Institutional Background Research Articles

Peran Budaya Organisasi Sekolah dan Kepuasan Guru dalam Meningkatkan Prestasi Siswa

Cultural organizations in the context of educational management, recently there have been many interesting researchers. They study cultural organizations with the background of educational institutions both at the secondary and tertiary levels. The aim of this research is to examine the role of school organizational culture and teacher satisfaction in improving student achievement. The research method used in this research is library research. The data used in this study were secondary data in the form of books, scientific journals and various relevant references collected through library research. The results showed that teachers have a central role in student learning. With rapidly expanding classrooms, resource constraints, and increasing tensions for personal responsibility for student learning outcomes, teachers face challenges on multiple fronts. Reform efforts have largely focused on increasing teacher effectiveness and student achievement, neglecting the organizational role of schools and teacher job satisfaction, which are critical to student success.

Peran Budaya Organisasi Sekolah dan Kepuasan Guru dalam Meningkatkan Prestasi Siswa

Cultural organizations in the context of educational management, recently there have been many interesting researchers. They study cultural organizations with the background of educational institutions both at the secondary and tertiary levels. The aim of this research is to examine the role of school organizational culture and teacher satisfaction in improving student achievement. The research method used in this research is library research. The data used in this study were secondary data in the form of books, scientific journals and various relevant references collected through library research. The results showed that teachers have a central role in student learning. With rapidly expanding classrooms, resource constraints, and increasing tensions for personal responsibility for student learning outcomes, teachers face challenges on multiple fronts. Reform efforts have largely focused on increasing teacher effectiveness and student achievement, neglecting the organizational role of schools and teacher job satisfaction, which are critical to student success.

The spear of capital and the shield of labor: Chinese model of emotional labor in domestic work

The theory of emotional labor, originating from the institutional background of the Western social and cultural system, is committed to criticizing the emotional management and emotional alienation of service workers under capital discipline. This paper introduces the construction of social relations with acquaintances typical in Chinese rural society into the analytical framework. It presents a Chinese model of automatized emotional labor, different from the model of commercialized emotional labor, by analyzing the emotional model acquisition in the professional development process of domestic workers and the mechanisms of formation, maintenance, and reproduction of the model in the labor process. In the new model, consumers (customers) and workers are equal and mutually beneficial interactive subjects, and emotional labor is no longer the spear of capital but instead becomes a shield for workers against challenges in the labor process. Therefore, this paper puts forward a theoretical reflection on consumers–workers under the model of commercialized emotional labor.

The Folk Art Revival and Applied Ethnography in the Hungarian Heritage House

AbstractThe present study introduces the role played by the Hungarian Heritage House in applied ethnography and the folk art revival. It is the first such study to review their antecedents over the past 70 years, the evolution of the institutional background, and activities of varying emphasis (research, teaching, certification) in the fields of folk dance, folk music, and folk handicrafts. The second part of the study evaluates professional tasks in the context of the organizational framework of the Hungarian Heritage House, which was founded in 2001, highlighting the internal relationships among activities embedded within the historically developed structure. The study then goes on to describe the intermediary role of the institution in relation to the practical use/usefulness of basic ethnographic research in terms of: (a) knowledge transfer — the utilization of basic ethnographic research in trainings and courses; and (b) digitization — ensuring wide access to ethnographically authentic archive folk music and dance recordings as the socialization of basic ethnographic research; and (c) research activities within the scope of applied ethnography and existing and potential cooperation with the academic sector. By way of conclusion, the study outlines pressing tasks in the field of applied ethnographical research that are crucial to the everyday, practical work of folklorism. These tasks include delineating the image (i.e., concept) of folk art and folk tradition in the Hungarian Heritage House; clarifying the terminological issues that affect the profession as a whole; creating a professional historical archive of folklorism; organizing a regular forum for critical discussion; and rethinking the cultural context and function of the folklore revival in light of the present-day challenges.

