Instinct Of Self-preservation Research Articles

Individualising collectivity: Rethinking the individualism–communitarianism debate in the context of students’ resilience during the Covid-19 era

The emergence of Covid-19 and its diverse impacts on human life ushered in the need to rethink some of the old ideas that humans have lived by. The desire to preserve human life amid threatening circumstances, without giving up on the values of life, requires the reordering of critical sectors of social existence. Against this backdrop, the paper aims to achieve three principal objectives. First, with the Covid-19 pandemic in mind, it reinterprets the individualist-communitarian debate. Second, it argues that the human instinct for self-preservation, reinforced by the Covid-19 pandemic, forcefully compels the concept of a person torn between the individual’s efforts to survive and a community committed to an environment enabling survival. Third, the paper extrapolates the concept of ‘person’ developed in objective two to reflect on students’ resilience in the context of the ‘new normal’ that has characterized academic success during Covid-19. While employing philosophical methods of conceptual and critical analyses to achieve these objectives, the paper concludes that academic success among students in the Covid-19 era has demanded the effort of willing students, combined with a supportive responsible community.

The Effect of Death Anxiety on Work Passion: Moderating Roles of Work Centrality and Work Connection.

Fear of death is an emotional manifestation of the instinct for self-preservation. Any threat to our existence induces an anxiety response. Death anxiety can trigger obsessive-compulsive behaviours, such as an obsessive passion for work. Using a sample of 314 participants (68.2% female), with a mean age of 38.97years (SD = 10.36), this study sought to observe the predictive effect of death anxiety on work passion, as well as the moderating effect of work-family centrality and connection on the relationship between anxiety and passion. The results revealed that death anxiety negatively affects harmonious passion, and positively affects obsessive passion. Work centrality did not moderate the influence of death anxiety on harmonious and obsessive passion. Nonetheless, work connection moderated the influence of death anxiety on harmonious passion. The negative influence of death anxiety on harmonious passion was greater in a group with high work connection than a group with low connection.

The dual-process approach to human sociality: Meta-analytic evidence for a theory of internalized heuristics for self-preservation.

Which social decisions are influenced by intuitive processes? Which by deliberative processes? The dual-process approach to human sociality has emerged in the last decades as a vibrant and exciting area of research. Yet a perspective that integrates empirical and theoretical work is lacking. This review and meta-analysis synthesizes the existing literature on the cognitive basis of cooperation, altruism, truth telling, positive and negative reciprocity, and deontology and develops a framework that organizes the experimental regularities. The meta-analytic results suggest that intuition favors a set of heuristics that are related to the instinct for self-preservation: people avoid being harmed, avoid harming others (especially when there is a risk of harm to themselves), and are averse to disadvantageous inequalities. Finally, this article highlights some key research questions to further advance our understanding of the cognitive foundations of human sociality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Vernünftige Selbstliebe

In the Discours sur l’inégalité, Rousseau introduces the key concept of love of oneself (amour de soi-même). He conceives it as an original impulse in human beings, one that can historically be found even before the development of reason. Rousseau understands love of oneself as the instinct for self-preservation, which every animal is believed to possess by nature. However, as human reason develops, the self of the now possible love of oneself changes. Rousseau initially presents only the negative manifestation of the rational self, which is characterized by self-love (amour-propre). The Contrat social, although it speaks neither of love of oneself nor of self-love, provides its positive manifestation. I will argue that rational love of oneself, as evinced by Émile (published at the same time), is the moral ethos of the citizen.

How do pandemics affect your self-preservation instinct? Disentangling the mediation effect of secondary traumatic stress

Purpose Contemporary focus on infections and deaths in the event of pandemics may distract health institutions and medical practitioners from the psychosocial consequences of the outbreak in individuals. In light of the devastation, persistency and scarcity of pandemics, it is imperative to delve into individuals' psychological state and self-preservation instincts when confronted with the environmental danger arising from pandemic conditions and the environmental restrictions being imposed.Design/methodology/approach Guided by the self-preservation theory, the authors advance a research model to elucidate the moderated mediation effect of secondary traumatic stress on an individual's reactions when faced with environmental danger and restriction. The authors also consider the moderating influence of environmental restriction and media use diversity. The authors subsequently validated the research model via a survey with 2,016 respondents in China. The authors employed PLS-SEM to analyze the data and assess the hypothesized paths.Findings Analytical results revealed that secondary traumatic stress fully mediated the impact of environmental danger on external reliance but suppresses the mediating effects on internal reliance. The authors further confirmed that environmental restriction moderated the relationship between environmental danger and reliance. Furthermore, the authors attest to the moderating influence of media use diversity on the relationship between secondary traumatic stress and external reliance.Originality/value This study not only extends the theoretical lens of self-preservation to public health emergencies but also yields practical guidelines for coping with pandemics. Insights from this study can be harnessed to aid populations worldwide in coping and recovering from pandemics.

