Language Institute Research Articles

ИСТОРИЧЕСКАЯ НАУКА В ОРДЕНА ЗНАК ПОЧЕТА ИНСТИТУТЕ ИСТОРИИ, ЯЗЫКА И ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ УФИЦ РАН СКВОЗЬ ПРИЗМУ НАУЧНЫХ БИОГРАФИЙ И MEMORY-ДИСКУРСА

This paper provides an overview of publications of historical, biographical and memorial content and highlights intellectual history in a single institution – the Institute of History, Language and Literature. The scientific contribution of individual historians is revealed against the background of the development of different chronological periods of Soviet historiography. The article highlights some areas of relevant timeless research, examines scientific continuity and intergenerational communication, the preservation of academic traditions and other issues important for understanding the development of the scientific environment. The observations obtained during the study made it possible to identify groups of scientific generations of historians and their contribution to the development of regional historical science. The Institute’s communities of historians were formed under the influence of ideological, socio-cultural and historical changes. Since the 1930s , the intellectual history of the institution has been formed with the participation of representatives of academic Moscow and St. Petersburg historical schools. Being a member of the Bashkir branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences is the next major milestone in the development of academic traditions, the creation of scientific ties and cooperation with major scientific institutions of the country, the time of the emergence of such scientific fields as ethnographic and archaeological. The tradition of continuity of academic research approaches at the Institute was shown by the resumption of the archeographic project “Materials on the History of Bashkortostan”, after 50 and 79 years, which became an indicator of a stable scientific tradition and a high methodological level of individual historians. Thus, each generation contributed to the development of historical science, scientific continuity provided joint research projects, scientific guidance and professional mentoring.

ИСТОРИЧЕСКАЯ НАУКА В БАШКОРТОСТАНЕ: СТАНОВЛЕНИЕ, ИТОГИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ

The article examines the history of the formation and development of Russian historical science in the XX – early XXI century on the basis of archival documents and published sources. This is an important topic, which has not only scientific, but also social significance. The purpose of the article is to analyze the research activities of historians of the Department of Modern History of Bashkortostan of the Order of the Badge of Honor of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The article examines the priority areas of scientific research of historians specializing in the study of historical problems of the modern period, reflects their results and prospects for development. Based on the reports and thematic plans of the institute and department deposited in the funds of the Scientific Archive of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the author was able to identify the characteristics of the historical activity of historians during the period under consideration, show the complex and controversial path of the formation of historical science in Bashkortostan from the 1920s onwards, reflect unsolved problems, difficulties faced and omissions made by researchers. The author concludes that through its research activities, the Department of Modern History of Bashkortostan at the IHLL of UFRC has made and continues to contribute to the development of scientific issues related to regional and national history as a whole. The study was carried out in accordance with the principles of historicism, objectivity, and a scientific approach, utilizing methods commonly employed in historical research.

НАЧАЛО АКАДЕМИЧЕСКОЙ АРХЕОЛОГИИ В БАШКОРТОСТАНЕ

During the post-war period, archaeological research was rapidly advancing in the Soviet Union. After the All-Union Archaeological Conference in 1945, the Moscow Branch of the Institute for the History of Material Culture (henceforth IHMC) became the main center for archaeological research and organizer of field studies throughout the USSR. At a meeting of the Department of History and Philosophy in 1951, together with a plenum of IHMC and the USSR Academy of Sciences, a decision was made to expand archaeological research across all regions of the country. An archaeological team is forming at the Bashkir Scientific Research Institute of History, Language, and Literature, which was part of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1951. In 1953, a sector of history, archaeology, and ethnography was created, and archaeological expeditions were launched. Initially, field research was conducted as part of the Bashkir Archaeological Expedition under the leadership of IHMC. Since 1957, independent archaeological units have been formed. In 1959, a department of archeology and ethnography became part of the IHLL. The same year, a collection of articles dedicated to archaeological studies in Bashkortostan were published for the first time. In 1978, an independent sector of archaeology appeared, the successor of which is the Department of Archaeological Research currently operating as part of the IHLL. Thus, in 2023–2024 it will be 70 years since the beginning of archaeological research in the IHLL. It is also the anniversary of the beginning of systematic academic research of the territory of the Southern Urals and the design of Ufa as the center of archaeological research in the region. In addition to documentary evidence of the formation of the archaeological structure in the IHLL, the article provides statistics on archaeological expeditions in the territory of Bashkortostan. An analysis of these data shows that, between 1955 and 1963, units organized by academic institutions of the IHMC (Institute of History of Material Culture) and IHLL dominated among them. Due to active fieldwork, by 1970, information had been obtained on 2,059 archaeological sites located within the BASSR and data on these sites had been systematized into the academic catalog “Archaeological Map of Bashkiria.” In general, the mid-1950s to 1960s can be characterized as the period when a systematic archaeological survey was being formed on the territory of Bashkortostan. The main focus of this process was the IHLL

