Instantaneous Response Research Articles

Local Time Response of Auroral Electrojet During Magnetically Disturbed Periods: DMSP and CHAMP Coordinated Observations

AbstractBased on 10 years of Defense Meteorological Satellite Program and Challenging Minisatellite Payload coordinated observations, we investigated the local time variation in the response time and strength of the auroral electrojet (AEJ) with respect to the sudden change in solar wind inputs, including merging electric field (Em), substorm, and interplanetary (IP) shock. The daytime (nighttime) AEJ responded several minutes (>30 min) after the key time of Em enhancement. For substorms and IP shocks, the AEJ at all local times showed an instantaneous response. The local time with a westward enhancement of the AEJ was wider during substorms than those during Em enhancement and IP shock. The times when the AEJ or disturbance AEJ attained peaks varied for different disturbances. At IP shock onset, the AEJ in the prenoon and postnoon increased in opposite directions to that in the quiet time. During Em enhancement and IP shock, the duskside AEJ attained a peak faster than the dawnside owing to the more rapid change in the duskside Hall conductance. The relative effects of the convection electric field and Hall conductance on the disturbance AEJ are disclosed at different local times. This study offers insights into the physical mechanisms of local time differences in the response time and strength of AEJ during disturbed periods.

Ultrafast Sulfur Mustard Simulant Gas Fluorescent Chemosensors Based on Triazole AIEE Material with High Selectivity and Sensitivity at Room Temperature.

Herein, a novel blue aggregation-induced enhanced emission (AIEE) material 4-N-(naphthalen-l-yl)-3,5-bis(4-N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine)phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (NDTAZ) is developed and used as a fluorescent chemosensor for sulfur mustard (SM) simulant 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2-CEES) vapor. The NDTAZ chemosensor is designed by introducing an electron-donating N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine group at 3 and 5 position of 4H-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ) to enhance the nucleophilicity of the TAZ group, and a naphthalene ring is connected to 4 position of the TAZ group to construct an AIEE molecule. The NDTAZ films show extraordinary stability and then are further used as reliable and portable fluorescent chemosensors. Upon exposure to 2-CEES vapor, the NDTAZ chemosensor exhibits an instantaneous fluorescence response (not more than 1 s). What should be noted is that this fluorescent chemosensor realizes the visualized detection of fluorescent color change from blue to green at "room temperature", which is rarely reported. The limit of detection is estimated to be 0.55 ppm, which is below the AEGL-1 (0.6 ppm for 1 min) safety ceiling level to SM exposure. Moreover, the NDTAZ chemosensor shows high selectivity toward 2-CEES vapor over closely related substances, including alkylating agents, aryl halide compounds, sulphur-containing compounds, and nerve agent mimics. More impressively, the NDTAZ chemosensor demonstrates good recyclability by water treatment. Also, the sensing mechanism is adequately proved by using multiple experimental methods and theoretical calculation. In addition, the NDTAZ-based facile filter paper-constructed test strips are fabricated for real-time and on-spot detection of leaked 2-CEES gas specifically. Therefore, this fluorescent chemosensor with excellent sensing performance greatly advances the practical detection of SM species at room temperature.

Real-time monitoring of serotonin with highly selective aptamer-functionalized conducting polymer nanohybrids

Adequate serotonin levels are pivotal to human well-being; thus, serotonin can be used as a biomarker because it regulates a wide range of physical and psychological functions. As an imbalance of serotonin is highly likely to initiate the pathogenesis of various disorders, monitoring serotonin levels in real time is in high demand for the early detection of disease. We fabricated a field-effect transistor (FET) biosensor based on aptamer-immobilized conducting polymer nanohybrids, which showed an instantaneous response toward serotonin in solution. The mechanism of serotonin detection was based on aptamer deformation after aptamer-ligand interaction and the consequential decrease in the charge carrier density of the FET template. Docking simulations with AutoDock/Vina and PyMOL were successfully used to investigate the binding site of serotonin in the loop structure of the aptamer. The fabricated FET template showed high sensitivity toward serotonin in the range of 10 fM to 100 nM, and the limit of detection (LOD) was exceptionally low at 10 fM. Moreover, the selectivity toward serotonin was confirmed by observing no signal after the injection of structural analogs, functional analogs and excess physiological biomolecules. The potential clinical application of this sensor was confirmed because it remained consistent when the buffer solution was exchanged for artificial serum or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). † S.G.L. and S.E.S. contributed equally to this work.

