Architectural Institute Research Articles

Review of Wind Resistant Design for Tiled Roofs and Publication of New CFD Guidebook for Urban Wind Environment: Japan Country Report 2021

This paper introduces recent activities related to the structural and environmental engineering in Japan. Part 1 in this paper illustrates outline of recent research and standardization related to ensuring wind resistant performance of tiled roofs. We introduce the results of damage survey on tiled roofs caused by Typhoon Faxai in 2019, which was conducted by National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management and Building Research Institute in collaboration with clay roof tile industry organization. Then, the outline of the wind load calculation method stipulated in the Building Standards Law and the amended Notification for roof tiles is illustrated. In addition, “Guideline for Standard Structural Design/Construction for Tiled Roof” was revised in July 2021 as a supplement to the law. The outline of monotonous pull-up test and the standard specifications, both of which are newly added to the revised version of the Guideline, are also introduced. These activities are aimed to reduce structural vulnerability of tiled roofs, based on the lessons learned from the damage caused by the typhoon. In Part 2, we introduce activities to promote the appropriate use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in wind environment prediction. A working group within the Architectural Institute of Japan compiled a new CFD guidebook and guidelines for urban wind environment prediction, mainly aiming to include the application of large-eddy simulation to pedestrian-level wind problems or dispersion problems relating to concentration and temperature in cities. Reflecting the latest domestic and international research trends and the WG’s validation works, achievements of their activities were published as “Guidebook for CFD Predictions of Urban Wind Environment” (2020, in Japanese), papers in international journals, and an extended experimental database for verification and validation of analysis codes.

Planning Theory for Sustainable Community Resettlement and Environmental Transfer in the Context of Natural Disaster and Climate Change

The Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011 was the first time that a single disaster relocated hundreds of districts, and it was completely unprecedented. Professor Suguru Mori is an expert in the field of helping communities rebuild after natural disasters who is interested in taking lessons learned from the Great East Japan Earthquake in the establishment of community relocation that places emphasis on human rights and ethics. As a bachelor student, Mori experienced the Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake in 1995, gaining the dual perspective of victim and researcher. This highlighted a disconnect. Mori is based in the Division of Architecture, Hokkaido University, Japan, where he is exploring planned community relocation in the context of large-scale disasters and climate change in the Asia-Pacific region, with a particular focus on Koizumi district in Kesennuma city and looking at both past and future risks. In addition to being a researcher, Mori is an architect and planner and a key approach is Action Research, which integrates research and practice to catalyse transformative change. He also uses approaches from the unique academic field of architectural planning research (APR), which was developed in academic circles of the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ) and scientifically examines architecture and its design methods.

Book Review: Atlas of Digital Architecture: Terminology, Concepts, Methods, Tools, Examples, Phenomena (2020)

Atlas has published with 760 large-format pages and almost as many illustrations that focus on the unlimited possibilities of computers in architectural scope by two dozen university professors and lecturers share their vast range of expertise with a professional writer (Sebastian Michael) and three editors who are professors from architectural academy, namely Ludger Hovestadt (Institute for Technology in Architecture, ETH Zürich) , Urs Hirschberg (Institute of Architecture and Media (IAM) at Graz University of Technology), and Oliver Fritz (HTWG Konstanz University of Applied Sciences).
 Atlas of Digital Architecture offer all conceivable way architects use digital computation. The content of this book has consisted of using digital tools and a computing process in terms of concept, meaning, techniques, workflows, and examples of tools and architectural productivity. The overall content is explaining background, overview, theoretical framework, principle, and particular way of thinking about architecture and computing in each issue with example result of architecture and method of workflow techniques in digital tools. Examples of knowledge and thought tools in earnest are geometries modeling, graphs & graphics, visualization, writing & code, digital manufacturing, big data & machine learning, private & security, collaborate, and the internet of thing (IOT).