Естественно-научные знания в цивилизационных исследованиях

Modern knowledge of ethology are considered in their application to the problems of local civilizations. Human behavior is determined by innate and acquired patterns of behavior. They correspond to two interconnected parts of each civilization: a culture that correlates to the acquired behavior, and a mentality (self-preservation instinct), referring to the inher­ited behavior and ensuring the constancy of the behavior of the people from generation to generation. The relationship between culture and mentality and the negative conse­quences of imposing an alien culture on people with an ingrained mentality are shown on the example of the organization of labor in the Russian artel. Psychological personality types that are stably inherited are examed, and taking into account them, the role of the Moscow principality in the formation of the Russian state is considered.

DIALOGUE IN DEEP KNOWLEDGE OF THE SUBJECT'S PSYCHE

The article presents the results of the functioning of groups of active socio-psychological cognition, which is based on the dialogic interaction of the psychologist with the respondent. Dialogue is interconnected with the mechanism of participation (complicity), which is effective both for understanding the essence of psychoimages and the relationships between them. Objectification is a necessary prerequisite for ensuring the integrity of cognition of the subject's psyche, taking into account both the language of the conscious (word) and the language of the unconscious (objectified means of self-presentation). The article reveals the methodological prerequisites for conducting the psychoanalytic process (with the aim of harmonizing the conscious and unconscious factors of the psyche) in its diagnostic and corrective essence of obedience to the law: «positive disintegration of the psyche (weakening of destructive formations of the psyche) and its secondary integration on a more realistic basis». The ASPC method expands the subject's adaptability reserves thanks to self-knowledge through the symbols of the objective world. In-depth knowledge contributes to the resolution of the internal stabilized contradiction of the psyche, which is a personal problem. The dialogic interaction of the psychologist with the respondent in the «P ↔ P» system is subject to the methodology of in-depth knowledge of the psyche, in which the mechanisms of positive disintegration of the psyche and its secondary integration at a higher level of the subject's mental development play a leading role. The latter explains the dual task of actualizing mental processes by the ASPC method: on the one hand, the spontaneity of the behavior of the participants of in-depth knowledge, and on the other hand, the continuity of dialogic interaction between the psychologist and the respondent, which contributes to the weakening of distortions of socio-perceptual reality. The material of the article is based on the principle of determinism: nothing happens «just like that" in the psyche; the dialogic interaction of the psychologist with the respondent is aimed at «deciphering» the visualized self-presenters, with the aim of actualizing the processes of psychocorrection, which contributes to the optimization of the functioning of the psyche. The purpose of the article is to learn about the fixations of the psyche, which dominate the initiatives of the conscious in terms of energy activity. Dialogue in deep learning is the central chain that connects the visualized means of self-presentation of ASPC participants with their verbal interpretations in dialogue. The results of future psychologists undergoing the diagnostic and corrective process in ASPC groups are related to their knowledge of the deep origins of the internal contradictions of the human psyche, which are manifested in different orientations of the «logic of the conscious» and the «logic of the unconscious». Recognizing and helping the subject solve the personal problems of the psyche revealed in ASPC requires the awakening of the instinct of self-preservation, which strengthens the adaptability of future psychologists to the realities of life and expands their opportunities for personal and professional self-realization. Conclusion. Our research in ASPC groups proved the ability of the psyche to recode into visualized means by preserving informational equivalents; the prospects for further optimization of deep cognition in its diagnostic and corrective parameters are outlined, which is implemented through the psychologist's dialogue with the respondent. Our introduction of the fundamental principle of «visualized self-presentation of the psyche by the participants of the ASPC » creates objective prerequisites for dialogic interaction between the psychologist and the respondent, which is revealed in the article.