Temporal-spatial reliability analysis of RC bridges with corroded steel reinforcement bars

Corrosion of steel bars is one of the most significant causes of deterioration of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The performance of RC structures is affected by many factors such as materials, environments, and load conditions, which usually possess uncertain features. Some of uncertainties may be time- and space-dependent, and the corresponding reliability problems become more challenging. To address these issues, this paper studies the temporal-spatial reliability analysis of RC bridges with corroded steel reinforcement bars. At first, a compound corrosion model is developed in which the combined effects of carbonation (general corrosion) and chloride penetration (pitting corrosion) are considered. In the reliability analysis, both the temporal and spatial variability are accounted through a stochastic process and a random field, respectively. An extended instantaneous response surface (t-IRS) method is then proposed to evaluate the temporal-spatial reliability. Unlike the original t-IRS method, in addition to the original variables, the random variables transformed from the random fields and the space variable are also used as the input variables of the extended surrogate model. When generating sample points, both the time variable and the space variable are treated as uniformly distributed random variables within given intervals. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a RC bridge example with corroded steel reinforcement bars and the results are compared with that of Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method, demonstrating the effectiveness of the extended t-IRS method.

Photosynthetic light response curves in Eucalyptus benthamii and Eucalyptus dunnii clones

The photosynthetic light-response curve reflects the instantaneous response of the net photosynthetic rate to different gradients of photosynthetically active radiation. Genetic materials can respond differently to light and consequently alter productivity. Thus, this work aimed to compare clones of Eucalyptus benthamii and Eucalyptus dunnii by checking the CO2 assimilation rate due to the increase in photosynthetically active radiation. The evaluations were carried out in mini-stumps implanted in a clonal mini-garden system. The CO2 assimilation rate curves were determined with the aid of a portable photosynthesis meter. The curves of CO2 assimilation rate (A) in response to the increase in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were evaluated at values of 1500, 1000, 700, 450, 250, 120, 50 and 0 μmol m-2 s-1 for clones of E. benthamii and E. dunnii. The three Eucalyptus clones evaluated showed a similar behavior of the A/PAR curve, showing a high demand for photosynthetically active radiation. In general, the three clones were very similar in terms of CO2 assimilation rate due to the increase in photosynthetically active radiation

Mechanical Characterization and Creep Behavior of a Stone Heritage Material Used in Granada (Spain): Santa Pudia Calcarenite

Santa Pudia calcarenite was one of the most commonly used building materials in the construction of historical buildings in the city of Granada (Spain). As a result, Santa Pudia calcarenite has been mainly studied from a petrographical point of view in previous works. In this work, the mechanical properties of Santa Pudia calcarenite are studied. The main mechanical properties (compressive strength, elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio) were determined using the corresponding tests. Samples of Santa Pudia calcarenite were heated at 550 °C to study the effect of high temperatures on its compressive strength. Two different cooling methods were considered: air-cooling and water-cooling. Stress–strain curves of heated and non-heated samples were obtained from uniaxial compression tests. Creep is of great importance in the long-term structural assessment of historical buildings. To study the creep behaviour of Santa Pudia calcarenite, samples were subjected to uniaxial compressive tests at constant stress until the stabilization of the recorded strains was reached. Different rheological models were adjusted to the experimental results to simulate the long-term behaviour of the material studied. The instantaneous response to additional loadings on the samples (maintaining the long-term loading and deformation) were also studied. Results show that a Santa Pudia calcarenite specimen subjected to dead loads will suffer a higher instantaneous deformation against a sudden load than a non-preloaded specimen. This degradation effect can be particularly important in the case of a seismic evaluation of historical buildings.