The Golden Age of History Painting of the People's Republic of China (1949–1966): Origins, Searches, Achievements

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, paintings of the history genre were considered mainly as a tool for implementing state tasks. The golden age of Chinese history painting was between 1949 and 1966. During this period, the political demands of the authorities, whose primary focus was on the themes of the revolutionary struggle, the most important historical events and characters, contributed to the active development of history painting, which became one of the foundations of the fine arts of China. The characteristic features of the golden age of Chinese history painting were, on the one hand, the popularisation of painting as an art form and, on the other hand, the predominance of dominating positions of realism over the traditional styles of Chinese painting. It is noted that during this period, two main plots became widespread: scenes of socialist construction and historical events of the revolution. Since 1950, Chinese fine art had been under the powerful influence of Soviet art. The PRC borrowed the system of higher art education from the Soviet Union. Numerous Soviet publications on the history and theory of art, textbooks, and critical articles were translated into Chinese. Owing to large-scale exhibitions of Soviet art, Chinese masters began to study the works of Soviet socialist realism, which created the basis for the "creation of socialist art". Due to cultural exchange with the Soviet Union, the oil painting technique became widespread in China as well as a new creative method - realism, recognised as the main direction of Chinese painting. Considerable merit in the formation of new principles of Chinese painting belongs to the work of Soviet professors who taught Chinese artists in oil painting at the Central Institute of Fine Arts in Beijing. Among them, we especially note K.Maksimov, a famous Soviet artist and professor at the Moscow Surikov State Art Institute. In addition, in the USSR in 1952, the first group of Chinese students was sent to study at the Repin Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture by order of the Chinese government. It should be noted that later, in their homeland, they headed the leading art universities in China. Thus, outstanding works of Chinese history painting on social and revolutionary themes appeared, which immediately began to be regarded as innovative, taking a dominant place in exhibitions and permanent expositions of new museums that were actively created during this period in the PRC. The spread of the theory of Soviet socialist realism accelerated the development of oil painting in the PRC. It contributed to the fact that realism became the main direction of painting in the second half of the 20th century.

The post-war rebirth of Yokohama: the planner Akira Tamura’s contributions to municipal reform

ABSTRACT Akira Tamura (1926–2010) was a Japanese expert in city management and planning during the post-war period. He was awarded the Grand Prize of the Architectural Institute of Japan in 2000. Tamura conceived citizen-oriented theories of city management and planning and put them into practice in Yokohama city from 1968 to 1978. After Mayor Ichio Asukata requested that Tamura to join the city government and execute his previous proposals, Tamura set up the Planning and Coordination Department with young multidisciplinary professionals. They worked as a collaborative team to negotiate and coordinate among multiple stakeholders, including local communities, public authorities, national ministries, and business sectors. Asukata and Tamura shared the aim of reforming the local government machinery into an independent, responsible entity, avoiding unnecessary interference from national ministries and politicians. Although Tamura laid out a framework for the city’s future evolution, his management philosophy of planning and coordination has not been well transmitted. With the objective of conducting empirical research to investigate and share Tamura and his colleagues’ work, this non-profit organization was established in 2015 by people with concerns about local government initiatives.

Weaving memories: the creation and trajectory of the project “The city for all: perception, belonging, and preservation of the cultural heritage as a way of constituting the senses of collectivity in Bocaina city”

The project "The city for all: perception, belonging, and preservation of the cultural heritage as a way of constituting the senses of collectivity in Bocaina city”, created in 2020, is an initiative of the Research Center for Language Studies in Architecture and City of the Institute of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of São Paulo, in São Carlos. Supported by the citizen science methodology, it aims at sharing scientific actions between university and city and creating a space for dialogue with the population towards a collective construction of scientific and empirical knowledge about Bocaina and subsidies for the development of public policies for the city focused on Cultural Heritage. This article describes the project and its trajectory to date for encouraging the design of projects in other contexts as a way to establish links, stimulate a sense of belonging, and above all, keep the local collective memory alive, thinking, in other words, in the broader sense of the [univer]city" concept.

Moments – On the Dissecting Table.

AbstractCanadian architect Mark West breeds extraordinary architectural images using a mixture of techniques. He is equally at home drawing, using the computer, casting concrete or tying fabric together. Wolfgang Tschapeller, Head of the Institute of Art and Architecture at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, looks at West's methods and aspirations, revealing how these most radical representations are concocted and why.

Analytical and Numerical Investigation of the Behavior of Engineered Cementitious Composite Members under Shear Loads.