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ АРАБОГРАФИЧНЫХ ПИСЬМЕННЫХ ПАМЯТНИКОВ В ОРДЕНА ЗНАК ПОЧЕТА ИНСТИТУТА ИСТОРИИ, ЯЗЫКА И ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ УФИЦ РАН

Written monuments are a valuable source where historical and cultural traditions and the spiritual wealth of the people are reflected. The fate of some of them is mysterious and unusual, and, undoubtedly, they are witnesses of certain events in our history and are an important primary source for the study of history and spiritual culture. The study of such heritage always arouses interest in the world science. There are a number of scientific and popular scientific articles on archeographic and textual research conducted at the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IHLL UFRC RAS). However, scientific research in this direction does not stop, new topics and aspects of scientific developments appear, new results and discoveries are based on them. The purpose of the article is to tell the story of the formation of the G.B. Khusainov Manuscript Fund of the IHLL UFRC RAS based on new realities, to trace the history of the creation of the Oriental manuscripts department as an independent structural unit in this scientific institution, to determine their role in the study of the historical and cultural heritage of the Bashkir people. Against their background, the history of the study of Arabographic written monuments in the IHLL UFRC RAS and the results of scientific research in recent years in this field have been shown, priority areas of modern and future research are identified, the relevance and significance of the development of which is due to the need to introduce into scientific circulation and popularize Arabographic written monuments in the Arabic, Persian and Turkic languages available in the funds of the UFRC RAS, and first of all, in the G.B. Khusainov Manuscript Fund. Taking into account the fact that archaeological expeditions and business trips have been and remain the main source of replenishment of the fund of manuscripts and old printed publications, the work of field expeditions in recent years, which were carried out with the financial support of grants from various scientific foundations, was analyzed separately. In the study, based on the descriptive-narrative method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis, with the help of the introduction of new documents into scientific circulation of the Scientific Archive of the UFRC RAS, the history of the G.B. Khusainov IIYaL Manuscript Fund of the UFRC RAS and the prerequisites for the creation of the current department of Oriental manuscripts are recreated, their place and contribution to the Bashkir archeographic science are shown.

ПРИКЛАДНАЯ ЛИНГВИСТИКА В ОРДЕНА ЗНАК ПОЧЕТА ИНСТИТУТЕ ИСТОРИИ, ЯЗЫКА И ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ УФИЦ РАН: ОСНОВНЫЕ ВЕХИ

The article analyzes the development of applied linguistics within the framework of Bashkir linguistics, as well as the formation of this field. Most researchers working in the field of applied linguistics consider it to be a multidisciplinary field that encompasses all existing research. However, there is still no clear definition of what constitutes this term. In the article, applied linguistics is defined as referring to areas that involve the use of mathematical methods, computer-aided text processing, and the creation and analysis of linguistic databases. These areas have been active fields of research at the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences for over 30 years. The first steps towards this goal in the Bashkir linguistics were taken by the group “Automation of Lexicography”, which was founded in 1991. During its 11-year existence, the team developed frequency dictionaries for the language in the works of classical Bashkir literature by D. Yulty, as well as frequency dictionaries on different styles of Bashkir, primary school textbooks, and other materials. Due to the widespread adoption of computer technologies, which required the creation of standards for software, localization, support for operating systems, and promotion of the Bashkir language online, a laboratory for linguistics and information technology has been established on the basis of this group. The laboratory successfully completed these tasks: they presented standards for keyboard layouts and code tables; they participated in the localization of Lexicon, FineReader, Mozilla, Disco Commander and Chameleon programs; and they created national fonts and implemented language support for Windows and Linux operating systems. These works were the foundation for the full functionality of the language in the digital world. On their basis, the laboratory developed a terminological database operating on the internet, an information system for the Machine Fund of the Bashkir language, and corpus projects on prose, journalist and folklore texts in the Bashkir language. Based on these latter projects, certain issues regarding the syntactic structures of proverbs and sayings in the national language have been investigated. In order to continue dialectological research and to create a database of dialects of the national language, the laboratory was transformed into the Department of Applied Linguistics and Dialectology in 2022. Today, the department continues to work on corpus projects of the Bashkir language and collects expedition materials for a geographic information database on regional dialects. Based on these materials, a great deal of scientific work is carried out to clarify problems of the function of oral Bashkir speech within the media, as well as to determine phonetic and lexico-grammatical characteristics of the Northwest dialect.

