Instantaneous Flux Research Articles

Satellite-Based Estimation of Instantaneous Radiative Fluxes Over Continental USA – a Case Study

Instantaneous radiative flux components across different climatic regions of USA were computed using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land, atmosphere and geo-location products for clear sky pixels, colocated in time and space with flux towers. Satellite derived fluxes were validated using in-situ SURFRAD flux tower data of the respective sites. Significant positive correlation was observed between simulated and observed fluxes especially for incoming shortwave (r = 0.94), incoming longwave (r = 0.91) and outgoing shortwave (r = 0.89) radiation. The root mean square errors (RMSE) were 50.7, 10.41, 18.54 and 33.50 Wm−2 for incoming shortwave, outgoing shortwave, incoming longwave and outgoing longwave fluxes respectively with their corresponding relative RMSE of 0.11, 0.10, 0.06 and 0.08. The D-index and modeling efficiency (ME) varied from 0.87 to 0.96 and 0.61 to 0.85 respectively, indicated good performance of the present method. The coefficient of residual mass (CRM) for all the fluxes yielded values close to zero except incoming longwave radiation. Based on the statistical analysis and accumulative score highest rank was obtained for incoming longwave flux followed by outgoing shortwave, incoming shortwave and outgoing longwave fluxe. From the rank values it can be concluded that the present model predicted all the fluxes satisfactorily except the outgoing longwave flux.

JET neutral beam duct Optical Interlock

The JET Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) system is the most powerful neutral beam plasma heating system currently operating. Optical Interlocks were installed on the beam lines in 2011 for the JET Enhancement Project 2 (EP2), when the heating power was increased from 23MW to 34MW. JET NBI has two beam lines. Each has eight positive ion injectors operating in deuterium at 80kV–125kV (accelerator voltage) and up to 65A (beam current). Heating power is delivered through two ducts where the central power density can be more than 100MW/m2. In order to deliver this safely, the beam line pressure should be below 2×10−5mbar otherwise the power load on the duct from the re-ionised fraction of the beam is excessive. The new Optical Interlock monitors the duct pressure by measuring the Balmer-α beam emission (656nm). This is proportional to the instantaneous beam flux and the duct pressure. Light is collected from a diagnostic window and focused into 1-mm diameter fibres. The Doppler shifted signal is selected using an angle-tuned interference filter. The light is measured by a photo-multiplier module with a logarithmic amplifier. The interlock activation time of 2ms is sufficient to protect the system from a fully re-ionised beam—a significant improvement on the previous interlock. The dynamic range is sufficient to see bremsstrahlung emission from JET plasma and not saturate during plasma disruptions. For high neutron flux operations the optical fibres within the biological shield can be annealed to 350°C. A self-test is possible by illuminating the diagnostic window with a test lamp and measuring the back scatter. We demonstrate an important technology for the protection of high power neutral heating beams and present the design and operational results.

Study on SEBAL Model and Suggesting a Modified Model for Measuring Evapotranspiration

In the current research, SEBAL1 method has been used in order to find a quick way with a desirable accuracy for measuring the real evapotranspiration in farming areas of Maiamei rural district in Mashhad. Therefore, satellite images from Landsat and the meteorological information of the region for 29 April 2002 (9 Ordibehesht 1381) were provided and the SEBAL calculations were applied on the images with the help of the software ILWIS. Then the relation between the surface parameters (temperature and the vegetation) with the energy components resulted from this method was studied. By conducting research on the treatment of this method on different vegetations, it was concluded that the regions with a wider range of vegetation and a more various density, had less evapotranspiration while by reducing the range and increasing the density of vegetation in this area, the amount of evapotranspiration experiences a stepped rise. Also, the results of this research showed that there is a linear relation with a high accuracy (R2 = 0.96) between the surface temperature and the instantaneous latent heat flux which could be used to reduce the calculation steps of SEBAL model for the studied area and calculate the amount of evapotranspiration in a quicker and easier way by using a modified model.