CARD27: The Effect of Permissive Hypertension on Cerebral Perfusion in VAD Patients with Embolic Stroke

Study: This study aims to investigate the effect of permissive hypertension, a deliberate rise in Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), on cerebral perfusion in Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) patients with embolic stroke. Methods: A previously published Lumped Parameter Model (LPM) of the human circulation, including pulmonary and systemic circulation, as well as all four cardiac chambers and an LVAD, is divided into circulation of the upper and lower body. The upper circulation is further divided into extracranial and intracranial vessels to study brain perfusion as a function of MAP, as well as peripheral and intracranial resistance. Actual LVAD H-Q characteristic curves model the instantaneous LVAD response to a rise in MAP and the differential increase in resistance between the intracranial region suffering a stroke and the remaining circulation. The resulting changes in intracranial flow rate as MAP increases and vascular resistance is altered are analyzed. Increased resistance in intracranial vasculature is incorporated into a model of a typical embolic stroke, and its influence on cerebral perfusion is studied for a range of LVAD speeds and MAP values. Results: In LVAD patients with embolic stroke, intracranial flow significantly decreases as MAP is allowed to rise. These findings are robust at any LVAD speed, consistent with a significant reduction in LVAD flow with increased afterload. This counterintuitive result of permissive hypertension in LVAD patients is captured by the LPM model of embolic stroke, whereby the increase in intracranial resistance decreases cerebral perfusion even further via a decrease in total cardiac output associated with the increase in MAP. Third-generation LVADs are known to be afterload sensitive. Our results show that a mere increase in MAP from 70 to 80 mmHg decreases cerebral blood flow by a commensurate 15%, thus increasing infarct size, which is quite deleterious (see Fig. 1). Our study confirms there is no role for permissive hypertension in LVAD patients with embolic stroke. Figure 1. Cranial flow rate (Qcranial) as a function of MAP for no embolism (purple) and embolism (teal) cases and for 2400 RPM (circles) and 2800 RPM (squares) LVAD speeds.

Core/shell magnetite/copolymer composite nanoparticles enabling highly stable magnetorheological response

AbstractMagnetorheological fluids (MRFs) have been successfully used in a variety of smart control systems, but are still limited due to their relatively poor settling stability. Herein, a core/shell‐structured Fe3O4/copolymer composite nanoparticle is synthesized as a new candidate material for stimulus‐responsive MRFs to tackle the limitation of the long‐term dispersion stability. Aniline‐co‐diphenylamine copolymers (PANI‐co‐PDPA) are loaded onto the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, providing a lighter density and sufficient active interface for the dispersion of magnetic particles in the carrier medium. The features of the Fe3O4/copolymer composite nanoparticles, including morphology, compositional, and crystalline properties, are characterized. An MRF is prepared by suspending Fe3O4/copolymer composite nanoparticles in a nonmagnetic medium oil, and its rheological properties are assessed using a controlled shear rate test and dynamic oscillation tests using a rotational rheometer. Rheological models including the Bingham model and the Herschel–Bulkley model are fitted to the flow curves of the MRF. The obtained Fe3O4/copolymer composite shows soft‐magnetic properties, as well as greater density adaptability and higher stability, compared to Fe3O4. Moreover, the sedimentation testing provides information about the dispersion stability characteristics of MRF and shows a good correlation with high‐stability magnetorheological (MR) response. The Fe3O4/copolymer‐based MRF with a tunable and instantaneous MR response is considered a promising material for smart control applications.

Real-time state of charge estimation for electric vehicle power batteries using optimized filter

The main focus of the battery management system is the estimation of the battery's State of Charge (SOC), which is an indicator to determine the driving range of an electric vehicle. The Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm is the most promising for SOC estimation when the system is running. The EKF state estimation algorithm is sensitive to the process noise covariance matrix Q and measurement noise covariance matrix R. Inappropriate noise covariance matrices reduce the accuracy and cause divergence in state estimation. This paper uses the Sunflower Optimization algorithm (SFO) to find the optimal values of the noise covariance matrices before applying EKF for online SOC estimation. It is clearly stated that the iterative SFO does not affect the instantaneous response of EKF in the online estimate because the SFO is only performed once to determine the optimal values. The effectiveness of the proposed identification is examined through the constant discharge rate test and dynamic driving profile. The proposed algorithm's performance indices, such as maximum error, Mean Absolute Error, Mean Square Error, and Root Mean Square Error of SOC estimation, are low compared to the trial-error method, genetic algorithm, and adaptive extended Kalman filter. Besides accuracy, the proposed method quickly converges even when the initial SOC is inaccurate. The feasibility and benefits of the proposed SFO-EKF algorithm are demonstrated by qualitative and quantitative findings on five challenging datasets. To assess the performance of the SFO-EKF for SOC estimation in constant-current discharge and extreme drive cycle situations, three public datasets and two datasheets are employed. The simulation results show that the proposed method has high accuracy and a better convergence rate in estimating SOC under static and dynamic operating conditions.

