Bydgoszcz... without a little practice and expert instruction, who could reliably spell this cryptic place-name? Or conquer the pronunciation of its sternutatory consonants? Yet in the memories of those who in September 1966 attended a notable Festival of Old Music of Central and Eastern Europe, Bydgoszcz will always stand for an extraordinary gathering of musicians and scholars who came to this pleasant provincial capital to celebrate the Polish millenium with music and musicology.l The idea of using the Polish anniversary not as a nationalistic event but rather as an occasion for a much broader survey seems to me characteristic of the maturity and energy of Polish intellectual life. Leading specialists from Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Rumania, and Russia were invited to deliver comprehensive historical summaries of their musical traditions up to 1800. Then a series of concerts performed by outstanding organizations and soloists from each of these countries illustrated the lectures with representative compositions chosen from the whole vast panorama of Eastern European music. The initiator of the Festival, Professor Zofia Lissa, Director of the Musicological Institute of the University of Warsaw, is well known in international musicological circles both for her many publications (in an astounding variety of languages) and her regular contributions to international congresses. Not merely an initiator, she served as chairman of the Festival and editor of the volume of papers prepared for delivery in Bydgoszcz. One might have expected such a festival to have been held in Warsaw, where in the previous week the Congress of IAML was held, and only one week later a festival of contemporary music took place. Perhaps the idea was to furnish some change from Warsaw-and possibly some relief or breathing spell for the official musical personnel there. Whatever the actual motivations for the festival selection of Bydgoszcz, visitors quickly