Shanghai Stock Exchange’s Science and Technology Innovation Board: A Review

This study reviews one of China’s newest stock markets: Shanghai Stock Exchange’s Science and Technology Innovation Board (STAR market). China’s STAR market is among its newest stock market, which was officially launched in June 2019, and whose index was released in July 2020. It has attracted extensive attention from market players but almost no coverage from academia. This study fills in this gap by conducting a review of this stock market, including its institutional background, its regulations, and a series of indicators on corporate finance and equity pricing. This study finds that the launch of China’s STAR market has its institutional background, including helping economic transition, building multi-layer capital markets, responding to the deteriorating external environment against the background of the US-China trade and technology war, and deleveraging the Chinese economy. The STAR market has made some important reform initiatives in areas such as listing criteria, pricing mechanisms, and delisting. As a result, the STAR market is distinguished from China’s other stock. These unique features mean that the STAR market does not simply provide a new dataset, but may potentially provide more interesting insights than simple replications of previous studies. Most importantly of all, this study provides an agenda for future research. For practitioners, this study provides some new information on investing in this market.

Mapping the Landscape of Circular Design Thinking and Practices in Architecture Education in Greece

The present contribution discusses how circular thinking and design-and-build practices are implemented in architectural curricula in Greece. Run simultaneously with a broader survey that seeks to identify the adoption of circular construction in different educational contexts across Europe, this study investigates the features of the Greek paradigm across the seven accredited public schools of architecture in Greece and the one in Cyprus. Both works are situated within the broader scope of the ERASMUS+ project Crafting Circularity: Rethinking Sustainable Design and Construction in Architecture Education, aiming in building a methodological framework on project-based learning-through-making methodologies to embed circular thinking in architecture education, eventually resulting in a paradigm shift towards circular design practices. The current mapping assignment is built on the outline of the principal survey, which has three axes: investigating institutional backgrounds, theory courses and design studios, and design-and-build modules in architectural curricula. A modified version was employed to respond to the peculiarities of the Greek paradigm: broadening the scope of the survey under or around the wider sustainability umbrella, adding a fourth axis on elements in-between education and research or informal extra-curricular activities, including an actual mapping component and revising the structure and content of the original survey.

FGI와 TRIZ기법을 활용한 장비와 전술개발 중심의 소형선박화재 대응기법에 관한 연구

Small ship fires do not often occur, but when they do, a number of factors cause significant damage. Small ships are tied to each other, and sometimes shipyards are often located in areas that are difficult for firefighting vehicles to access or where there is insufficient firefighting water. This study was conducted with the goal of quick response and damage reduction by reviewing recent cases and determining the factors and risks associated with ship fires. First, a theoretical background was established through a review of cases and precedent research, which was deduced to prevent the spread of damage using risk analysis techniques. Second, problems in the prevention and response stages were derived by conducting Focus Group Interview in which firefighters with ship fire experience and the necessary equipment in the field were developed by applying the TRIZ technique. Finally, an improved operation process was developed to efficiently respond to ship fires by utilizing the strategy and devised equipment. Through several field experiments and exercises, the effect of this process can be expected. By using an improved response technique and the equipment developed in this study, the ability to respond to ship fires can be further strengthened. In addition, to establish ship safety, the institutional background for prevention should be prepared, and preemptive research is needed in preparation for environmental changes, such as new technologies.

Why did Chinese state‐owned enterprises have higher export propensity? A study based on 2003–2007 data

AbstractCompared with privately owned enterprises (POEs), Chinese state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) are 6 percent more likely to export, although SOE productivity and external financial ability are 0.9 percent and 20% lower, respectively. To account for SOEs' higher export propensity, we build a model of firms' export decisions, embodying productivity, internal and external financing ability, and two aspects of China's institutional background: invisible subsidies to SOEs and preferential lending. We apply the model to firms from the Chinese Industrial Enterprise Survey Data, from 2003 to 2007, and find that SOEs' advantages in receiving invisible subsidies and more bank loans can significantly explain their higher export propensity.