This research discusses the performance of engineered cementitious composite (ECC) beams with and without transverse reinforcements using thorough analytical and finite element (FE) approaches under shear. The overall goal of this investigation was to assess the impact of various design characteristics, such as (i) shear span-to-effective depth ratio, (ii) transverse reinforcement ratio, etc., on the shear behavior of ECC beams. Nonlinear three-dimensional (3-D) FE analysis was performed with the commercial software ABAQUS to simulate the shear performance of ECC beams by employing the material properties obtained from the damage plasticity model. The correctness of the proposed FE model was validated with the benchmark experiments available in the literature. The developed FE model accurately computed the ECC beam’s overall load–deflection behavior and failure modes. In addition, the provision available in the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ) A-method was successfully employed to assess the shear load-carrying capacity of ECC beams. Furthermore, the effects of transverse reinforcement (pw) and shear span-to-depth ratio (a/d) on the behavior of ECC beams were also investigated. From a detailed parametric study, it was understood that a decreased a/d ratio exhibits enhanced load-carrying capacity for beams with and without stirrups for a particular cross-section. It was also observed that for the entire a/d ratio, the amount of stirrups had no substantial effect on the load-carrying capability of ECC beams.

Towards a Definition of the Term 'Nature-Equivalent Architecture'

This research aims to characterise and systematise ‘nature-oriented' movements in architecture and seeks to define the proposed term ‘nature-equivalent architecture'. The authors aimed to introduce readers to current global interdisciplinary relations between landscape architecture, environmental crisis and architecture in Russia, the discussion of which is closely aligned with global processes in these spheres. It is necessary to define and separate numerous related definitions of what is known as ‘green' architecture in Russia. For this purpose, the present research provides an overview of the Russian literature on this subject and analyses creative concepts related to nature-equivalent architecture. The research methodology is based on the study and comparison of the world experience and the experience of designing ‘nature-equivalent' architecture within the walls of the Moscow Architectural Institute. The results of this research are applied in design training in the Landscape Architecture department of the Moscow Architectural Institute. The proposed concept of nature-equivalent architecture, at a worldview level, sets an overarching goal for architects, landscape architects, urbanists, ecologists and other specialists: to create a truly ‘natural' city which is a geoequivalent to a natural landscape. Theoretical and historical prerequisites of this theory can be found when comparing numerous terms existing in Russia and evolutionary terms that define related concepts. Nature-equivalent architecture is defined as a theory that integrates numerous synonymous definitions. As its name signifies, it recreates the quality of nature in an architectural environment. A historical and theoretical basis for the development of what the authors call ‘the nature-equivalent' movement in architecture can thus be identified. The research proves that Russian architects perceive landscape architecture as a global creative method.

Effect of Shape on the Temperature of an Opening Jet Plume at the Bottom of a Horizontal Member

In this study, combustion tests, in which the opening condition of a fire source was changed using a large-scale compartment and horizontal member, were conducted. The inner temperature, temperature distribution under the horizontal member, external flame shape, and neutral zone height of the compartment were measured under various opening conditions. The results were analyzed using the temperature prediction equation for the opening jet plume at the bottom of a horizontal member, proposed by the Architectural Institute of Japan (Building fire load and design fire property guideline (draft)), and a review was deemed necessary.

Международные архитектурные форумы в городах Шелкового пути

Освещается работа международных форумов, проводимых Архитектурным институтом Японии с 2009 года и посвященных экспертному обсуждению и концептуальному проектированию исторических городов в системе Шелкового пути. Рассматриваются итоги форума, который впервые был проведен в России – в Самаре и Москве с параллельно развернутым воркшопом для студентов отечественных и зарубежных вузов. Цель форума – сохранение уникального архитектурного наследия; оценка уроков исторической среды; разработка концепций регенерации и эффективного развития стагнирующих исторических территорий городов Шелкового пути на примере Самары.

ORIGINS OF DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN PLANNING EDUCATION IN KYRGYZSTAN

This year, 2022, marks 30 years since the formation of a separate higher educational institute for architecture and construction education. The beginning of the organization of such higher education in Kyrgyzstan is the mid-50s-60s of the last century, as a faculty at the Frunze Polytechnic Institute. The development of architecture and the construction sector in the republic is associated with the activities of the leadership of Kyrgyzstan, the organization of a special department for architecture, the formation of architectural personnel, directions for restoration, design, urban planning and other related specialties. The article discusses the activities of the Department of Urban Planning of KSUCTA named after N. Isanov for a ten-year period and the features of the specialty of urban planning and the tasks facing urban planners in the development of cities and the country.