Assessment of a Remote Sensing Energy Balance Methodology (SEBAL) Using Different Interpolation Methods to Determine Evapotranspiration in a Citrus Orchard

A surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) for estimating evapotranspiration (ET) has been parameterized and tested in a 400-ha drip irrigated citrus orchard. Simultaneously, during three growing seasons, energy fluxes were measured using Eddy Covariance. Instantaneous fluxes obtained with SEBAL using 10 images from Landsat-5 were compared with the measured fluxes. The Perrier function was the best method for properly estimating the roughness momentum length for discontinuous canopies, as in citrus orchards. Crop height was estimated using LIDAR data. In general, SEBAL performed well for net radiation estimation but failed in soil heat flux estimation. Latent heat estimations from the SEBAL model had a relative root mean square error (rRMSE) of 0.06 when compared with measurements obtained by Eddy Covariance. Three procedures were tested for up-scaling the instantaneous ET estimates from SEBAL to daily ET values: 1) assuming the fraction between the actual ET and the reference ET is constant throughout the day; 2) using actual local crop coefficient curves; and 3) using an up-scaling factor where the fraction of hourly ET to daily ET equals the ratio of hourly to daily global solar radiation. This last method gave acceptable results for daily ET estimations $({\bf rRMSE} = {\bf 0.09})$ and for 15-day ET $({\bf rRMSE} = {\bf 0.19})$ , and its main advantage is that no local data are required. It is concluded that the SEBAL methodology can be successfully applied for determining actual ET, even in discontinuous citrus canopies. However, additional parameterizations of momentum roughness length were needed in order to obtain reliable ET determinations.

Energy dissipation and flux laws for unsteady turbulence

Abstract Direct Numerical Simulations of unsteady spatially periodic turbulence with time-dependent rms velocity u ′ ( t ) and integral length-scale L ( t ) show that not only the instantaneous energy dissipation rate but also the instantaneous energy flux at intermediate wavenumbers scales as U 0 L 0 u ′ ( t ) 2 / L ( t ) 2 where U 0 and L 0 are velocity and length scales characterizing initial or overall unsteady turbulence conditions. These high Reynolds number scalings are qualitatively different from the well-known u ′ ( t ) 3 / L ( t ) cornerstone scalings of equilibrium turbulence where the energy flux and dissipation are exactly balanced at all times.

Tracking the evolution of stream DOM source during storm events using end member mixing analysis based on DOM quality

Summary The source of river dissolved organic matter (DOM) during storm events has not been well constrained, which is critical in determining the quality and reactivity of DOM. This study assessed temporal changes in the contributions of four end members (weeds, leaf litter, soil, and groundwater), which exist in a small forested watershed (the Ehwa Brook, South Korea), to the stream DOM during two storm events, using end member mixing analysis (EMMA) based on spectroscopic properties of DOM. The instantaneous export fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), chromophoric DOM (CDOM), and fluorescent components were all enhanced during peak flows. The DOC concentration increased with the flow rate, while CDOM and humic-like fluorescent components were diluted around the peak flows. Leaf litter was dominant for the DOM source in event 2 with a higher rainfall, although there were temporal variations in the contributions of the four end members to the stream DOM for both events. The contribution of leaf litter peaked while that of deeper soils decreased to minima at peak flows. Our results demonstrated that EMMA based on DOM properties could be used to trace the DOM source, which is of fundamental importance for understanding the factors responsible for river DOM dynamics during storm events.

Next-generation angular distribution models for top-of-atmosphere radiative flux calculation from CERES instruments: methodology

Abstract. The top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative fluxes are critical components to advancing our understanding of the Earth's radiative energy balance, radiative effects of clouds and aerosols, and climate feedback. The Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instruments provide broadband shortwave and longwave radiance measurements. These radiances are converted to fluxes by using scene-type-dependent angular distribution models (ADMs). This paper describes the next-generation ADMs that are developed for Terra and Aqua using all available CERES rotating azimuth plane radiance measurements. Coincident cloud and aerosol retrievals, and radiance measurements from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and meteorological parameters from Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) data assimilation version 5.4.1 are used to define scene type. CERES radiance measurements are stratified by scene type and by other parameters that are important for determining the anisotropy of the given scene type. Anisotropic factors are then defined either for discrete intervals of relevant parameters or as a continuous functions of combined parameters, depending on the scene type. Significant differences between the ADMs described in this paper and the existing ADMs are over clear-sky scene types and polar scene types. Over clear ocean, we developed a set of shortwave (SW) ADMs that explicitly account for aerosols. Over clear land, the SW ADMs are developed for every 1° latitude × 1° longitude region for every calendar month using a kernel-based bidirectional reflectance model. Over clear Antarctic scenes, SW ADMs are developed by accounting the effects of sastrugi on anisotropy. Over sea ice, a sea-ice brightness index is used to classify the scene type. Under cloudy conditions over all surface types, the longwave (LW) and window (WN) ADMs are developed by combining surface and cloud-top temperature, surface and cloud emissivity, cloud fraction, and precipitable water. Compared to the existing ADMs, the new ADMs change the monthly mean instantaneous fluxes by up to 5 W m−2 on a regional scale of 1° latitude × 1° longitude, but the flux changes are less than 0.5 W m−2 on a global scale.