Energy Improvement in Distribution Network Using Sliding Mode Controller Based SVC System

Static Var Compensator is a shunt type reactive power compensation device used to enhance the energy in the distribution system. This paper presents the power quality improvement using SVC in 14 bus system using Proposed Resonance and Sliding Mode (SM) Controller to improve the power quality. Minimized power losses and improved power transfer capacity to stabilize the weak system are the main functions of the SVC system. The instantaneous response of SVC is the main important advantage in comparison with mechanically switched compensation devices. SVC is installed at the point of common coupling to improve the reactive power. The performance of the multibus system is analyzed in terms of real power, reactive power, and RMS voltage of the system, and is simulated using MATLAB Simulink.

Polarization Maintaining Fiber Temperature and Stress Gradient Sensitization Sensor Based on Semiconductor-Metal-Polymer Three-Layer Film Coating.

Increasing sensitivity, measuring points, and stability have always been the pursuit of sensors. ZnSe9:CO1 and Ag composite nano films were coated on polarization maintaining fiber (PMF). Then, the coated PMF was nested in capillary and hose which was encapsulated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and epoxy resin. The integrated capillary sensor and thermoplastic hose sensor were prepared. The gradient sensitization of various measurement parameters such as temperature, stress, and micro bending is realized. The temperature sensitivity is 1.49 nm/°C, the micro bending sensitivity is 1.72 nm/102 g, and the stress sensitivity is 6.27 nm/mε. The sensors maintain good linearity and instantaneous response while having high sensitivity. By adjusting the length of PMF, the number of troughs is increased in the same band range, and different troughs have different sensitivities, which solves the inherent problem of cross sensitivity and realizes multiparameter measurement. Capillary sensors are used for remote safe real-time monitoring of mechanical overheating, and hose sensors are used for real-time monitoring of bridge load and human joint bending. This work is of great significance to the extension of the application range of optical fiber sensor.

How the nature of behavior change affects the impact of asymptomatic coronavirus transmission

SARS-CoV-2 has caused severe respiratory illnesses and deaths since late 2019 and spreads globally. While asymptomatic cases play a crucial role in transmitting COVID-19, they do not contribute to the observed prevalence, which drives behavior change during the pandemic. This study aims to identify the effect of the proportion of asymptomatic infections on the magnitude of an epidemic under behavior change scenarios by developing a compartmental mathematical model. In this interest, we discuss three different behavior change cases separately: constant behavior change, instantaneous behavior change response to the disease’s perceived prevalence, and piecewise constant behavior change response to government policies. Our results imply that the proportion of asymptomatic infections which maximizes the spread of the epidemic depends on the nature of the dominant force driving behavior changes.

Intraseasonal, Annual, and Interannual Variabilities of Subsurface Currents at 4.7°N in the Western Pacific Ocean

AbstractStrong multi‐timescale variabilities of subsurface zonal velocity over 300–600 m depth are observed beneath the North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) by the mooring observation at 4.7°N, 140°E during 2014–2018. The observed subsurface velocity shows peaks at intraseasonal, semiannual, and annual periods, and is interconnected with the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle at a nearly zero lag. Aided by a reanalysis product, we reveal mechanisms for the above variabilities. Forced by wind stress curl over 150°–155°E and 160°–170°E along 4.7°N, the vertical propagation of the third meridional mode long Rossby waves is primarily responsible for the observed semiannual and annual cycles, respectively. The subsurface intraseasonal variability with peak periods of 50‐ and 80‐day are induced by short Rossby waves with the southeastward and downward group velocity. Such waves interconnect observed 50‐ and 80‐day ISV of the subsurface current to that of surface currents at 8°N, 128°–130°E and 6.5°N, 132°–134°E, respectively. The ENSO variability results mainly from the interannual change of the winds that force the long Rossby waves. The wind forcing leads the Niño 3.4 index and the subsurface velocity by a similar time, resulting in the subsurface instantaneous response to ENSO.

