Instances Of Misuse Research Articles

An Overview on Artificial Intelligence Applied in Offensive Cybersecurity

As of the onset of 2023, ChatGPT has emerged as the predominant Artificial Intelligence (AI) tool, finding extensive application across various sectors and rapidly becoming an integral part of everyday work and domestic activities. However, the widespread adoption of ChatGPT has been accompanied by instances of misuse, wherein individuals have utilized the tool for unauthorized data access or engaged in activities deemed disruptive or malicious in nature. Consequently, a discernible trend has emerged wherein cyberattacks are increasingly being propelled by the capabilities of AI. This escalation in AI-driven cyber threats is evidenced by the misuse of generative AI tools, which are now being harnessed by attackers for activities such as crafting deceptive phishing emails, deploying malware designed for keystroke monitoring, and developing rudimentary yet effective ransomware code. This shift underscores the growing sophistication of cyber threats facilitated by the misuse of advanced AI technologies, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of the associated risks and the implementation of robust cybersecurity measures to mitigate potential harms.

An Analysis of Conjunctive Cohesive Devices in EFL Students’ Academic Writings

This research focuses on the analysis of conjunctive cohesive devices in EFL students' academic writings. Conjunctive cohesive devices are grammatical tools that connect words, sentences, and ideas, playing a crucial role in creating cohesive discourse. The study aims to examine the awareness and usage of conjunctive cohesive devices among second- and fourth-year students in the English department, and to determine the frequency of their usage in academic writing. The research was conducted at Cihan University, involving twenty-four students from both academic levels. The participants were asked to write an essay titled 'the importance of learning English.' The collected data were analyzed based on the number, variety, and usage of conjunctive cohesive devices. The findings reveal that four types of conjunctions were commonly used by the students, and there were differences in the usage patterns between second- and fourth-year students. While fourth-year students displayed a higher awareness and usage of conjunctions compared to second-year students, there were still instances of misuse and limited variety in both groups. Overall, this study emphasizes the significance of conjunctive cohesive devices in EFL students' academic writing and highlights the need for improved awareness and diversified usage of these devices. The findings contribute to a better understanding of how conjunctive cohesive devices contribute to the coherence and cohesion of written discourse.

College-based social and situational predictors of real-time prescription drug misuse in daily life

BackgroundThis study examined social and situational context predictors of prescription drug misuse among college-students at a large public university in the Midwest. Social and situational context predictors considered were hour of the day, weekend vs weekday, whether participants were at home or another place, and who they were with during instances of misuse. Salient social events, including home football games, city-regulated parties, and the 2019 Midwest polar vortex were also recorded. MethodUsing ecological momentary assessment methodology, 297 students completed momentary reports for 28 days. Participants indicated whether they had misused prescription medication (sedatives or sleeping pills, tranquilizers or anxiety medications, stimulants, and pain relievers) and reported on their social and situational context in the moment of misuse. ResultsMultilevel modeling indicated that participants were more likely to misuse prescription medication earlier in the day vs. the evening, on weekdays vs. weekends, when at home vs. not at home, and while alone vs. with others. ConclusionsThis study provides descriptive information on the social context in which prescription drug misuse is most likely to occur among college students. Our findings suggest that social and situational contexts of prescription drug misuse likely differ as compared to other substances (e.g., alcohol) among college students. Further research aimed at identifying momentary predictors of prescription drug misuse in this population is warranted.

Older Adult Shopping Persona Types and its Impact on Over-the-Counter Medication Misuse

Older adult selection and use of over-the-counter (OTC) medications is informed by a range of motivations and rationales-forming different older adult personas. Holden et al. (2019) categorized older adults seeking OTC medications into two personas: habit followers and deliberators. The goal of this paper is to 1) operationalize and expand on the persona types proposed by Holden et al. 2) use these definitions to characterize the types of older adult personas and 3) explore the relationship between over the counter medication misuse and persona type. Our preliminary analysis identified 3 persona types with differing rates of misuse: 1) deliberators (m=1.8 (range 0-3) instances of misuse), 2) habit followers- formal source dependent (m=0 instances of misuse), 3) habit followers- informal source dependent (m=2.1 (range 1-3) instances of misuse). Information about safe medication choices, provided by physician or pharmacist recommendation, was seen to be critical in safe decision-making about OTC medication selection and use.