Relative linkages of canopy-level CO₂ fluxes with the climatic and environmental variables for US deciduous forests.

We used a simple, systematic data-analytics approach to determine the relative linkages of different climate and environmental variables with the canopy-level, half-hourly CO2 fluxes of US deciduous forests. Multivariate pattern recognition techniques of principal component and factor analyses were utilized to classify and group climatic, environmental, and ecological variables based on their similarity as drivers, examining their interrelation patterns at different sites. Explanatory partial least squares regression models were developed to estimate the relative linkages of CO2 fluxes with the climatic and environmental variables. Three biophysical process components adequately described the system-data variances. The 'radiation-energy' component had the strongest linkage with CO2 fluxes, whereas the 'aerodynamic' and 'temperature-hydrology' components were low to moderately linked with the carbon fluxes. On average, the 'radiation-energy' component showed 5 and 8 times stronger carbon flux linkages than that of the 'temperature-hydrology' and 'aerodynamic' components, respectively. The similarity of observed patterns among different study sites (representing gradients in climate, canopy heights and soil-formations) indicates that the findings are potentially transferable to other deciduous forests. The similarities also highlight the scope of developing parsimonious data-driven models to predict the potential sequestration of ecosystem carbon under a changing climate and environment. The presented data-analytics provides an objective, empirical foundation to obtain crucial mechanistic insights; complementing process-based model building with a warranted complexity. Model efficiency and accuracy (R(2) = 0.55-0.81; ratio of root-mean-square error to the observed standard deviations, RSR = 0.44-0.67) reiterate the usefulness of multivariate analytics models for gap-filling of instantaneous flux data.

The Fission Programme at the CERN n_TOF Facility

Since 2001, the scientific programme of the CERN n_TOF facility has focused mainly on the study of radiative neutron capture reactions, which are of great interest to nuclear astrophysics and on neutron-induced fission reactions, which are of relevance for nuclear technology, as well as essential for the development of theoretical models of fission. In particular, taking advantage of the high instantaneous neutron flux and high energy resolution of the facility, as well as of high-performance detection and acquisition systems, accurate new measurements on several long-lived major and minor actinides, from 232Th to 245Cm, have been performed so far. Data on these isotopes are needed in order to improve the safety and efficiency of conventional reactors, as well as to develop new systems for nuclear energy production and treatment of nuclear waste, such as Generation IV reactors, Accelerator Driven Systems and reactors based on innovative fuel cycles. A review of the most important results on fission cross-sections and fragment properties obtained at n_TOF for a variety of (radioactive) isotopes is presented along with the perspectives arising from the coming on line in the second half of 2014 of a new 19 m flight-path, which will allow n_TOF to expand its measurement capabilities to even more rare or short-lived isotopes, such as 230Th, 232U, 238,240Pu and 244Cm.

Quasi-periodic Aerodynamic Heating in Blunt-fin Induced Shock Wave/Boundary Layer Interaction

Aerodynamic heating in the blunt-fin induced shock wave/boundary layer interaction is investigated by means of numerical simulations. The complex flow pattern on the flat plate is visualized by surface friction lines. The three-dimensional vortical structures and primary shock wave system in the interaction region are demonstrated. The calculated separation length upstream the fin and the heat flux distribution in the centreline are consistent with the experimental observations. The results exhibits quasi-periodic behavior of the interference flow. Both the time-averaged and instantaneous heat flux on the surface of the flat plate and fin are analyzed, respectively. Due to the shock wave and boundary layer interaction, some regions of extremely high peak heating on the flat plate are observed. The formation mechanism of the high peak heating is also discussed.