Shear performance evaluation of PHC piles under different levels of axial load ratio

AbstractPrecast prestressed high‐strength spun concrete (PHC) piles are one of the common types of piles used in Japan due to its high bearing capacity. These piles have been utilized as an industrial standard since the 1970s as part of earthquake‐resilient foundation systems. The focus of this research is to examine the shear performance of PHC piles subjected to large earthquake loads. Three hollow‐section PHC pile specimens were tested under constant compressive or tensile axial load along with quasi‐static antisymmetric lateral load. An investigation using finite element analysis was carried out to reproduce the damage that occurred during the experiment. Comparison between experimental and analytical results were presented in terms of global and local behaviors of the piles. The finite element models were able to simulate axial splitting cracks that occurred for specimens under axial compression load. In addition, a parametric study was conducted to observe the influence of axial load ratio and shear span to diameter ratio on the shear capacity and failure mode of PHC piles. The study results along with the results from a PHC pile database are compared to the shear design equation proposed in the guidelines for PHC piles from the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ).

Assembled Worlds: New Campo Marzio – Piranesi in the Age of AI

AbstractNew Campo Marzio is a collaboration between Damjan Jovanovic and Lidija Kljakovic of lifeforms.io and M Casey Rehm of Studio Kinch. Jovanovic and Rehm are also faculty at the Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI‐Arc). They have used AI and game engines to create a new vision for the iconic public space in Rome, inspired by and inputting data from Giovanni Battista Piranesi's seminal architectural plan of it from 1762.

METHODOLOGY OF STUDENT SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHES AT HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

he article highlights the role of student researches at higher educational institutions and further directions of their development, and describes the methodology of scientific researches of students of the Institute of Architecture and Design majoring in Design in the process of their studies for the first (Bachelor’s) and second (Master’s) education and qualification levels. The author conducts the analysis of academic disciplines that form scientific abilities of students, methodically direct them at the implementation and presentation of their own scientific researches within the framework of the educational process. The paper also clarifies the role of student researches through the opportunity to use the scientific and technical potential of a higher educational institution for the sake of future development of key and priority areas of science. The task of the student research work is to acquire knowledge about the types of research, to organize and implement scientific researches, to apply principles and methods of scientific research and research requirements of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine related to the formulation and publication of research results. Educational disciplines of the educational and professional program of Design, which include the research (scientific) component, fully disclose the essence of the scientific research, required skills and methods of conducting researches, as well as the implementation and organization of student independent research work in the process of solving current scientific tasks with the subsequent possibility to publish them in professional scientific journals of the Institute of Architecture and Design, as well as to present them in the form of reports at various conferences. The purpose of organization of scientific researches of students of higher educational institutions is to develop the theoretical knowledge gained in the process of studying. Choosing the direction of the research work, a student thoroughly assesses the relevance of the planned research, formulates the purpose and objectives, determines the object and subject of the research, and forms the methodology of the research work in accordance with the outlined objectives of the study. Motivating students to conduct scientific researches and to publish and test their own researches in the process of studying at higher educational institutions is one of the priorities of the educational system; however the student rating does not always motivate students to achieve this goal. Only a comprehensive approach that includes teaching of special academic disciplines, open system of the academic mobility, scholarships, academic integrity, possibility to participate in student research competitions and grant programs will make students realize the importance of the research work and further prospects of its development.

Pharmakon landscape: An emerging territorial model for deep-time, geo-bio-chemical governance

This paper is a further development of the contents and topics from a homonymous microfilm produced in mid-2020, in the context of The Terraforming postgraduate programme at Strelka Institute for Media, Architecture and Design, Moscow. In that sense, it aims to bring the speculations depicted in the film closer to their realisation, by means of territorial initiatives and key facts. Pharmakon landscape intends to be a model of intense territorial intervention for climate change mitigation and geo-bio-chemical governance. Dedicated to ecological services fulfillment and its management, it converges in waste manipulation, infrastructural repurposing, rewilding, and direct human intervention limiting. It is a geodesign initiative that challenges the clear boundaries between what remedy, poison, and scapegoat mean: here, poisoning equals accelerated remediation, so that the ambivalent coexistence of this conceptual triad becomes co-dependency.