Disordered-nanoparticle-based etalon for ultrafast humidity-responsive colorimetric sensors and anti-counterfeiting displays.

The development of real-time and sensitive humidity sensors is in great demand from smart home automation and modern public health. We hereby proposed an ultrafast and full-color colorimetric humidity sensor that consists of chitosan hydrogel sandwiched by a disordered metal nanoparticle layer and reflecting substrate. This hydrogel-based resonator changes its resonant frequency to external humidity conditions because the chitosan hydrogels are swollen under wet state and contracted under dry state. The response time of the sensor is ~104 faster than that of the conventional Fabry-Pérot design. The origins of fast gas permeation are membrane pores created by gaps between the metal nanoparticles. Such instantaneous and tunable response of a new hydrogel resonator is then exploited for colorimetric sensors, anti-counterfeiting applications, and high-resolution displays.

Assembling Hollow Cactus-Like ZnO Nanorods with Dipole-Modified Graphene Nanosheets for Practical Room-Temperature Formaldehyde Sensing

Formaldehyde (HCHO) sensing plays a critical role for indoor environment monitoring in smart home systems. Inspired by the unique hierarchical structure of cactus, we have prepared a ZnO/ANS-rGO composite for room-temperature (RT) HCHO sensing, through assembling hollow cactus-like ZnO nanorods with 5-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (ANS)-modified graphene nanosheets in a facile and template-free manner. Interestingly, it was found that the ZnO morphology could be simply tuned from flower clusters to hollow cactus-like nanostructures, along with the increase of the reaction time during the assembly process. The ZnO/ANS-rGO-based sensors exhibited superior RT HCHO-sensing performance with an ultrahigh response (68%, 5 ppm), good repeatability, long-term stability, and an outstanding practical limit of detection (LOD: 0.25 ppm) toward HCHO, which is the lowest practical LOD reported so far. Furthermore, for the first time, a 30 m3 simulation test cabinet was adapted to evaluate the practical gas-sensing performance in an indoor environment. As a result, an instantaneous response of 5% to 0.4 ppm HCHO was successfully achieved in the simulation test. The corresponding sensing mechanism was interpreted from two aspects including high charge transport capability of ANS-rGO and the distinct gas adsorbability derived from nanostructures, respectively. The combination of a biomimetic hierarchical structure and supramolecular assembly provides a promising strategy to design HCHO-sensing materials with high practicability.

A modified power decoupling control strategy for a grid-connected inverter with a low switching frequency under unbalanced grid voltages

In the photovoltaic grid-connected power generation system, when proportional resonant (PR) control is adopted for the grid-side inverter in the two-phase stationary coordinate (αβ), there is a coupling problem between active power (P) and reactive power (Q). Under unbalanced grid conditions, especially in high-power applications where the switching frequency of the grid inverter needs to be reduced, the power coupling problem will be exacerbated. Based on the instantaneous power response characteristics of the grid inverter, expressions of the power coupling coefficient under unbalanced power grids are derived in this paper, and the influence of the unbalanced grid voltage on the power coupling is revealed. Moreover, a decoupled grid-side model of the grid inverter is established, and a modified controller based on positive and negative sequence (P–N sequence) decoupling is proposed to solve the power coupling problem. The closed-loop transfer function of the system with the modified current controller is studied, and the stability of the modified controller is analyzed according to the bilateral frequency response diagram. Based on analysis of the coupling coefficient, the degree of coupling between P and Q can be reduced significantly by applying the proposed control method. Furthermore, in order to solve the influence of the delay on the power coupling caused by the low switching frequency, the decoupling compensation link for the delay is introduced, which can eliminate the influence of delay on power coupling. Finally, experiments are performed on a grid-connected inverter prototype. The experimental results show that when the grid voltage is unbalanced, the proposed control method can reduce the coupling degree of the P and Q, which also improves the dynamic performance of the grid-connected inverter with a low switching frequency.