Irreversible blocking in single-file concurrent and countercurrent particulate flows

Filtration and flow in micro/nano-channels and traffic flow are examples of processes subject to blocking when the channel conveying the particles becomes too crowded. We propose here a concurrent flow model where particles enter a channel randomly. If at any time two particles are simultaneously present in the channel, blockage occurs. We obtain the exact solution for the survival probability, the distribution of the number of particles that pass before blockage, the instantaneous flux exiting the channel and the statistics of trapped particles. We then obtain the exact solution of a counterflow model with two opposing Poisson streams. There is no restriction on the number of particles passing in the same direction, but blockage occurs if, at any time, two opposing particles are simultaneously present in the passage.

Influence of estuarine and secondary circulation on crustacean larval fluxes: a case study from a Patagonian fjord

The objective of this study was to estimate the surface flux of crustacean larvae at three points along the Baker/Martinez fjord complex, Chilean Patagonia, during the season of maximum river discharge. Concurrent acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) and zooplankton surveys were conducted along three across-channel transects spanning 58 km along the fjord, in late February 2013. The results revealed a two-layer structure in along-channel residual velocity within the upper 25 m of the water column, which resembled a typical estuarine circulation pattern. Near the river mouth, transverse asymmetries in along-fjord flows and secondary circulation were found, which may substantially affect local patterns of larval transport and/or retention. Barnacle nauplii were more abundant during flood (15.2 ± 8.8 indiv m−3, mean ± standard error) than during ebb tide (3.36 ± 0.95 indiv m−3), suggesting they are tidally transported. Since the along-channel transport of vertically migrating larvae depends on the instantaneous flow fields to which they are exposed, larval abundance data were combined with velocity fields obtained from individual ADCP passes to produce instantaneous larval flux estimates. Near the Baker river mouth, net flux estimates showed that barnacle nauplii (cyprids) are advected landward (seaward), whereas zoeae of the squat lobster Munida gregaria are exported from the fjord. These results are consistent with previous findings and illustrate how the composition and distribution of meroplankton may reflect along-fjord changes in estuarine circulation, driven mostly by seasonal changes in freshwater inputs, as well as small-scale spatial variations in flow along the fjord.

Estimating land surface radiation balance using MODIS in northeastern China

Net radiation (Rn) is the balance between the incoming and outgoing radiation fluxes of longwave and shortwave radiations. As an essential parameter for surface energy budgets, Rn has been widely applied to weather prediction, agriculture evaluation, and regional water resource management. However, the traditional methods for estimating the net radiation are inadequate at the local to regional scales because of their spatial discontinuity and the uneven distribution of radiation sites. With high temporal and spatial resolutions, moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer data provide numerous terrestrial and atmosphere products, which can help to estimate the shortwave and longwave radiations with limited measured meteorological data. Although many studies have calculated the radiation budget, most of them were applied in North America, where extensive ground validation data are available. In northeastern China, research on the radiation budget was rare, and ground validation data were difficult to acquire, which made our study meaningful and significant. In our work, we have experimented with different parameterization schemes of the components of the radiation budget in our study area and chose the most suitable one to estimate the instantaneous net radiation flux and its components for the study area. The results showed that the RMSE of the downwelling shortwave radiation flux, downwelling longwave radiation flux, upwelling longwave radiation flux, and instantaneous Rn were 31.5, 22.36, 20.61, and 34.32 W/m2, respectively. The sinusoidal model of the diurnal cycle and instantaneous Rn were used to calculate the daily average Rn, and the resulting RMSE was 47.67 W/m2. Finally, the variation of the monthly average Rn of northeastern China in 2011 was analyzed, and the result showed that the temporal and spatial distributions of the monthly average net radiation might be closely related to the land cover types, specifically the seasonal snow cover changes.

Experimental study of energy transport between two granular gas thermostats

We report on the energy transport between two coupled probes in contact with granular thermostats at different temperatures. In our experiment, two identical blades, which are electromechanically coupled, are immersed in two granular gases maintained in different non-equilibrium stationary states, characterized by different temperatures. First, we show that the energy flux from one probe to another is, in temporal average, proportional to the temperature difference, as in the case of equilibrium thermostats. Secondly, we observe that the instantaneous flux is highly intermittent and that fluctuations exhibit an asymmetry which increases with the temperature difference. Interestingly, this asymmetry, related to irreversibility, is correctly accounted for by a relation strongly evoking the Fluctuation Theorem. Our experiment is a simple macroscopic realisation, suitable for the study of energy exchanges between systems in non-equilibrium steady states.