The Urban Heritage of Russia in the works of students of The Moscow Architectural Institute

The article is devoted to the problems of studying the urban heritage of Russia by students of the Moscow Architectural Institute in the process of performing practical tasks in the course of the History of Urban Planning. The methodological and methodical foundations of teaching this professional discipline, which is of one of the most important in the historical cycle, have been laid by A.V. Bunin and A T.F. Savarenskaya, the authors of the History of Urban Art, and are currently continued by her students, including the Rector of the Institute D.O. Shvidkovsky. The course is based on the idea of the city not only as a spatial and socio-economic, but also as a cultural and artistic phenomenon. The methodology of teaching this discipline proposed by the founders of the History of Urban Planning assumes, along with the study of theory and history, the implementation of practical assignments in the form of graphic works of an analytical nature. The article discusses examples of works from the fund of the Department of History of Architecture and Urban Planning of the Moscow Architectural Institute.

Mediated Messages: Periodicals, Exhibitions and the Shaping of Postmodern Architecture

Mediated Messages: Periodicals, Exhibitions and the Shaping of Postmodern Architecture

From IB74 to US Patent 4438616: The (re)making of a profession

In 1971, John Maxwell Freeland, an Australian architectural historian, published 'The Making of a Profession: A History of Growth and Work of the Architectural Institutes in Australia'. Commissioned by the Council of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects, Freeland’s book detailed the history of the architecture profession in the country from British settlement to 1970, which he summarized as follows: From the grudging hands of unwilling convicts Australia’s building passed to opportunistic but unlettered craftsmen, thence to ambitious trades-contractor-architects and eventually to the smooth hands of the professional gentlemen. The gentleman-architect became the artist-architect, who in turn became, in response to bewildering imperatives in a rapidly changing word, the technologist-businessman-architect. And much of the colour and the fun and the adventure was squeezed out of architecture as it became a serious business. Freeland’s ‘technologist-businessman-architect’ is a figure that by the 1970s had appeared in many places across the globe. By then, as economics, management and scientific methods had gained currency, the personal service of an individual architect had become the corporate service of an architectural firm, while the practice of architecture had become less a profession and more and more a business. Furthermore, from the 1970s, to counter the ravages of developers and package-dealers, architects and architectural firms also increasingly widened the range of the services that they offered. Many began working with developers, while others became developers themselves, or ventured into the building industry. In addition to expanding their professional services, some also expanded their geographic scope, and became global entrepreneurs. Although today, this narrative is well-known, little scholarship exists that examines precisely how such changes occurred on the ground – certainly in Australia. Freeland’s history of the architecture profession concludes in 1970, and while several publications have appeared that document the country’s architecture post-1970, these focus predominantly on its aesthetics rather than its professional mechanics. This paper seeks to take a first step towards addressing this dearth by examining the career and work of Edwin Codd (1939-), an Australian architect, educator, businessman and global entrepreneur, who saw it as his mission to transform the way in which architecture was taught, procured and produced. Commencing in the late 1960s and extending to the early 2000s, Codd’s career paralleled and propelled the aforementioned changes in the profession of architecture in Australia, from technologist-businessman-architect to global entrepreneur. The paper draws on interviews with Codd and his (former) collaborators, and on archival research and a literature review of contemporary periodicals. These primary sources have been complemented with a reading of secondary sources on the history of architecture in Australia following the 1960s.

Military Architectural Installations in Andalusian

The political Capitals that ruled Anduls before Islamic Arab opening ,left many military architectural institutions, as castles, walls. The Arab Muslims used these institutions and entrenched inside them during the opening process.However, the Arab Muslims did not limit themselves to what they found in the Andalusian country of military architectural facilities, but they built new facilities and reinforced the defense supplies that were in the walls of the fortresses and castles. This research has been divided into two sections, the first was devoted to the cities which Arabs have established in Anduls for military purposes. It is also included the instituting defensive wall. While the second chapter has focused on fortresses, castles, towers, towns and other military architectural installations that existed before the Islamic conquest, which was built after the conquest. This study sought to trace the construction of architectural military installations in Andalusia during the Arab Islamic rule of Andalusia.