate change: A population-based survey experiment.

This article analyses whether different institutional sources of scientific information have an impact on its credibility. Through a population-based survey experiment of a national representative sample of the Spanish public, we measure the credibility that citizens attribute to scientific information on the evolution of CO2 emissions disclosed by different institutional sources (business associations, government, non-government environmental organisations, international bodies and national research institutions). The findings show that an institutional credibility gap exists in science communication. We also investigate the factors accounting for the credibility of the different institutional sources by examining variables related to knowledge, interest, trust, reputation, deference, attitudes, values and personal characteristics. Exploratory regression analyses reveal that identical variables can produce different effects on the credibility of scientific information, depending on the institutional source to which it is attributed.

The Effectiveness of Prudential Regulations for Banks: Global Perspective and Indian Context

Banking regulations intend to protect the interest of depositors, reduce the risk of bank failures, minimize the moral hazard, and strengthen the financial stability by controlling the behavior of financial system participants and by building financial buffers. In countries like India, where banks dominate the financial sector, banking regulations assume added significance. This paper provides a global perspective on the prudential regulations and examines the extent to which the regulations could mitigate the risk of financial crises. It also analyses the role of macro-prudential regulations in achieving financial stability and its interaction with micro-prudential regulations. It further delves into the role of regulations in catalyzing financial innovations and hence, indirectly contributing to irrational exuberance and excessive risk-taking in the financial system. Certain other issues deliberated upon in this paper include a need to closely look at the nature and design of prudential regulations with a view to reducing complexities in regulatory and supervisory processes, and evaluation of the role of regulations in growth, governance, and performance of banks in India. The paper looks at the movement of credit to GDP ratio, the GDP growth trajectory, and a periodic emergence of credit gap in the Indian context, and discusses the utility of credit gap as an indicator for macroprudential policy in India. This paper also analyses the pattern and movement of gross and net NPAs of the Indian banks and its relations with regulatory forbearance and supervisory processes. It suggests a continual need for strengthening institutional credibility for improving the effectiveness of regulatory and supervisory processes so as to achieve stability, transparency, and robustness in financial institutions and financial markets.

Institutional Credibility Measurement Based on Structure of Transaction Costs: A Case Study of Ongniud Banner in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

The need to assess institutional efficiency remains a key issue in institutional economics. Credibility theory is a useful theoretical innovation that uses institution function to analyze institutional efficiency. However, current credibility measurement methods have shortcomings. In this research, we developed a method to measure institutional credibility based on the transaction cost structure. We used the ratio of endogenous transaction costs to transaction costs, and the ratio of transaction costs to total cost, to get the transaction cost structure coefficient. Then, based on the correspondence between institutional credibility and the transaction cost structure, we developed a model to analyze and evaluate institutional credibility. As a case study, we provided a longitudinal and horizontal comparison of the credibility of two ecological governance policies from Ongniud Banner in Inner Mongolia. The study showed that our institutional credibility evaluation model is feasible. The model can compare institutional credibility over time, and provide a horizontal comparison of the credibility of different institutions. Our proposed approach is of significance because it avoids the shortcomings of existing credibility measurement methods, and provides quantitative assessment of institutional credibility.

Unmaking China’s Development: The Function and Credibility of Institutions, by Peter Ho. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. 336 pp. US$99.00 (cloth).

<i>Unmaking China’s Development: The Function and Credibility of Institutions</i>, by Peter Ho. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. 336 pp. US$99.00 (cloth).