Этнокультурная история и современное измерение Ордена знак почета института истории, языка и литературы УФИЦ РАН: от башкирского академцентра к федеральному институту

The Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences is a federal academic institution with a humanitarian profile, the key research area of which is comprehensive Bashkir studies. The Institute, which celebrated its centenary in 2022, has gone a long way from the Society for the Study of Bashkiria at the Academic Center of the People’s Commissariat of Education of Bashkiria, which united ascetic researchers, to the authoritative scientific center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The institution has made and continues to make an invaluable contribution to the study of the archaeology, ancient and modern history, and material and spiritual culture of the multinational region. The Bashkir people, one of the many ethnic groups in the Russian Federation, are the focus of this work. The team’s contributions, which have been recognized in the scientific community of Russia and beyond, not only have a scientific value but also have applied and practical significance. These contributions demonstrate the researchers’ ability to solve problems that face modern humanitarian science, in a qualitative manner. His century-old scientific biography and ethnocultural history include significant archaeological discoveries, fundamental monographic and collective research, scientific collections, multi-volume collections of the Bashkir folk art, anthologies of the Bashkir literature, numerous linguistic and encyclopedic dictionaries that incorporated creative ideas, thoughts, achievements of several generations of scientists (M.A. Burangulov, T.H. Akhmadiev, N.V. Bikbulatov, I.M. Gvozdikova, R.G. Kuzeev, H.F. Usmanov, M.V. Murzabulatov, S.N. Shitova, N.A. Mazhitov, A.H. Pshenichnyuk, N.H. Maksyutova, S.F. Mirzhanova, Z.G. Uraksin, F.G. Khisamitdinova, A.I. Kharisov, G.B. Khusainov, N.T. Zaripov, A.M. Suleymanov, F.A. Nadrshina, etc.). From the study of archaeology in the Southern Urals region and its ancient history and culture, to understanding modern socio-cultural processes and modern history in Bashkiria, anthropology, ethnography, and the Bashkir language research, computational linguistics, dialectology, folk art, literary studies, archeography, and the study of written and printed materials – these are the main research areas of the Institute’s scientists.

БАШКИРСКОЕ ЯЗЫКОЗНАНИЕ В ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ОРДЕНА ЗНАК ПОЧЕТА ИНСТИТУТА ИСТОРИИ, ЯЗЫКА И ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ УФИЦ РАН

This article examines the main stages in the development of Bashkir linguistics and the research directions of the Bashkir language at the Order of the Badge of Honor Institute of History, Language, and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. From the very beginning, the linguistic department has been actively pursuing its goals. Over the course of a century, the department has become one of the most prominent centers specializing in the analysis of spoken and written Bashkir, as well as the study of dialects and varieties. Linguistic research projects in connection with the culture, literature, and history of the Bashkir people are carried out with the most active participation from the Institute’s linguists. They have developed and established the norms of the modern literary language, which have been revised several times over the course of a century. Issues related to improving and regulating literary norms of the language continue to be central to the work of the Department of Linguistics staff. Due to the established strong traditions for fixing linguistic units, significant success has been achieved in the fields of Bashkir lexicography and terminography. On the basis of these efforts, generalizing works on dialectology, lexicology, and phraseology of the Bashkir language have been produced. It was important to study the history of the Bashkir language. These studies provide a fairly complete picture of the stages in the formation of linguistic science and the major stages of language development in the Republic of Bashkortostan. An exemplary analysis of the grammatical structure of modern Bashkir reveals its main phonetic, morphologic, morphematic, and syntactic characteristics. The work of the Department of Linguistics staff has contributed significantly to the development of Bashkir onomastic, ethnolinquistic, and sociolinguistic research. The latest research directions based on the applied developments of computational linguistics enrich the Bashkir linguistics with new aspects and approaches, bring the Bashkir language to the world level. The issues of development, the current state and prospects for improving the Bashkir language in diachrony and synchrony receive comprehensive study and detailed coverage in the activities of the staff of the Linguistics Department of the Institute.