Friedrich Ratzel’s Law of the Spatial Growth of States in the Situation of the New World Order Formation

In this paper, on the basis of an institutional approach, it is analyzed how fair the “law of expansion” of F. Ratzel is in the current situation of the formation of a new world order. It is shown that in modern conditions the instinct of self-preservation induces social systems not to territorial expansion due to an increase in the occupied geographical space, but to integration in various forms, which is based on a single normative approach to the mechanisms of the functioning of the union. In this sense, integration is a kind of expansion of the space occupied by society. Integration unions can increase, but up to a certain limit (saturation limit), determined not by the boundaries of geographical space, but by the possibility of developing a common position on the main issues of functioning, common norms and practices. As a rule, alliances are not absolutely symmetrical and include the “core” and the periphery of integration. The former include the most economically and politically strong states. At the same time, due to the asymmetry of the unions, the “core” institutions are transplanted to the periphery and there is a bidirectional institutional diffusion, which is due to the desire for institutional convergence, and this facilitates interaction within the union. Thus, “channels” for the institutional expansion of integrable societies are formed within the unions. Transplantation and diffusion of institutions are the mechanisms for the implementation of expansion in modern conditions. It is shown that when integrating social systems in order to mitigate possible institutional imbalances, the action of institutions that are complementary to the dominant ones in the institutional matrix is included: when integrating X-matrix countries - market ones, and vice versa.

Modeling of Russian–Ukrainian war based on fuzzy cognitive map with genetic tuning

The Russian–Ukrainian conflict is considered as a dynamic system, whose variables are factors affecting the losses of the Russian army and the threat of the use of nuclear weapons. A fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) is used for modeling, that is, a directed graph whose vertices are model variables, and the weights of arcs are the degrees of positive and negative influences of variables on each other. The following factors influencing the losses of the Russian army and the threat of a nuclear strike were selected: resistance of the Ukrainian army, support of Ukraine with weapons, economic sanctions against Russia, opposition to the Russian government and its self-preservation instinct. The degrees of the influence of factors on each other and on the possibility of using nuclear weapons are evaluated by experts using fuzzy terms, which correspond to numeric values. To adjust the FCM, a genetic algorithm is used to select the degrees of influence of factors that minimize the discrepancy between the simulation results and expert estimations. The obtained FCM is used for scenario modeling of the conflict according to the “what if” scheme and ranking of factors according to their degree of influence on the level of nuclear threat.

To Similarity of Gas-Solid Spin Combustion and Chains of Volcanos

Everyone has seen volcanoes in movies, on TV or in nature, but no one has proved the real connection of volcanoes with wildlife. We are going, however, to do so in part. The mini-review presented below focuses on this particular goal of us. In wildlife, among living cells, microorganisms and viruses, the behavior of individual objects or their populations is explained by the instinct of self-preservation of both individuals and the population as a whole. We have considered 2 objects as the examples from an in animated nature related by topological similarity: spin combustion and movement of volcano chains along the surface of the Earth and found that they both exhibit very similar behavior which can be interpreted as a manifestation of the instinct of self-preservation in an in animated nature. Thus, the clustering and synchronization inherent in both spin combustion and volcano chains represent themselves the laws of self-preservation in non-living nature. These laws may serve as a basis for further joint studies of living and non- living nature in the same key, or in the same way

Monitoring the behavior of pigs as an indicator of assessing their health and welfare level