Uloga Evropskog fiskalnog odbora u fiskalnom sistemu Evropske unije

The financial crisis, which culminated in the course of 2008, revealed all the shortcomings of the institutional framework of the European Economic and Monetary Union. The only exception are institutional solutions in the monetary sphere (the single currency, the legal status and tasks of the European Central Bank), which proved to be functional during the crisis. However, other elements of the institutional infrastructure, important for the functioning of the economic and monetary union, have demonstrated significant weaknesses, which affected the onset and depth of the crisis in the European Union. Certainly, fiscal institutions are the weakest link of the economic and monetary union. Attempts at monetary unification, while retaining the fiscal autonomy of the member states, failed. Contrary to expectations, member states failed to preserve fiscal discipline, nor did the institutions of the Union succeed in ensuring compliance with established fiscal rules (above all, the rule of prohibiting the takeover of debts by member states, that is, compliance with the rules related to the level of indebtedness and the level of the budget deficit). The distorted credibility of fiscal institutions pointed to the necessity of developing common fiscal governance framework in the European Union. Initiated by signing of the Treaty on Stabilization, Coordination and Governance Agreement in the Economic and Monetary Union in 2012, this process led to the creation of the European Fiscal Board, as an independent advisory body aimed at assisting the European Commission in coordinating member states' fiscal policies. Taking into account the need for fiscal integration, as a prerequisite for the functioning economic and monetary union, the paper analyzes the position of the European Fiscal Board and its role in the fiscal system of the European Union.

ВЗАЄМОДІЯ ВЛАДИ ТАСУСПІЛЬСТВА В РАМКАХ УГОДИ ПРО АСОЦІАЦІЮ МІЖ УКРАЇНОЮ ТАЄС ТА ПРОГРАМНИХ ДОКУМЕНТІВ СХІДНОГО ПАРТНЕРСТВА

Communication of public authorities and society, in particular, public authorities and separate social groups, is an important component of the political and managerial practice of modern society. The world practice shows that effective communication between these actors provides citizens with free access to information, improves the efficiency of government and local self-government bodies, and creates a favourable environment for business development, which in turn serves as the basis for economic stability and the engine of the country’s social and economic development. In the conditions of the development of the information society, new models, mechanisms, platforms of relations and communication between the authorities and the public are emerging. The constructive interaction between power structures and civil society organizations, with a «feedback» component, will contribute to meeting the needs and interests of citizens and strengthening the credibility of both power structures and civil society institutions. Moreover, it will improve the status of Ukraine at the international level by ensuring compliance with the Association Agreement and creating the preconditions for Ukraine to achieve the 20 key priorities of the Eastern Partnership 2020. In the future, consideration should be given to this issue in order to deepen, broaden and improve the effectiveness of the communication component of the government bodies and civil society organizations in Ukraine. In the implementation of communication interaction, special attention should be paid to providing a feedback between communicators. After all, it is this component of the communications process that provides interaction and information about the society’s reaction to the results of the implemented decisions. Purpose of the research: to conduct a scientific, theoretical and practical analysis of functioning of the existing in Ukraine communication platforms of civil society organizations and authorities in the framework of the Association Agreement and the Eastern Partnership policy papers.

ВЗАЄМОДІЯ ВЛАДИ ТАСУСПІЛЬСТВА В РАМКАХ УГОДИ ПРО АСОЦІАЦІЮ МІЖ УКРАЇНОЮ ТАЄС ТА ПРОГРАМНИХ ДОКУМЕНТІВ СХІДНОГО ПАРТНЕРСТВА

Communication of public authorities and society, in particular, public authorities and separate social groups, is an important component of the political and managerial practice of modern society. The world practice shows that effective communication between these actors provides citizens with free access to information, improves the efficiency of government and local self-government bodies, and creates a favourable environment for business development, which in turn serves as the basis for economic stability and the engine of the country’s social and economic development. In the conditions of the development of the information society, new models, mechanisms, platforms of relations and communication between the authorities and the public are emerging. The constructive interaction between power structures and civil society organizations, with a «feedback» component, will contribute to meeting the needs and interests of citizens and strengthening the credibility of both power structures and civil society institutions. Moreover, it will improve the status of Ukraine at the international level by ensuring compliance with the Association Agreement and creating the preconditions for Ukraine to achieve the 20 key priorities of the Eastern Partnership 2020. In the future, consideration should be given to this issue in order to deepen, broaden and improve the effectiveness of the communication component of the government bodies and civil society organizations in Ukraine. In the implementation of communication interaction, special attention should be paid to providing a feedback between communicators. After all, it is this component of the communications process that provides interaction and information about the society’s reaction to the results of the implemented decisions. Purpose of the research: to conduct a scientific, theoretical and practical analysis of functioning of the existing in Ukraine communication platforms of civil society organizations and authorities in the framework of the Association Agreement and the Eastern Partnership policy papers.