БАШКИРСКОЕ ЛИТЕРАТУРОВЕДЕНИЕ: ПРОШЛОЕ, НАСТОЯЩЕЕ И БУДУЩЕЕ

The article discusses the history and achievements of the Department of Literary Criticism, as well as the efforts to establish the science of Bashkir literature. The first attempts at analyzing the works of Bashkir authors were made at the beginning of the 20th century. The formation of the discipline of Bashkir literary criticism is closely linked to the development of the Institute of History, Language, and Literature, which was formerly known as the Society for Studying Bashkiria in 1922 and the Institute for National Culture in 1932. During the pre-war period, staff members of the department focused on works by prominent Soviet authors such as A.Tagirov, D. Yulty, and T. Yanabi. Preparations were also underway for the publication of M.Gafuri complete works and a single-volume collection of poetry by poet G.Salam. Large-scale study of the theory and history of Bashkir literature began in the 50s and 60s of the last century, when such qualified specialists as G.Z. Ramazanov, G.B. Khusainov, M.F. Gainullin and others began to work in the department. The achievements of the department’s staff are reflected in the following works: “The history of Bashkir Soviet literature. Essays” (1968, in Bashkir. spring.) and “the history of Bashkir Soviet literature “ (1977). Notable works in the study of the history and theory of national literature include A.I. Kharisov «Literary Heritage of the Bashkir People. XVIII–XIX Centuries» (1965), K.A. Akhmedyanov’s «Theory of Literature» (1971), and A.H. Vakhitov’s «Genre and Style in Bashkir Prose» (1982). S.G. Safuanov’s work on «Interethnic Relations in Bashkir Literature» (1979) and A.H. Vildanov and G.S. Kunafin’s book on «Bashkir Enlightenment Democrats of the XIX Century» (1981) are also notable. In the 1970s and ‘80s , as archaeological research began to become more systematic, the department under the guidance of Professor G.B. Khusainov began writing a multivolume history of national literature, resulting in the publication of 6 volumes of «History of Bashkir Literature» in Bashkir between 1990 and 1996. In recent years, the department staff, led by M.Kh. Nadergulov, has prepared and published «History of Bashkir Literature», in 3 volumes, in Russian. The 7th volume in the Bashkir series, dedicated to the literature of the post-Sov iet era, 3 volumes of «Anthology of Bashkir Literature», and more than 20 monographs on the theory and history of Bashkir literature. The scientific team of F.S. Fazylova and F.B. Yunusova has also prepared and published a complete work by the national poet of Bashkortostan, M. Karim, in 11 volumes.

АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИСТОРИИ РЕГИОНА: ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ ОПЫТ И НАУЧНЫЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ ОРДЕНА ЗНАК ПОЧЕТА ИНСТИТУТА ИСТОРИИ, ЯЗЫКА И ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ УФИЦ РАН

For many years, the history and cultural studies of Bashkortostan have been in the center of research attention of scientists of the Order of the Badge of Honor of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the UFRC RAS (further – IHLL UFRC RAS). Their staff has conducted a significant amount of research devoted to the study of key issues of the history and culture of the region and the country. The results of this research formed the basis for generalizing academic papers, textbooks, and tutorials for students in secondary general education, as well as in secondary specialized and higher educational institutions. A number of historical scholars have formed their own historical trends and schools, and their students continue their work today, following in the footsteps of their mentors. This article traces the scientific activities of the Department of History and Cultural History at the Institute for the History of Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IHLL UFRC RAS), and evaluates its contribution to the development of the national humanities. The most poorly researched and promising scientific fields have also been identified. Scientists from the department are now starting to develop them. Today, they focus on the formation and development of Bashkir society during the Late Middle Ages and in the Modern times, including topics such as demography, statistics, source study, social organization, transformations, spread and development of Islam, institutions in the Ural-Volga region, and the history of individual settlements. The Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IHLL UFRC RAS) has the resources, personnel, and necessary skills to carry out high-quality research in these fields.