Is corporate environmental responsibility more valuable in the transitory period? The moderating effect of ownership type

This study examines the effect of corporate environmental responsibility (CER) engagement on firm value by emphasizing the moderating role of ownership type. The data from Chinese A-listed firms from 2006 to 2019 are divided into a period of steady institutional background (2006–2015) and a transitory period of environmental reforms (2016–2019) to capture the differences in legal circumstances. First, we find that the impact of CER on firm value changed significantly from negative to positive over the two periods. Second, ownership type plays a moderating role in influencing the effect of CER on firm value. Third, given the environmental reforms, the CER effectiveness for state-owned enterprises affiliated with the central government increased the most, while that for private enterprises increased the least.

Theoretical Approaches to the Study of International Students

In current internationalization research, international students tend to be considered a homogeneous group, overgeneralized as ‘internationals’ (Lee, 2014). The ‘international student experience’ is assumed to apply to all international students, but there are nuances in international students’ experiences (Heng, 2019). Jones (2017) notes that international student experiences are influenced by their personal, familial, and institutional backgrounds. In our first essay on this topic, we introduced different methodological approaches to study international student diversity. In this second essay, we present some key theoretical approaches on which scholars can develop their study and methods to explore and analyze international students' diverse experiences in U.S. higher education.

Harmonising sustainability reporting in the face of stakeholders’ awakening capitalism. The institutional background

Purpose: Stakeholder capitalism is a system in which organisations seek long-term value creation by considering all stakeholdersʼ needs. The paper aims to identify how stakeholder capitalism has become embedded in sustainability reporting over time and explore how it currently affects the standardisation of the ESG disclosure framework. Methodology/approach: The study reviews the essential works and research studies published over the last six decades that reflect the emergence or the revival of the stakeholder capitalism concept. The paper also analyses the complex environment of accounting standard-setters and regulators who promote various non-financial report-ing frameworks or standards. Findings: The system of stakeholder capitalism may propel the harmonisation of sustainability reporting and serve common interests. It refers to more than just business organisations, which should focus on long-term value creation and consider their environmental impacts on the planet. It is a broader concept of engaging governments in a joint effort to create prosperity for their people, attracting society to enter the dialogue and ensuring planetary wellbeing. Originality/value: The work gives an insight into the waves of changes in the sustain-ability reporting standardisation scene that have gained momentum over the last two years. It addresses the critical views of experts and debates on how harmonising inter-national standards can make sustainability reporting and stakeholder capitalism genuinely serve the interest of stakeholders and the planet.

North Korea's Aid to Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis*

This study seeks to explain why North Korea provided aid to Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis. It considers the background to the decision to provide support to Havana, the form that such support took, and its significance. The reason why North Korea fully supported Cuba was that they shared a common enemy and historical and institutional background, such as experiences of colonialism, revolution, war, division, and anti‐American struggle. Cuba was also the first socialist country in the region. North Korea judged the revolutionary potential of Latin America and its value as highly useful for a unification of the Korean Peninsula led by North Korea. North Korea issued the first government statement that politically supported Cuba and ordered North Korean students, embassy officials and their families in Cuba to participate in combat. North Korea provided economic and military supplies through production increase movements as well as technical support in the heavy industry. The North Korea–Cuba Committee for Solidarity was established to oversee projects for friendly cooperation and to strengthen ties between their future generations of revolutionaries. North Korea's aid to Cuba played a critical role in declaring themselves as a de facto country by completely integrating their national interests.