Preferensi Muzakki Dalam Memilih Membayar Zakat di Lembaga Zakat Formal

This study aims to identify the dominant factors that influence muzakki in choosing to pay zakat to formal zakat institutions in aspects of individual and institutional perspectives and provide recommendations related to efforts to increase the collection of zakat funds from the community. The research method used is descriptive, factor and mean analysis. Descriptive analysis was used to explain the demographics of respondents while factor analysis and mean analysis were used to obtain the dominant factors affecting muzakki in paying zakat to the Formal Zakat Institution. The results of the study get in the aspect of individual perspective that predominantly influence muzakki paying zakat to formal zakat institutions sequentially is the knowledge of zakat, faith and religiosity as well as awareness and trust while in the perspective of institutional perspectives are management credibility, institutional credibility, service quality and socialization. The advice given is formal institution zakat amil must professionally manage the institution and have standard operating procedures especially related to the procedure of receiving zakat and commitment to implement it properly. In addition, zakat institutions must inform the general profile of the institution and report on zakat funds regularly. Zakat institutions also have the best online payment facilities.

Uniting for Peace Not Aggression: Responding to Chemical Weapons in Syria Without Breaking the Law

In April 2018 in response to a chemical weapons attack in Syria, the USA, UK and France attacked Syrian chemical weapons facilities without Security Council authorisation. The intervention was illegal but widely supported. The events epitomised a declining respect for the international rules on the use of force and for the international institutions charged with implementing those rules-a trend that has correlated with an escalation in violent conflict throughout the world. In other words, the credibility of international law and institutions is declining just as we need them most. This article describes the chemical weapons attack in Syria in April 2018, the retaliatory strikes, and the justifications and reactions that followed. It then describes the applicable legal framework (the UN Charter, humanitarian intervention, the responsibility to protect and the Chemical Weapons Convention), and the normative implications of the strikes. It is argued that international law recognises neither a right of humanitarian intervention nor a right to use force to prevent the use of chemical weapons. What international law does recognise, as articulated in the General Assembly's Uniting for Peace Resolution, is the residual responsibility of the General Assembly to maintain international peace and security when the Security Council fails. It is argued that where the Security Council has clearly failed to exercise its responsibility, it is incumbent upon the Council through procedural vote to refer the situation to the General Assembly, and it is then incumbent upon the Assembly to act on its secondary responsibility. This is an under-utilised procedure that allows concerned States to respond to atrocities such as those in Syria without breaking the law.

Credibility of institutions in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), effects of government policies on real estate developers

Credibility is the measure of how institutions are perceived as a result of autonomous endogenous patterns of interaction and power differences. It is not the tenure security in the sense of neo-classical economics that matters but the perceived security and whether developers have the assurance to retain the fruits of their investment. What matters in performance of institutions is not their form but their functions as it is determined temporally and spatially in terms of economic efficiency, stability and growth. Against this backdrop the paper analyzes how relevant institutions function by taking the case of real estate developers in transitional real estate markets of Addis Ababa. We will determine to what extent institutions are functional and whether the changes taking place lead to the development of more credible institutions or not. In the transition process there is ample space for autonomous endogenous patterns of interactions and transactions among economic actors and citizens. We analyze the process of changing functionalities studied to better understand the existing and changing functions of the relevant institutions, using the analytical framework developed by Ho (2014) and describe the functioning of institutions, while drawing conclusions on the role and credibility of institutions. Despite the adverse environment for real estate companies and a government crackdown on real estate developers the Ethiopian economy continued growing at more than ten per cent per year. Insecure tenure rights did not inhibit economic growth and real estate developers continued to invest.