Comparison of the surface energy budget between regions of seasonally frozen ground and permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau

Surface energy budgets were calculated using turbulent flux observation data and meteorological gradient data collected in 2008 from two sites: BJ, located in a seasonally frozen ground region, and Tanggula, located in a permafrost region. In 2008, the energy closure ratios for the BJ and Tanggula sites were 0.74 and 0.73, respectively, using 30-min instantaneous energy flux data but 0.87 and 0.99, respectively, using daily average energy flux data. Therefore, the energy closure status is related to the time scale that is used for the study. The variation in the surface energy budget at the two sites was similar: The sensible heat flux (Hs) was relatively high in spring and reduced in summer but gradually increased in autumn. The latent heat flux (LE) was higher in summer and autumn but lower in winter and spring. Comparably, the starting time for the significant increase in LE occurred earlier at the Tanggula site than that at the BJ site, because the freezing and thawing progress of the active layer of permafrost at Tanggula site significantly affected the Hs and LE distributions, but the freezing and thawing processes of the soil at BJ site did not significantly affect the Hs and LE distributions. The monsoon significantly affected the variation in Hs and LE at both the BJ and Tanggula sites. Regarding the diurnal variation of the energy budget at the two sites, the daily maximum of net radiation (Rn) occurred at approximately 14:00 Beijing Time, and the daily maximum of ground heat flux (G0) was earlier than those of Hs and LE. The albedo and Bowen ratio for the two sites were both low in summer but high in winter. The albedo increased significantly but the Bowen ratio became lower or even negative when the surface was covered with deep snow.

Airborne flux measurements of biogenic isoprene over California

Abstract. Biogenic isoprene fluxes were measured onboard the CIRPAS Twin Otter aircraft as part of the California Airborne Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) Emission Research in Natural Ecosystem Transects (CABERNET) campaign during June 2011. The airborne virtual disjunct eddy covariance (AvDEC) approach used measurements from a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR–MS) and a wind radome probe to directly determine fluxes of isoprene over 7400 km of flight paths focusing on areas of California predicted to have the largest emissions. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) approach was used to calculate fluxes of isoprene over long transects of more than 15 km, most commonly between 50 and 150 km. The continuous wavelet transformation (CWT) approach was used over the same transects to also calculate instantaneous isoprene fluxes with localization of both frequency and time independent of non-stationarities. Fluxes were generally measured by flying consistently at 400 m ± 50 m (a.g.l.) altitude, and extrapolated to the surface according to the determined flux divergence determined in the racetrack-stacked profiles. The wavelet-derived surface fluxes of isoprene averaged to 2 km spatial resolution showed good correspondence to basal emission factor (BEF) land-cover data sets used to drive BVOC emission models. The surface flux of isoprene was close to zero over Central Valley crops and desert shrublands, but was very high (up to 15 mg m−2 h−1) above oak woodlands, with clear dependence of emissions on temperature and oak density. Isoprene concentrations of up to 8 ppb were observed at aircraft height on the hottest days and over the dominant source regions. Even though the isoprene emissions from agricultural crop regions, shrublands, and coniferous forests were extremely low, observations at the Walnut Grove tower south of Sacramento demonstrate that isoprene oxidation products from the high emitting regions in the surrounding oak woodlands accumulate at night in the residual layer above the valley and mix down into the valley in the morning. Thus, the isoprene emissions surrounding the valley have relevance for the regional photochemistry that is not immediately apparent solely from the direct emission flux distribution. This paper reports the first regional observations of fluxes from specific sources by eddy covariance from an aircraft which can finally constrain statewide isoprene emission inventories used for ozone simulations by state agencies. While previously there was no available means to constrain the biogenic models, our results provide a good understanding of what the major sources of isoprene are in California, their magnitude, and how they are distributed. This data set on isoprene fluxes will be particularly useful for evaluating potential model alternatives which will be dealt with in a separate paper to assess isoprene emission models and their driving variable data sets.

Inductance Measurement for PMSM Using Instantaneous Flux Linkage Method

The dq-axis inductances are important for the voltage decoupling control, torque estimation and steady-state performance analysis of a PMSM machine. In this paper, a measurement method is proposed based on the dq-axis instantaneous flux linkages calculation. The rotor is locked by a positive d-axis current, and then a proper AC current is assigned respectively to the d and q-axis reference current in order to cover the various current ranges. The instantaneous flux linkages are calculated by the integration of dq-axis current and voltage offline. Finally, dq-axis inductances are computed by the integrated flux linkages divided by the dq-axis current.