Predictive Analysis for Text Classification: Discrete Units in Company Registration Discourse

Abstract Legal discourse shows variation most commonly in terms of contrasts between languages, textual genres, communicative settings (professional vs. lay communication), translation methods and categories of authors, the last constituting a testing ground for the text-prediction task presented in this article. The research project involves quantitative analysis of selected discrete units and their statistical processing with the R tool for the purpose of generating random forest and decision tree models. It is hypothesised that it is possible to effectively predict text authorship based on the grammatical profile of the texts. The prediction model proposed here covers two authorship categories, institutional name and professional title, and these encapsulate authorship sub-categories related to institutional and work position background. The prediction accuracy parameters for the authorship-based text classification in both cases prove to be statistically satisfactory. More specific findings show that the text classification models for some authorship sub-categories are more effective than for others. Further, some discrete units have distinctively high discriminative power for the texts. The analysis is conducted on a custom-designed corpus, composed of English texts processed in company registration proceedings. The corpus is homogenous in terms of the function and the communicative context of the texts, which assures reliability of the findings and at the same time captures the variationist aspect of legal communication by taking the varied authorship factor into account.

The Temporal Spatial Dynamic of Land Policy in China: Evidence from Policy Analysis Based on Machine Learning

Extracting useful information from a large number of policy texts is a challenging and insufficiently discussed topic. Utilizing large sample policy texts and a method of machine learning, this study contributes to the research gap by systematically analyzing the temporal evolution and spatial differentiation of China’s land policy from 1998 to 2018. A framework comprising six major themes of land policy, namely, “land development, land acquisition and demolition, cultivated land protection, land planning, land consolidation and utilization, and land confirmation and transfer” is first established, according to the theoretical and institutional background of land management. Based on this framework, the Latent Dirichlet Allocation analysis of more than 20,000 policy documents at different levels of government shows that, (1) temporally, the priority of land policy evolves with the spirit of the central document and the macropolitical and economic conditions and, (2) spatially, there are significant differences in land policies among provinces. Overall, the analysis of land policy documents shows the tradeoff between cultivated land protection and land development and also the emphasize on other topics, with the changes in land policy priorities in different periods and regions.

The Formation of a Polycentric City in Transitional China in a Three-Level Analysis Framework: The Case Study of Hangzhou

Given cities’ different development backgrounds, the spatial evolution of each city has a path-dependent development track. Understanding the characteristics of urban spatial structure evolution in contemporary China is essential for sustainable urban development. By establishing a theoretical framework comprising a macro-background, planning tool, and resource allocation, this paper takes Hangzhou as an example to analyze the evolutionary process of the polycentric spatial structure and reveal the formation characteristics of its polycentric urban spatial form. The results show that (1) its institutional background and planning tools are the driving forces behind the formation of the polycentric structure in Hangzhou, i.e., the evolution of the polycentric structure mainly relies on planning guidance and government forces rather than being market-driven. (2) Under the government-led mode of polycentric formation, urban elements, such as education, medical care, transportation, and green space, are still concentrated in the main urban center, while subcenters lack the necessary public facilities and are underdeveloped. (3) The spatial distribution of the population and nightlights also shows the trend of diminishing concentric circles with the main center at the core. Therefore, it is impossible to implement polycentric cities by decentralizing the population and industries alone. The comprehensive consideration of capital investment, production services, and the supply of life service facilities is also required. This empirical study can complement empirical evidence in order to verify the validity of polycentrism as a potential solution that can alleviate the sprawl of central urban areas.

Reflections of the Abolition of the Sultanate and the Caliphate in the Spanish Press