Food safety implementation in the perspective of network learning

The food sector frequently faces difficulties in implementing food safety standards. Indeed, there are many barriers to appropriation of quality management standards which make effective implementation difficult for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), such as limited access to information, lack of financing and cognitive resources, food hazard perception, and insufficient access to adequately trained personnel. Consequently, one fundamental objective for practitioners such as managers, public bodies and development agencies is to help these food SMEs in improving their implementation capacity, which is usually done through the launch of different forms of collective initiatives such as associations, clubs, learning platforms, regional actions and other forms of collaboration. Globally speaking, the objective of these initiatives typically is to develop a step by step approach providing guidance on good practices associated with the implementation of these systems. The objective of the article is to explore and test the validity of this hypothesis, rooted in a general idea of “organizational network learning”: the capacity of SMEs to adopt new food safety schemes is seen as a whole and necessitates mobilizing, at the same time, 1) formal innovation networks, which bring cognitive resources and institutional credibility, and 2) the practice by managers of informal network activities through interactive exchanges of information, benchmarking, knowledge transfer and translation, and experiential learning.

Food safety implementation in the perspective of network learning

The food sector frequently faces difficulties in implementing food safety standards. Indeed, there are many barriers to appropriation of quality management standards which make effective implementation difficult for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), such as limited access to information, lack of financing and cognitive resources, food hazard perception, and insufficient access to adequately trained personnel. Consequently, one fundamental objective for practitioners such as managers, public bodies and development agencies is to help these food SMEs in improving their implementation capacity, which is usually done through the launch of different forms of collective initiatives such as associations, clubs, learning platforms, regional actions and other forms of collaboration. Globally speaking, the objective of these initiatives typically is to develop a step by step approach providing guidance on good practices associated with the implementation of these systems. The objective of the article is to explore and test the validity of this hypothesis, rooted in a general idea of “organizational network learning”: the capacity of SMEs to adopt new food safety schemes is seen as a whole and necessitates mobilizing, at the same time, 1) formal innovation networks, which bring cognitive resources and institutional credibility, and 2) the practice by managers of informal network activities through interactive exchanges of information, benchmarking, knowledge transfer and translation, and experiential learning.

Constructing an Academic Thai Plagiarism Corpus for Benchmarking Plagiarism Detection Systems

Plagiarism is a major problem in the academic world. It does not only undermine the credibility of educational institutions, but also interrupts the processes of creating knowledge in the academic community. To lessen this problem, many plagiarism detection systems have been developed to detect plagiarized texts in academic works. In this paper, we describe the design and process in creating an academic Thai plagiarism corpus. This corpus is necessary for training and testing plagiarism detection systems for Thai. In order to make this corpus a comprehensive representation of plagiarism, the data has been divided into various types based on the degree of the linguistic mechanisms used in plagiarism. Data compiled in our corpus comes through two main methods: manually created by participants and automatically generated by a program. After the corpus is created, its validity is verified by using three measurements: a measurement of similarity between suspicious texts at the character level, a measurement of similarity between suspicious texts at the word level, and a comparison of different types of data compiled in the corpus based on the similarity measured. The results of the analyses indicate that the corpus created by the proposed methods is effective in training and testing plagiarism detection systems.

Is energy market integration a green light for FDI?

This paper contributes to a better understanding of the effects of the European single market strategy by studying the effect of energy market integration (EMI) on foreign direct investment (FDI). Enforcing an EMI diminishes energy uncertainty and price volatility and signals stronger and credible institutions. FDI may, as a result, increase both within and outside the EMI area through two channels: first, via energy price converge and, second, via price dispersion reduction. We develop a formal model to explain how these mechanisms affect the capital invested abroad by heterogeneous firms. The Iberian Electricity Market (MIBEL) integration of 2007 is used to quantify the effect of EMI on FDI empirically. Gravity estimates on a global dataset including bilateral FDI data show that the integration of Portugal and Spain’s electricity market increased both the amount of FDI’s participants and the number of foreign projects. In line with our theoretical expectations, our estimates show that the increase of FDI is mainly due to the reduction in price dispersion. However, the institutional credibility signal sent by MIBEL had a greater influence than expected by the actual price reduction. Furthermore, we also observe a positive increase in FDI from neighboring countries (in this instance, France), albeit lower in magnitude

PERCEIVED KEY DETERMINANTS OF PAYMENT INSTRUMENT USAGE: A FUZZY COGNITIVE MAPPING-BASED APPROACH

The recent economic climate has had direct repercussions on people’s daily lives. This has occurred not only in how they use payment instruments, but is also evinced in new concerns adjacent to technological advances, people’s safety and the credibility of financial institutions. In this regard, the banking sector has had a crucial role in countries’ economic development, making it increasingly important to understand how the banking system operates and what payment instruments are available to users. Relying on specialized literature and the application of fuzzy cognitive mapping, this study aims to understand the cause-and-effect relationships between customers’ preference factors in using payment instruments. The results show that usability aspects and safety concerns constitute the factors which users pay more attention to. Strengths and limitations of our proposal are also discussed.