Developing and Validating a Questionnaire on EFL Teachers’ Actual Integration of ICT into their Classes at Vietnamese Higher Education

This study focuses on developing and validating a questionnaire to assess the integration of ICT by EFL teachers in higher education settings in Vietnam. Twenty EFL teachers from three language institutes participated in semi-structured interviews, generating 20 questionnaire items. Qualitative content analysis of the interview data provided insights into EFL teachers' perspectives on ICT integration. Additionally, a document analysis and literature review informed the questionnaire development. A total of 150 EFL teachers were selected to validate the questionnaire by completing the items. Exploratory Factor Analysis identified the underlying constructs of ICT integration. Grounded in the SAMR model, the investigation explored the perceived effectiveness of ICT and identified obstacles to optimal utilization in the EFL classroom. The findings contribute to understanding ICT integration in EFL teaching, informing improvements in language education practices at Vietnamese higher education institutions.

AMERICAN PERCEPTIONS ON BARRIERS OF LEARNING INDONESIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

Foreign language acquisition is one of the important issues in the current era of globalization. Indonesian is not an exception because, within the last twenty years, the significance of Indonesian language has increased. This study aims to reveal the problem of the learning of Indonesian language as a foreign language. It focused on adolescent learners from the United States of America in a reputable language institution. More specifically, there are two questions in this study. First, what are the barriers of learning Indonesian that were found by the American learners? Second, what are the types of teaching materials that these learners like? This study is a case study with descriptive methods. It was conducted in a training institution focusing to train Christian preachers. Four learners from the United States of America were the informants in this study. The data were generated from the four American learners in obtained through (1) observation; (2) depth interviews with informants; and (3) relevant documents. This study concluded that (1) in general, the barriers faced by the American learners can be classified into four types: social, mental, phonological, and grammatical; and (2) the learners prefer various teaching materials but their common preference is the authentic learning materials that consider aspects of audiovisual media use, Indonesian cultural diversity, and language formality. Since the study only relied on four informants, the results cannot be generalized to all learners of Indonesian Language. However, they can provide a figure in the learning of Indonesian language involving non-native speakers, especially the Americans.

Second student readings of the Department of Slavic Studies of Vilnius University

On October 13–14, 2023, the Second Student Readings were held at the Faculty of Philology of Vilnius University, organized by the Department of Slavic Studies of the Institute of Languages and Cultures of the Baltic Countries of the VU. Participants in the Readings were students and doctoral students from two Lithuanian universities (Vilnius and Klaipeda), from universities in Austria, Poland, Hungary, Switzerland, Croatia, France, Italy, who presented 19 reports. Student readings showed the undoubted potential of young researchers, their ability to make new discoveries in various areas of Russian and, more broadly, Slavic culture, literature, and language.

Impact of the online Stoodle software program on Iranian EFL teachers’ autonomy, creativity, and work engagement

This study investigated the effect of using Stoodle software program on Iranian EFL teachers’ autonomy, creativity, and work engagement in the light of teaching experience and gender. The participants comprised 60 EFL teachers including 30 male (15 novice and 15 experienced) and 30 female (15 novice and 15 experienced) teachers teaching at five language institutes in Ahvaz. Two briefing sessions were held to make the participants familiar with Stoodle and how to use it in their classes. Prior to the implementation of the treatment, all the teachers were required to respond to the three scales of autonomy, creativity, and work engagement. After the implementation of the treatment, they were asked again to respond to the mentioned scales. The results of statistical analysis indicated that using the online Stoodle software program had significant effects on improving EFL teachers’ autonomy, creativity, and work engagement. However, gender and teaching experience did not have a significant role in contributing to teachers’ autonomy creativity, and work engagement in the Stoodle condition. Moreover, the interaction between gender and teaching experience did not leave a significant impact on teachers’ autonomy, creativity, and work engagement. The results are discussed and implications for language teaching are provided.