Ethological observation and behavioral monitoring are important indicators for assessing the state of health, determining the level of well-being, and predicting the productive qualities of animals in productive pig farming. An important factor is also the possibility of using behavioral indicators for early diagnosis and monitoring of the course of diseases in pigs of different ages and areas of use. Behavioral tests are used to evaluate the nervous system, reactivity, reproductive and technological qualities of animals. There are many types of behavioral tests. As a rule, the same tests can explain one or more aspects of an animal's behavior. it was established that the following tests are most often used to assess animal behavior: backtest, test for a new object, new environment, person, new animal, etc. One of the most common tests to determine the behavior of pigs is the backtest. It is used to determine the stress resistance of animals. To do this, the piglet is placed on its back for 60 seconds and the number of struggle attempts and its sound response are determined. As a result of the conducted test, piglets were divided into animals with high resistance and low resistance. According to the authors, the behavioral reaction of piglets during the backtest at the beginning of life can indicate the level of coping with stressful situations at an older age. Pig backtesting demonstrated a relationship between the degree of resistance that occurs early in life and a variety of behavioral and physiological responses in fattening pigs. The human test is used to assess aggressive and social behavior, to determine the animal's emotional state, in particular fear, as an instinct for self-preservation. The novel object test can be used to study search and exploratory behavior. The novel objects tested were a rope, a pile of soil, an experimental glove, a ball game, a rubber duck, and a pile of leaves. An important test parameter of the condition of pigs is the assessment of their playing activity. It is believed that, subjectively, play is an expression of the satisfied state of the animal. The study of animal behavior is an important tool for assessing the conditions of keeping and feeding, the level of well-being, and the cognitive-emotional state of animals. Appropriate use of behavioral tests also allows for the assessment and prediction of features of social behavior, reproductive status and potential productive qualities of an animal. Key words: behavior, pigs, physiological state, productivity, methodology.

FIFTH PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS IN BULGARIA

The article discusses the prerequisites and results of the fifth elections to the People’s Assembly called during the two year period and held on April 2, 2023 It analyses the dispositions of the electorate in view of the Eurobarometer polls data and the election results. The past vote, despite some changes in the party structure of the People’s Assembly, testified once again to the deep disappointment of the weary Bulgarian voter in the entire political class. At the same time, it has recreated the stalemate in Parliament. The leaders of the warring majority camps (GERB-SDS vs «We Continue the changes» – «Democratic Bulgaria») already fear of being branded as the culprits of a new failure leading to appointment of one more temporary technocratic government by the president and the next snap elections. Such a prospect does not bode well for them, while their coalition is potential of seriously damaging their reputation. In such circumstances, the fighting forces are trying to find a magic formula for formation of a coalition cabinet. The near future will show whether the instinct of self-preservation will work or selfish party interests will prevail followed by déjà vu. However, in any development no change in the general anti-Russian vector of Bulgarian foreign policy is expected.

Self-Preservation and Coloniality

In this paper, we will critically examine the notion of rationality and the disabling instinct of self-preservation that play out in human relationships. That “man is a rational animal,” as Aristotle declared is usually taken for granted in social studies. But whether humans act rationally all the time, and in all circumstances remains questionable. Here, we shall investigate this concern from a decolonial perspective by engaging some contradictions thrown up in the context of coloniality within which a section of humanity dehumanizes the rest. The question then is, how rational is the intellectual program of coloniality? Taking a cue from conversational thinking that places the notion of relationship at the center of decolonial analysis, we argue that coloniality fractures the inter and intra-racial relationships due mainly to the instinct of self-preservation that overwhelms human rationality. What has emerged today as the superior/inferior divide, racialism, classism, internal colonialism, ethnic cleansing, apartheid, xenophobia, and genocide are some of the consequences of warped and uncritical thinking driven by an extreme form of the instinct of self-preservation. We argue that the promotion of critical (higher-order) thinking in addition to ordinary (lower-order) thinking could be crucial in a decolonial program.

Զինծառայողների հոգևոր դաստիարակության կարևորությունը / The importance of spiritual education of military personnel

Spiritual element is a necessary component in the education of the military personnel. Without spirituality, it is difficult to educate a person in the qualities of self-sacrifice, discipline, sense of responsibility and honor, which are necessary for the defender of the Motherland. The Army not only teaches a military profession and creates physical fitness, but also educates high spiritual and moral qualities based on patriotism, which is impossible without the participation of the Holy Church. Realizing the importance of spiritual education of servicemen in the Armenian Army, the spiritual leadership or military chaplaincy of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Armenia was established in 1997. Its mission is to teach soldiers Holy Bible and tenets of Christian faith, according to the creed of the Armenian Apostolic Holy Church, as well as to educate them with Christian moral principles and patriotic spirit of selfless service to the interests of the state and nation. Faith helps a person to maintain discipline, to overcome fears and call of the self-preservation instinct in case of danger, and first of all during military actions. Certainly, spiritual, moral and ideological education among military personnel automatically raises the level of discipline, psychological stability, morale, conscious fulfillment of one’s duty of the Motherland Defender, their fighting ability and professionalism.