Türkiye’de imparatorluktan ulus-devlete geçiş sürecinin önemli iki gelişmesi; 1 Kasım 1922 tarihinde saltanatın ve 3 Mart 1924’te hilafetin kaldırılması, tüm dünyada olduğu gibi İspanya basınının da ilgisini çekmiştir. Gazeteler, bu kurumların tarihsel arka planını vermiş, saltanatın kaldırılmasıyla hilafetin kazandığı yeni konumu betimlemeye çalışmıştır. Egemenliğin TBMM tarafından kullanıldığı, dini gücün ise yine Meclis tarafından seçilmiş bir halife tarafından temsil edildiği bu yeni durum, basın tarafından İslami gelenekler ve Türkiye’nin Müslüman dünyasına yönelik politikaları bağlamında değerlendirilmiştir. Hilafetin kaldırılması ve son Halife Abdülmecid Efendi’nin sürgüne gönderilmesinin ardından tekrar gündeme yerleşen konu, İslam dünyasında yaratacağı dini-siyasi tepkiler, Müslüman sömürgeleri nedeniyle İngiltere ve Fransa siyasetine etkileri ve yeni Türk Devleti’nin devrimleri çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. İspanya basınının konuya yaklaşımı, gazetelerin siyasi duruşlarına göre farklılık göstermişse de hilafetin kaldırılmasına dair nihai değerlendirmesi, evrensel siyasi bir güç olarak Panislamizm’in sonlanması olmuştur. Hilafetin kaldırılmasına dair haber ve köşe yazıları İspanya kamuoyunun, Türkiye nezdinde Doğulu-Müslüman dünyasına dair oryantalist bakışını yansıtmıştır.

Environmental education in Portuguese Speaking Nations: a survey of current practices and priorities

Since the Community of Portuguese Speaking Nations (CPLP) was created in 1996, environmental education (EE) has gained recognition for enhancing multilateral cooperation on environmental protection and sustainability promotion. Conducted online in 2020 in all member states during the COVID-19 pandemic, this second Environmental Education Survey of CPLP explores the conditions and approaches of EE within the overall setting of the 2030 UN Agenda, taking the concepts of Canaparo’s geo-epistemology and Öhman and Östman’s selective traditions as the underlying framework of analysis. The survey received 196 valid responses from EE Experts and Promoters who hold positions in various institutional backgrounds. Addressing the current state of EE in all nine countries, a picture emerges of significant and ecologically prudent human intervention based on fact-based, normative, and pluralist EE approaches. Most encouraging is the overall finding that EE is vibrant, relevant for sustainable transformation, young people focussed, and in good heart.

Leadership structure and firm performance: evidence from China

ABSTRACT This study compares the unity-of-command principle with the shared-command principle based on China’s unique institutional background. Our findings show firms with higher power gap between chairman and CEO exhibit better performance, implying the unity-of-command principle is more effective for most organizations. However, the empirical results also show there is an optimal value for the power gap, as it becomes harmful for the firm performance after exceeding the threshold value. The results remain consistent after solving the endogeneity problem. Overall, our findings provide solid evidence for the debate on the unity-of-command principle and the shared-command principle.

Summaries of Papers In This Issue

Summaries of Papers In This Issue

The Consequences of Stalinist Economic Policy in Hungary (1949-1953)

By 1948, with the eradication of private property ownership and multi-party-system, the institutional background of the Soviet-type dictatorship was created by the Hungarian Workers Party (HWP). In economic terms, forced industrialisation became buzzword, whereas both agricultural and infrastructural development were neglected by the communist leadership. The forced collectivisation in the agriculture, accompanied by the postponement of necessary investments led to a permanent shortage of goods. Compulsory deliveries coupled with the application of the principle of quantity further aggravated the situation of the agrarian sector. As a result of aggressive campaign against the wealthy peasants and forced collectivisation, 300 000 people ceased to work in the agriculture and were employed by industry. Within the centrally planned economy, profitability, cost of production, marketability and quality of products were neglected. Only one principle was taken into account, which was the fulfilment or overfulfilment of the global production plan index and all other criteria were ignored by decision-makers. Foreign trade relations were embedded within the framework of the command economy. Foreign trade corporations were set up and world market prices became hermetically isolated from domestic prices. Within Comecon, the endeavour of the USSR was to reduce any dependency of the socialist bloc on world markets and to achieve self-sufficiency. The introduction of fixed prices in 1950 led to serious price distortions, whilst Hungary depended on increasing import of raw material, which was essential for the development of heavy industry. Therefore, the targets of foreign trade were not fulfilled during the period 1949-53. The irrational economic objectives of the first Five-Year Plan produced lasting damages in the national economy of Hungary.