Growth mindset and ideal L2 self as predictors of student engagement in EFL students: The mediating role of L2 grit

This research delves into the dynamics of growth mindset, ideal L2 self, grit, and student engagement using well-established data collection instruments in the context of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learning. A sample comprising 379 participants drawn from diverse language institutes in Iran, provided empirical data for this study. Employing structural equation modeling and validated scales for each construct, the study unveils a partially mediated model, illuminating the intricate relationships among the variables under investigation. The findings reveal that both ideal L2 self and growth mindset exert a significant influence on student engagement, with grit serving as a crucial partial mediator in these associations. Moreover, growth mindset demonstrates a notable indirect effect on student engagement, primarily mediated by grit. The study not only advances our understanding of motivational drivers in EFL learning but also yields practical insights for educators and curriculum designers seeking to bolster student engagement and perseverance in language learning environments.

Translanguaging approaches and perceptions of Iranian EGP teachers in bi/multilingual educational spaces: a qualitative inquiry

PurposeThis study aims to analyze translanguaging practices and beliefs of Iranian English for General Purposes (EGP) teachers and find discrepancies between the practice and perception of educators in bi/multilingual species in Iranian educational settings.Design/methodology/approachThe study involved interviewing ten teachers and observing six of their sessions, which yielded qualitative data.FindingsThe results showed that the participating teachers produced recurring themes such as the significance and limitations of translanguaging, techniques for training multilingual learners and the restrictions imposed by policies that discourage the use of L1 in language institutes in Iran. A noteworthy observation made in this investigation was that educators who possessed competency in three or more languages exhibited greater endorsement of translanguaging in both their perceptions and practices.Practical implicationsThis study has significant implications for instructors, teacher trainers and policymakers operating within multilingual environments. It serves as a pioneering study that invites a productive synergy between Western and Asian researchers in exploring bi/multilingual spaces within Asian educational contexts.Originality/valueThis study brings a fresh perspective to the current body of research on teacher agency in bi/multilingual educational settings. By utilizing qualitative methods, it offers unique and original insights. Particularly noteworthy is the discovery that educators who are proficient in three or more languages are more inclined to support translanguaging. This observation adds a distinctive understanding of translanguaging in language education. It opens up new possibilities for exploring the application and efficacy of the translanguaging approach in Asian bi/multilingual spaces in education.

Impact of flipped classroom on EFL learners’ self- regulated learning and higher-order thinking skills during the Covid19 pandemic

The advent of innovative online tools has ushered in new possibilities for enhancing the quality of language learning. This study delved into the influence of the flipped classroom approach on augmenting the cognitive and meta-cognitive competence of EFL learners. Two distinct participant groups were enlisted for the study's sequential phases, necessitating varying sample sizes to compare the effects of the flipped classroom against traditional instructional modes on the improvement of EFL learners' self-regulated learning strategies and higher-order thinking. Homogeneous groups of language learners were essential for addressing the research inquiries, and participants were selected from two private language institutes in Arak, Iran. Multiple data sources, including a language proficiency test, the Self-Regulation Questionnaire, a flipped classroom attitude questionnaire, and the Higher-Order Thinking Skills Test, were employed to gather the necessary data. The results demonstrated a significant impact of flipped classrooms on learners' utilization of cognitive self-regulated learning strategies, indicating that the flipped classroom approach fosters students' development as self-directed learners. Concerning the influence of the flipped classroom on enhancing EFL learners' higher-order thinking skills, it was deduced that the flipped classroom significantly affected the learners' engagement in evaluating, analyzing, and creating. The implications of these findings underscore the potential of the flipped classroom approach to positively shape EFL learners' self-regulated learning and higher-order thinking skills, advocating for its incorporation into language education practices.

Problems and prospects of educational lexicography: a new school dictionary of Russian pronunciation