Peculiarities of cognition the prelogical thinking in the process of psychoanalysis of visual presenters of the subject’s psyche

The article describes the peculiarities and possibilities of cognition of the pralogical thinking of the psyche in the process of dialogue-psychoanalytical interaction of a psychologist with a respondent in groups of active social-psychological cognition (ASPC). The fact of the preservation of informational equi­valents of the psyche under the conditions of its transcoding into thematically visualized forms of drawn and objectified self-representations is asserted. The paper summarizes the results of over forty years of analytical and professional training of psychologists for practical work. The purpose of the paper is to identify deviations of “Self” from the reality that are not controlled by the psyche, which reliably signal the subject’s personal problems. The objectification of the drawn self-representation process in ASPC groups contributes to the observation and research (in the dialogue interaction of the psychologist with the respondent), which has a mediated nature related to the objectivity of the psyche. This determines the accessibility and equality of opportunities for each ASPP group member in participation, in processing the results of self-representation, which helps to objectify the destruction of the psyche, which signal about their personal problems (deviations from reality for the sake of the interests of the “Idealized Self”). The main research method is the active social-psychological cognition (or rather, its transcripts), which is based on psychodynamic methodology. The general prerequisite for the implementation of the specified method is the process of objectification by the ASPC participants of their own psyche, followed by the analysis in the form of a dialogue between the psychologist and the respondent, with periodic intermediate and generalizing interpretative conclusions. The result of the study is the expansion and deepening of self-awareness by the ASPC participants, which catalyzes the leveling of the destruction of their psyche, generated by an internal stabilized contradiction (personal problem), which is subject to in-depth cognition on the objectified and accessible visual material, which results in psychocorrection. Conclusions. The effectiveness of a person’s participation in ASPC groups is based on awakening the self-preservation instinct due to strengthening the rationality of the logical thinking. Therefore, diagnostic and corrective cognition of the psyche by a future psychologist is extremely important for the development of their professional skills when helping other people.

The Paradox of Ambivalent Human Interest in Innocent Asouzu’s Complementary Ethics: A Critical Inquiry

In this paper, I argue that the cause of morally self-defeating acts at the collective level is greed and, at the individual level, an unrestrained impulse for pleasure beyond Innocent Asouzu’s primordial instinct for self-preservation and ignorance. In investigating why humans act in self-defeating ways, Asouzu came up with two possible factors responsible for self-defeating acts: The primordial instinct for selfpreservation and ignorance. Besides Asouzu’s explanation, I here argue that the problem of self-defeating acts goes beyond the primordial instinct for selfpreservation and ignorance to reveal a flaw characteristic of the human condition. At the collective level, the flaw responsible for self-defeating acts is greed and the unrestrained impulse for pleasure at the individual level. I employ the conversational method to interrogate the different views on self-defeating acts from Socrates to Asouzu and show why my explanation offers a better understanding of the problem.

Problems with the prospective connected autonomous vehicles regulation: Finding a fair balance versus the instinct for self-preservation

There would seem to be a potential regulatory problem with the crash algorithms for connected and autonomous vehicles that (normally) “kick in” should a crash be inevitable. Although the general regulatory considerations which have been put forward tend to seek a “fair balance” that would protect various users of the roads, a configuration which shielded other parties at the cost of the car user could be seen as posing an existential threat to the user by encroaching on his or her right to self-preservation. “Hacking the system” (i.e. modifying the configuration in order to obtain a more favourable outcome for the user) could therefore be understood as acting on one's instinct for self-preservation and – though illegal – could in certain situations turn out to be an action that is not punishable in law. The present article argues that in certain real post-crash situations, a person who has modified the code for his or her own benefit could be exonerated on the basis of existing legal provisions and thus go unpunished. This could create unforeseen flaws in the connected autonomous vehicles regulatory system.