Pemenuhan Hak atas Informasi Publik sebagai Tanggung Jawab Negara dalam Mewujudkan Good Governance

There are two legal issues proposed in this study, inter alia, the nature of the right to public information and state's responsibility for the fulfillment of the right to public information. This study uses legal research with statute and conceptual approaches. The results of this study shows that the right to public information becomes part of the human rights as guaranteed by the 1945 Constitution. Public information has become a logical consequence of the obligation of the state to account for the implementation of its government to the citizens as its main purpose is to ensure the accountability and credibility of public institutions through the provision of information and documents at the public request so that the principle of information disclosure is one component in the realization of good governance. As a constitutional right of citizens, it also shows that ‘a contrario’ the fulfillment of public information is the responsibility of the state. According to this view, the fulfillment of the right to public information is not only related to obligations, but the content must be true and provided openly and honestly. It concludes that the fulfillment of public information conducted openly and honestly will contribute to an attempt to realize good governance&#x0D; Keywords: Human Rights, Public Information, Good Governance

European Union Social Cohesion Policy and Monitoring Indicators

The questions of the nation uniting, national or social consolidation, cohesion of society have always been on the agenda of the independent Ukrainian state. An urgent need is to identify the obstacles to consolidating Ukrainian society, as well as factors that can contribute to the unification of society. The objective of the article is to summarize the results of scientific and expert discourse on social cohesion of the EU and indicators of its assessment. Methodology is analysis of the European Commission documents, studies and reports. The research of European Cohesion Policy requires the use of an interdisciplinary approach, as well as the consideration of the process in its integrity, requires the use of a systematic approach.&#x0D; Social cohesion has been studied in the European Union over the past decades. During this time, many studies of theoretical and empirical question have been made. Moreover, it has already become the main concept of effective development for many societies. The mechanism of practical realization of social cohesion is the recognition of the values of pluralism, social and civil dialogue. The obligatory attribute of social cohesion of a society is the institute of social protection and social integration. Social cohesion involves the use of democratic principles for making socially significant decisions. The essence of the social cohesion of the EU is considered from the standpoint, based on social rights and the access of all citizens to their rights, and hence the real opportunity to use and protect them. At the focus of social cohesion of society is the welfare of the vast majority of citizens, harmonious and stable social relations. The condition to social cohesion is the high citizen’s credibility of governance and civil society institutions. In the framework of developing a system of social indicators an effort was made to operationalise conceptualization of social cohesion across several life domains. There are rather broad range of indicators of social cohesion can be specified. Accordingly, the lists of exemplarily suggested indicators are rather extensive. &#x0D; The subject of further analysis may be a more detailed researches of the experience of the European society cohesion mechanism for adopting and implementation it in Ukraine.

Criminal Justice Reform in the Xi Jinping Era

This paper reviews current criminal justice reforms that have been initiated in recent years under the governance platform Governing the Nation in Accordance with the Law [yifa zhiguo]. 1 These initiatives are helping to reframe criminal justice processes to correspond with the broad governance intentions of President Xi Jinping: finessing center-local power relations, making the authorities in the justice system more accountable for their decision-making, and improving procedures that aim to bring about greater fairness and efficiency. We examine these ongoing reforms in two main areas: the handling of minor crimes and the punishment of serious offenses. We find that yifa zhiguo and the reforms made in its name continue to reflect a highly legalist and instrumentalist vision of law whose goal is to enhance Party-state governance to control dissent and crime more effectively through criminal law, to enhance politico-legal institutional credibility, and, ultimately, to sustain Party supremacy and social stability.