Causes and Effects of Child Sexual Abuse

Like many other social issues, Child Sexual abuse cases are increasing in modern society. At ground zero level it becomes difficult to manage the same. Child Sexual abuse is secret wrongdoing but the biggest irony is that if the child wants to tell anyone about it, he is silenced for life. Children are frequently frightened to tell anybody regarding the wrongdoing. Many instances of misuse are not reported by the victim.

Observed child restraint misuse in a large, urban community: Results from three years of inspection events

ProblemChild restraints (CRs) are vital for optimizing child passenger safety and reducing the risk of pediatric injury and fatality in motor vehicle crashes. However, most CRs are installed improperly. MethodsThis present study was an assessment of observed instances of CR misuse. Participants were recruited through advertisements for CR inspection events in Los Angeles County, California. Child Passenger Safety Technicians collected information about each child passenger, vehicle, and aspects of CR selection and installation. ResultsOf 693 CRs installed upon arrival, only 3.8% were used with no instances of misuse. The most common misuses were inappropriate use of the top tether and failure to secure the seatbelt in locked mode. ConclusionsThe majority of observed CRs were installed with instances of misuse. CRs in newer vehicles were less likely to be installed in front of airbags and more likely to have the seatbelt routed inappropriately compared to those in older vehicles. Older children were more likely to be prematurely restrained in the front vehicle seat. Practical ApplicationsThe majority of CRs are installed improperly. We identified specific instances of CR misuse that are common in a large, urban community and present recommendations to improve child passenger safety practices and education.

Forensic investigation of social networking applications

Social networking applications such as Facebook, LinkedIn, MySpace and Twitter provide facilities including email, blogging, instant messaging and photo sharing for social and commercial exchange.1 There has been a rapid growth in the use of social networking applications by both individuals and organisations.2, 3 And an increasing number of organisations use Facebook and Twitter as part of their marketing campaigns.4, 5 Social networking applications such as Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn may be involved in instances of misuse that can affect both organisations and individuals. Dr Mark Taylor, Dr John Haggerty, David Gresty, Peter Almond and Dr Tom Berry of Liverpool John Moores University, Nottingham Trent University and University of Greenwich examine the forensic process of obtaining digital evidence from social networking applications and the legal aspects involved in potential misuse.

Strength limitations to proper child safety seat installation: Implications for child safety

A majority of child safety restraints are misused in some manner, often leading to an increased risk of serious injury or death. It is possible that at least some instances of misuse are the result of biomechanical limitations during the installation process. Twenty-seven adult participants were trained and then monitored in three stages of child safety seat installation. All installations were done with an identical restraint system in the rear bench seat of a mocked-up minivan. EMG of 10 muscles, as well as trunk, shoulder, and wrist postures were analyzed. Peak maximum efforts were often required of the trunk extensor, forearm, and anterior shoulder muscles during the installation process. Routing and tightening of the seatbelt, as well as placing and securing the child into the seat were observed to be particularly difficult tasks. Many portions of the child safety seat installation process were found to be very physically demanding; some individuals may not be capable of performing these tasks correctly, thereby putting the child at greater risk in the motor vehicle.

Pentazocine Ulceration

There has long been a need for a potent, nonaddicting analgesic for the treatment of certain patients who have intractable pain that cannot be controlled by the more commonly used oral analgesics. Pentazocine was introduced on the market in I967 and has been reported to be a potent analgesic, comparable to meperidine and morphine but without their addicting properties. Consequently, this drug has been used on a long-term basis, and on many occasions the injections have been given by the patient or by nonprofessionals. The result has been a few instances of misuse and overuse. We have seen 14 patients with extensive cutaneous ulcerations, subcutaneous fibrosis, and multiple fistulous tracts due to the abuse of parenterally administered pentazocine. The tissue changes have a characteristic appearance and course, and it has been our experience that conservative treatment results in a poor response. We have had the best results with aggressive excision of the involved areas and coverage of the resultant defect with split-thickness skin graft.