Soil enzymes in response to climate warming: Mechanisms and feedbacks

Abstract Soil enzymes are central to ecosystem processes because they mediate numerous reactions that are essential in biogeochemical cycles. However, how soil enzyme activities will respond to global warming is uncertain. We reviewed the literature on mechanisms linking temperature effects on soil enzymes and microbial communities, and outlined a conceptual overview on how these changes may influence soil carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. At the enzyme scale, although temperature can have a positive effect on enzymatic catalytic power in the short term (i.e. via the instantaneous response of activity), this effect can be countered over time by enzyme inactivation and reduced substrate affinity. At the microbial scale, short‐term warming can increase enzymatic catalytic power via accelerated synthesis and microbial turnover, but shifts in microbial community composition and growth efficiency may mediate the effect of warming in the long term. Although increasing enzyme activities may accelerate labile carbon decomposition over months to years, our literature review highlights that this initial stage can be followed by the following phases: (a) a reduction in soil carbon loss, due to changing carbon use efficiency among communities or substrate depletion, which together can decrease microbial biomass and enzyme activity and (b) an acceleration of soil carbon loss, due to shifts in microbial community structure and greater allocation to oxidative enzymes for recalcitrant carbon degradation. Studies that bridge scales in time and space are required to assess whether there will be an attenuation or acceleration of soil carbon loss through changes in enzyme activities in the very long term. We conclude that soil enzymes determine the sensitivity of soil carbon to warming, but that the microbial community and enzymatic traits that mediate this effect change over time. Improving representation of enzymes in soil carbon models requires long‐term studies that characterize the response of wide‐ranging hydrolytic and oxidative enzymatic traits—catalytic power, kinetics, inactivation—and the microbial community responses that govern enzyme synthesis. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Research on primary frequency modulation control strategy of wind power based on energy storage

As a renewable energy, the uncontrollability of wind energy resources will cause the instability of the power grid. The research on the primary frequency modulation control strategy of wind power has become an urgent problem to be solved. Doubly fed wind power generation is the mainstream generator. The main methods of participating in frequency modulation include inertia control method and load shedding control method. This paper analyzes the doubly fed wind turbine model, analyzes its problems in the process of frequency modulation, and establishes the frequency modulation control strategy of wind turbine in the whole wind speed range by selecting the critical wind speed point. Energy storage technology has the advantages of instantaneous accurate response, safety and reliability. Based on the above, this paper studies the primary frequency modulation of wind power energy storage.

The Rich Dynamics of Memristive Devices With Non-Separable Nonlinear Response

In this brief, we classify the instantaneous response of resistors with memory into three types: linear (L), separable nonlinear (SN), and non-separable nonlinear (NSN). A particular model of an NSN-type memristive device is introduced and used to demonstrate the possibility of rich dynamics in the memristor-capacitor circuit subjected to a sinusoidal voltage. In particular, our numerical simulations reveal the regimes of double period oscillations, multiple period oscillations, and chaotic oscillations. The comparison with L-type and SN-type memristive devices described by the same differential state equation indicates the importance of the NSN-type response to achieve such complex dynamics in the memristor-capacitor circuit with a first-order memristive device. Moreover, we demonstrate that a compound NSN-type memristive device can be assembled using one L-type memristive device, two resistors, and two diodes. The complex behavior of such compound devices is verified using SPICE modeling.

Power reserve predictive control strategy for hybrid electric vehicle using recognition-based long short-term memory network

For series hybrid electric vehicle (SHEV), due to the limitation of operating characteristic of engine, it is challenging to design an efficient power control strategy that can ensure instantaneous response of engine-generator set (EGS) to the sudden increase in demand power. In this paper, a power reserve predictive control strategy for SHEV is proposed. Firstly, a driving pattern recognition-based long short-term memory network is developed to predict future demand power. An improvement in the accuracy of this prediction is achieved by using a new time-series changing structure. Secondly, a novel method to regulate operation points of engine is presented, in which the instantaneous power output of engine can be responded to meet suddenly increased demand power by pre-regulating operating points according to the predicted power. Thirdly, the coordinative optimization for speed regulation of engine and power flow of vehicle is formulated in model predictive control framework considering multiple constraints of SHEV. Finally, the performance of the proposed strategy is both validated in simulation and hardware-in-loop test. The results show that the expected output power of EGS can be ensured, and the fuel economy can be improved by 9.16% and 5.91% over rule-based strategy, under the two test driving cycles, respectively.