Comparison of the behavior of hybrids and domestic lambs in the early postnatal period

Using hybridization, breeds of merino sheep and archaromerinos were bred. At the same time, researchers note the possibility of transferring the characteristics of behavior and habits by inheritance from parents. The research aims to study the behavioral responses of first‐generation hybrid lambs in the early postnatal period in comparison with the behavior of ordinary domestic lambs. The object of the study was 4 hybrids of the first generation (ovchubuk) obtained from domestic sheep inseminated with the epididymal sperm of a bighorn sheep (chubuku), and 4 domestic lambs. Animals were kept in a pen of 625 m2 for close and constant contact with people. The observation was carried out from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. In the early postnatal period ‐ from birth to 4.5 months and the post‐weaning period ‐ from 4.5 to 6 months. The manifestation of reflexes or instincts was recorded on a letter, photo, video. Attempts to stand up newborn hybrids showed in the first 8‐10 minutes, 12‐15 minutes after birth they rose to all limbs, the lambs were able to stand up for 25‐30 minutes. The hybrids received the first portions of colostrum for 18‐20 minutes domestic ones for 35‐38 minutes. A characteristic feature of the hybrids was the diversity and duration of the sucking reflex. It lasted only 15‐17sec with breaks every 10‐15 minutes. In the lambs of the control group, the sucking reflex was calm and prolonged ‐ 1.5‐2 minutes. All newborn hybrids jumped on the backs of their mothers. The hybrids were distinguished by increased activity while maintaining caution good orientation in space, which was not observed in the lambs of the control group. The instinct of self‐preservation in hybrids was “silence.” When weighing and collecting biomaterial, the hybrids did not make any extra sounds, which cannot be said about the control group. In the “man‐animal” system, hybrids were quickly tamed in a smaller containment area. In the mother‐offspring system, the lambs of both groups followed their mothers everywhere. The hybrids showed: curiosity, keeping alert, jumping from a place, jumped with a 180‐degree turn in flight. In general, the ethological features of hybrid lambs differ significantly from the behavior of domestic lambs. After the birth of hybrid offspring, they use the instinct of cubs to imitate the behavior of an adult animal from a very early age. In addition, it is necessary to organize work so that pregnant sheep are in constant contact with humans in compact pens.

The audiovisual translation of social media texts: New trends and analysis

In the context of the rapid development of technologies and various methods of communication, as well as the growing role of information in the life of society, information genres in different types of media are of particular importance. Currently, they are experiencing a stage of serious competition with new technological possibilities of forms for obtaining and creating information. The basis of progress in human society is recognized as a well-founded entity such as verbal communication. Human society today is most interested in the information that the media presents to it. The modern world is characterized by the active use of various information technologies, as they save time. Television messages are responsible for obtaining the necessary information in a short time. In other words, a person tends to emphasize information mainly from the Internet, television messages, from newspaper information. Television news releases often contain news blocks in English that need to be translated. Today, it is an urgent need, and it is valid and necessary in a variety of ways. This and many other factors explain the urgency of this problem. One of the main goals of knowing the world is the need for information. It is due to the subconscious desire of people to understand what is happening around – the desire in which the instinct of self-preservation and the orienting reflex that guides human development manifest themselves. At the moment, the media have such a significant impact on the life of society, on the consciousness and ideas of people. Modern mass media have a substantial effect on the life of society, on the consciousness and ideas of people. Society constantly needs to receive new information about what is happening globally.

ԽՈՍՔԱՅԻՆ ՓԱՂԱՔՇԱՆՔՆԵՐԻ ՀՈԳԵԲՆԱԽՈՍԱԿԱՆ ԴՐԴԱՊԱՏՃԱՌՆԵՐԸ ԼԵԶՎԻ ԽՈՍՔԱՐԿՄԱՆ ԳՈՐԾԱՌՈՒՅԹՈՒՄ / PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CAUSES OF VERBAL CARESSES IN THE PHATIC FUNCTION OF LANGUAGE

Although there are many references to the phatic function of language in linguistic and anthropological literature, little is said about its underlying causes. In this article, which is predominantly an analytical study, through combining relevant facts, a hypothesis is put forward that the phatic function of language is based on a number of psychophysiological reasons. In order to clarify them, we have studied a number of psychological (a model developed by the transactional method of Eric Berne) and biological phenomena (facts from observations of the behavior of primates carried out by Robin Dunbar), which we have compared with the results of a survey conducted at Brusov State University. We have come to the conclusion that many statements often used during everyday conversation are based both on the instinct of self preservation, and, therefore, on the desire to be in a certain group, and on physiological changes (in particular, an increase in the number of endorphins) that occur between interlocutors when they convey verbal caresses to each other.