The article critically examines various educational pronouncing (orthoepic) dictionaries and states the main objections to the quality of such resources. Criticism centres on the irregularities in the transcription rules adopted in school textbooks; phonetic and orthoepic errors; mixing orthoepic information with other linguistic phenomena; the issue of age-related adaptation of school dictionaries; insufficient relevance of pronunciation instructions; criteria for glossary compilation. The analysis demonstrated the need for creating a new educational dictionary, a Dictionary of Russian Pronunciation Difficulties, for years 5 to 11. It was compiled at the V. V. Vinogradov Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the editorship of M. L. Kalenchuk and D. M. Savinov. The cornerstone of this lexicographic source is the idea that normative recommendations in dictionaries should be based on the actual speech practices of educated people. The article justifies the choice of the pronouncing dictionary type and argues for a dictionary of difficulties rather than an orthoepic dictionary proper. We provide comprehensive criteria for compiling a dictionary glossary and structuring a dictionary entry. The paper also formulates the principles of normative evaluation of stress and pronunciation of sounds used in codification, as well as the system of permissive and prohibitive standard notes. If necessary, the Dictionary entries provide additional orthoepic data about obsolete pronunciation variants, folk poetic and professional accentual features, stress variants and pronunciation of sounds specific to phraseological units. Information about obsolete variants found in fiction is illustrated and verified with examples from poetic texts.

Pedagogical conditions for the formation of intercultural communication among students of humanitarian universities in the process of learning a foreign language

Relevance. The relevance of the study is expressed in the rapid scientific and technological progress and the growth of human communicative abilities, in the education of mutual understanding, dialogue of cultures, tolerance, and mutual respect for the interlocutor.Purpose. The aim of the work is to identify pedagogical conditions that would successfully model intercultural communication of students in the process of learning foreign languages.Methodology. For this purpose, the research was conducted, where 16 students of speciality �Chinese language� of the Institute of World Languages and International Relations of Kyrgyz State University named after I. Arabaev took part. The method of conversation and questionnaire of students revealed a qualitative positive growth in the development of intercultural communication.Results. Students demonstrated adequate communication, increased the level of knowledge and skills of foreign language, showed readiness to communicate professional communication during seminars and round tables at leading universities in China. The article considered the definition of intercultural communication and pedagogical conditions effective for the process of formation of intercultural communication of students of humanities universities. The study showed that it is necessary to work systematically on the formation of intercultural communication, students� participation in international programmes, foreign practices, which will increase the level of communication and practice in the study of foreign languages, intellectual and creative potential of students, show the revision of value orientations in the training of students.Conclusions. The practical significance of this article lies in the fact that the main provisions and the obtained conclusions can be used by researchers and teachers interested in the formation of intercultural communication, in the improvement and creation of new curricula and programmes, as well as the training of future specialists of foreign language teachers, in programmes of professional development of teachers.

Exploring EFL Teachers’ Continuing Professional Development (CPD) at Private Institutes in Yemen

Continuing Professional Development (CPD) is an important component of teacher professional development because it helps teachers improve their knowledge, skills, and practises. Yet, it is not always simple for teachers to take advantage of CPD opportunities, especially in developing countries where resources and support may be scarce. This study aimed to explore the perceptions of CPD among EFL teachers who are employed at private language institutes (PLIs) in Yemen. The study adopted a mixed-method approach for the data collection and analysis. The results of both a questionnaire and interviews showed a diversity of perceptions. While EFL teachers valued CPD for professional development, they noted a number of difficulties and impediments to CPD opportunities in their teaching contexts, such as a lack of time, support, and suitable chances for CPD. The findings have implications for teachers' professional development in private institutes in Yemen and similar contexts.

Manajemen Evaluasi Kinerja Di Lembaga Bahasa LIA Cibinong: Perspektif Penulis

This article discusses the performance evaluation process at the LIA Cibinong Language Institute, which is a crucial step in measuring and assessing employee performance. This process is essential to ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of organizational operations, while providing feedback that supports overall performance improvement. LIA Cibinong, as an educational entity, considers performance evaluation management important in monitoring employee achievements. The evaluation process at LIA Cibinong consists of planning, implementation, assessment, and follow-up. The planning stage establishes the objectives of the performance evaluation in line with the objectives of the organization, with criteria that include quantity, quality, timeliness, and collaboration. Implementation involves collecting performance data through self-assessment, supervisors, and colleagues. The assessment stage uses techniques such as rating scales, comparisons, and free assessments, tailored to the evaluation criteria. Ultimately, the follow-up stage uses the assessment results as feedback, not just evaluation, but as a guide to improving employee performance. Careful implementation of performance evaluation by LIA Cibinong ensures that employees contribute optimally in accordance with the vision and mission of the organization. This process is not only an evaluative instrument, but also a foundation for individual development and overall institutional performance improvement.