Further development of a parameterization for convective turbulent dust emission and evaluation based on field observations

AbstractFurther developments of a parameterization scheme for convective turbulent dust emission (CTDE) are presented. The scheme is advanced by including (1) a new statistical description of instantaneous momentum flux, (2) a correction function for cohesive force to account for the effect of soil moisture, and (3) a correction function for lifting force to consider the effect of vegetation roughness elements. The probability density function describing instantaneous momentum flux is now derived from large‐eddy simulations for different atmospheric stabilities. The vegetation correction function is based on a drag partition theory. Additional improvements on the representations of interparticle cohesive force and particle size distribution are introduced. The new CTDE scheme is tested against the field data obtained at a sand storm monitoring station in the Horqin Sandy Land in China in 2011 and during the Japan‐Australia Dust Experiment in Australia in 2006.

Load angle estimation for two‐phase hybrid stepping motors

Stepping motors are often used for low-power open-loop positioning. In conventional stepping motor drives, a step rate or speed is imposed. To avoid step loss in open-loop, most stepping motors are driven at maximum current resulting in a poor energy efficiency. However, when position feedback is available, the drive current can be optimised. A position sensor adds costs and complexity to the system. Therefore, rotor position estimators are developed, often referred to as sensorless controllers. A drawback in some of these methods is the requirement of information on the mechanical load which is usually not available or varies over time. In this study, an alternative estimator is proposed, based on the load angle between the current excitation vector and the instantaneous rotor flux position. This load angle reflects the capability of the system to follow the speed setpoint and gives an indication of the robustness to torque disturbances. Therefore the load angle estimation is interesting to provide feedback to a controller which adapts the drive current. Here, an estimator is proposed solely based on electrical motor parameters and electrical measurements. The algorithm, based on a sliding discrete Fourier transformation, is applicable with the typical full-, half- and micro-stepping drive algorithms. Finally, measurement results validate the estimation algorithm.

Dual-model approaches for evapotranspiration analyses over homo- and heterogeneous land surface conditions

Accurate spatio-temporal estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is fundamental to understand land–atmosphere interactions and hydrological processes. Although various ET models based on remote sensing (RS) techniques have been presented, recent relevant studies suggest that more validation work should be conducted in regions with differences in land and meteorological properties. In this study, two RS-based models, the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) and Revised Remote Sensing Penman–Monteith (R-RSPM) model, were assessed over two biogeophysically different catchments on the Korean peninsula: a rice paddy agricultural field and a mixed forest area. We independently applied three approaches considering different scaled applications of a single source energy budget model (SEBS): point scale SEBS (SEBS-P), regional scale SEBS (SEBS-R), and R-RSPM. We incorporated diverse compositions of forcing datasets, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite-based RS data, and Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) data and in situ meteorological data. Instantaneous flux measurements computed by the three approaches were evaluated with in situ flux measurements based on the eddy covariance (EC) system. The instantaneous net radiation estimates of all approaches were satisfactory, exhibiting strong correlations (0.68–0.99 of R2) with in situ measurements over different topographical sites. For latent heat flux (LE), all three approaches yielded similar trends of results at both cropland (CMC) and mixed forest (SMC) sites indicating that estimates of LE were overestimated. However, considering the serious lack of energy closure exhibited by the EC system in SMC, LE showed reasonable agreement (biases of 11–50W/m2 and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 78–95W/m2) with in situ measurements adjusted by the Bowen ratio (BR) method. For daily ET analyses using the R-RSPM model, instantaneous LE was empirically scaled up to daily ET, and the estimates of ET from all three approaches had good agreement with BR-corrected in situ daily ET, even in SMC (with biases of −0.07 to 0.67mm/day). By comparing H from two different SEBS applications (SEBS-P and SEBS-R), we concluded that GLDAS datasets exhibit robust quality as input data as well as near real time benefits. Through sensitivity analyses of a single source energy budget model (SEBS), canopy height turned out to be one of most critical parameters which can directly result in the misparameterization of roughness height for a tall canopy site. The results of this study support the applicability of RS-based ET models over homo- and heterogeneous regions, and suggest that further studies are required for exploring the accurate parameterization of roughness height over areas of tall and heterogeneous vegetation to improve the performance of SEBS.